Arca Publishing

Christensen, Jannick

Munar, Ana

VillesÃ¨che, Florence

Eger, Claudia

Benali, Amira

CTS 2019 
Queering Hospitality: Roses Are Red. Gender Is Performative. Why Is Tourism so 
Heteronormative? 
 
Facilitators: Dr. Jannick Friis Christensen (Copenhagen Business School, Denmark), Dr. Ana 
Maria Munar (Copenhagen Business School, Denmark), Dr. Florence Villesèche (Copenhagen 
Business School, Denmark), Dr. Claudia Eger (Copenhagen Business School, Denmark), Dr. 
Amira Benali (Copenhagen Business School, Denmark) 
 
With this abstract we’re a team of researchers all affiliated with the Diversity and 
Difference Business in Society Platform at Copenhagen Business School (CBS) who’d like to 
propose a 1.5hr long workshop dedicated to exploring the hopeful possibilities of queering 
hospitality. We are, in that regard, less concerned with criticising what is in terms of excluding 
‘welcoming’ practices that already exist; rather, what we want to do is to nurture and care for 
what could be by means of imagining what queered hospitality would look like, feel like, 
perhaps even smell, taste and sound like. To invoke this imaginary of a future desired place to be 
we take inspiration from recent movements in other fields of study (e.g. the project ‘Queering 
Accounting’) and norm-critical methods (e.g., Christensen 2018). Queering, in this regard, is not 
limited to the task of rendering queer or LGBT+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) lives 
visible to for example hospitality or event managers. This is but one aspect of queer matters, 
which are all about being at odds with dominant norms that render certain (groups of) people, 
their needs, dreams and wishes for the future invisible to management. How can we break with 
the idea, the norm of welcoming practices being universally hospitable to all? And how can we 
re-imagine, even envisioning tourism and hospitality through queer perspectives? These and 
other emerging questions are to be addressed during the workshop, whose intended outcome is a 
collectively co-created manifesto. Our aim is to get the manifesto published in a relevant journal 
as a call to action for research and practice avenues that can lead if not all then some of the way 
to a hopeful and queered hospitality future. 
	   	  


English

Queering Hospitality: Roses Are Red. Gender Is Performative. Why Is Tourism so Heteronormative?

Harris, Candice

Wilson, Erica

Small, Jennie

McIntosh, Alison

Morgan, Nigel

Finniear, Jocelyn

CTS 2019 
Our Place, Privilege and Prejudice? Deconstructing the Swing in Business Schools towards a 
‘Social Impact’ Mission   
 
Facilitators: Dr. Candice Harris (Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand), Dr. Erica 
Wilson (Southern Cross University, Australia), Dr. Jennie Small (University of Technology 
Sydney, Australia), Dr. Alison McIntosh (Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand), Dr. 
Nigel Morgan (Swansea University, Wales), & Dr. Jocelyn Finniear (Swansea University, 
Wales) 
 
Background 
A neoliberal ideology focusing on greater accountability and managerialism has 
characterised business schools over the past twenty years, infusing approaches to research, 
teaching, industry engagement and academic career development.  This has markedly changed 
the educational agenda, underscoring contemporary managerial philosophy, and promoting 
individualism and competitiveness within the university sector (Huang et al., 2016).  As many 
tourism and hospitality programs sit within business or management schools, we as scholars and 
educators are affected by these shifting ideologies and competing priorities. 
At the same time, we are interested in an apparently ‘new’ focus on impact – and 
particularly ‘social impact’ - in the business school context. The social impact agenda cuts across 
both teaching and research. In Australia, New Zealand and the UK, for instance, research 
assessment exercises reveal a move away from numbers and outputs, to the impact of that 
research – socially, culturally, and economically. Many business schools now purport to have a 
social impact, social entrepreneurship or social responsibility mission. Indeed, global accrediting 
bodies such as AACSB and EQUIS expect this of today’s contemporary business schools. For 
example, one of AACSB’s standards for accreditation is that business schools demonstrate 
commitment to ‘social and corporate responsibility’, whereby:  
The school must demonstrate a commitment to address, engage, and respond to current 
and emerging corporate social responsibility issues (e.g., diversity, sustainable 
development, environmental sustainability, and globalization of economic activity across 
cultures) through its policies, procedures, curricula, research, and/or outreach activities 
(AACSB, 2019).  
Goal 
But what does this all mean for us as critical tourism scholars, who have long been 
interested in the ‘social’? The Critical Tourism Studies (CTS) community has evolved to become 
an international network of scholars who share a vision of producing and promoting social 
change in and through tourism practice, research and education.  In the spirit of the CTS 2019 
conference, this session will explore the opportunities, realities, conflicts and challenges around 
the social impact agenda.   
We invite colleagues who are interested in a shared and rotating dialogue on social 
impact as it pertains to tourism teaching and research.  Through a shared and rotating dialogue 
led by the Workshop Hosts, we want to encourage participants to freely discuss and debate these 
topics.  A number of guiding questions will help steer the Workshop: 
The Workshop 
CTS 2019 
The what 
• How is your organisation defining and pursuing a social impact agenda in research, teaching 
and engagement?  Relationship with human rights, indigenous rights, social justice, equality, 
diversity and inclusion etc? 
The why 
• While many critical scholars have been stressing social impact for decades, why are 
universities now consumed with this agenda – why is it now all the rage? 
• Is there a genuine commitment to social impact or is it just another means for universities to 
appear ‘socially responsible’ and gain competitive advantage?  
The how 
• How do we, or can we, bring social impact into our teaching and research? 
• Acting up and against – voicing opposition in university environment to pressure to pursue 
social impact ideals 
• How do we assert social impact? What are the difficulties in measuring social impact? 
The who 
• Which stakeholders are we working with to consider social impact? 
• How do we address critique surrounding the continued emphasis on ‘research’ for social 
impact, on populations who already feel ‘over-researched’, often by lone researchers with a 
different agenda and being, and mostly with outputs/outcomes that often don’t effect change 
in the community? 
• How do we acknowledge our own race, ethnicity, and class; gender and sexuality; disability; 
diversity, difference, and intersectionality to consider our place and bias in social impact 
research? 
 
References 
AACSB (2019). 2013 Eligibility Procedures and Accreditation Standards for Business 
Accreditation (Updated January 2019) 
Huang, Y., Pang, S. K., & Yu, S. (2018). Academic identities and university faculty responses to 
new managerialist reforms: experiences from China. Studies in Higher Education, 43(1), 
154-172. 
  


Our Place, Privilege and Prejudice? Deconstructing the Swing in Business Schools towards a âSocial Impactâ Mission

Xiaoyue Zhang, Carol

Chen, Xiaoqing

CTS 2019 
Z 
 
Title: Identity Construction through Tourism Education: Voice from International Students  
 
Authors: 
 
Carol Xiaoyue Zhang 
Portsmouth University, UK 
 
Xiaoqing Chen 
University of Aberdeen, UK 
 
Abstract:  
Although tourism and hospitality (T&H) as HE programmes have achieved the 
“remarkable growth in numbers” (Airey, 2015: 13), their maturity “is still highly debatable” 
(Hsu, Xiao & Chen, 2015: 142). The downplaying of liberal education and the high reliance on a 
vocational approach are believed as an inherent challenge that prevents T&H HE from 
developing “well-rounded, knowledgeable and thoughtful individuals (Tight, 2015: 95)” and 
instead is seen as a specialist incubator for the industry (Airey, 2013; Tribe, 2002). Upholding 
the liberal education approach, this research conducts a multimode exploration of international 
student’s self-identity (re)construction. Specifically, we focus on how Chinese international 
students understand their self-development through their overseas education on a daily base, 
looking specifically at tourism and hospitality programmes. Data were collected through the 
combination with self-portrait and collage-making, being supported with semi-structured in-
depth interview. Unlike previous research which  has studied international students as 
homogeneous groups, this research prioritizes the individual heterogeneities—studying 
individual experiences as integrally embedded in students’ everyday lives.  
 
Airey, D. (2013), “Forty years of tourism education and research”, Poznan University of  
Economics Review, 13(4),11-19. 
Hsu, C. X., Xiao, H. & Chen, N. (2017) "Hospitality and tourism education research from 2005 
to 2014: “Is the past a prologue to the future?”", International Journal of Contemporary 
Hospitality Management, 29(1),141-160. 
Taylor, C. (1989) “Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity”, Harvard University 
Press. 
Tight, M. (2015), “Theory development and application in higher education research”, Journal of 
Educational Administration and History, 47(1), 84-99. 
Tribe, J. (2002), “Research trends and imperatives in tourism education”, ActaTuristica, 14(1). 
61-81. 
  


Identity Construction through Tourism Education: Voice from International Students

Young, Tamara

McGinnis, Gabrielle

Harvey, Mark

CTS 2019 
Title: Indigenising Tourism: A Story of an Aboriginal-led Project in the Northern Territory, 
Australia 
 
Authors: 
 
Tamara Young 
University of Newcastle, Australia 
 
Gabrielle McGinnis 
University of Newcastle, Australia 
 
Mark Harvey 
University of Newcastle, Australia 
 
Abstract: 
Storytelling is central to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures in Australia. 
Aboriginal stories are communicated through various mediums; they are spoken in language, 
performed in dance and music, and communicated through visual arts. For Aboriginal people, the 
stories passed from generation to generation serve many purposes, including the sharing of 
spiritual narratives, cultural practices and landscapes, collective histories and life histories. 
Aboriginal stories are unique to country and nation and, prior to ‘the invasion’ (Langton 1996), 
there were between 200 to 500 different language groups around Australia with distinctive and 
unique cultures, identities, and beliefs. Given that only around 50 Aboriginal languages remain 
in contemporary Australia, the preservation of oral histories and traditional knowledges is 
essential to sustaining Aboriginal cultures and teachings. Tourism is one avenue through which 
Aboriginal stories can be shared. In this presentation, we tell the story of why an Aboriginal 
community in remote Australia sought to be involved in tourism, and how they engaged 
academic researchers to guide the development of a locally and culturally appropriate Indigenous 
tourism product. 
The Wagiman people of Pine Creek, a remote town in the Katherine region of the 
Northern Territory of Australia, possess distinct representations of culture, identity, and 
knowledge of country. Elders of the Wagiman community asked the researchers to initiate a 
project that recorded their stories, for the dual purpose of preserving Wagiman knowledges for 
future generations of Wagiman people, and to provide Wagiman interpretation of country for 
both non-Aboriginal residents of Pine Creek, and domestic and international visitors to the town. 
To this end, the Wagiman community worked closely with the researchers to create digital 
recordings of country, histories, language and culture over a series of extended fieldwork visits 
(McGinnis, Young and Harvey, 2016). Methodologically, an overarching goal of the Wagiman 
research project was to engage the Indigenous method of storytelling (Tuhiwai-Smith, 2012) in 
order to provide authentic interpretations of local knowledge. In particular, we engaged the 
practice of ‘yarning’ with Wagiman Elders to record their stories ‘on country’. Indigenising 
methodologies allowed for the sharing of stories in ways that can foster community identity, 
pride and empowerment (Foley 2015; Russell-Mundine 2012; Tuhiwai-Smith 2012). 
CTS 2019 
We report on the learnings of the researchers in working with Wagiman people, 
particularly the importance of relationship building and the formation of trust for engaging in 
culturally-appropriate tourism research that can educate and empower all stakeholders. The 
Aboriginal-led research resulted in digital options for Indigenous engagement in tourism, 
including websites, digital maps and mobile apps. The collection of local stories resulting from 
the research partnership with the community seeks to ensure the continuation of Wagiman 
teachings for the long-term. The tourism venture provides a case study of community driven 
research collaboration focused on self-determination for the Wagiman people in the sharing of 
their stories and the development of Indigenous tourism in Pine Creek.   
 
Foley, D. (2015). Enterprise and entrepreneurial thinking: It's a black thing! In K. Price (Ed.), 
Knowledge of Life: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australia (pp. 118-140). Port 
Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. 
Langton, M. (1996). Art, Wilderness and Terra Nullius. In R. Sultan (Ed.), Ecopolitics IX, 
Perspectives on Indigenous Peoples’ Management of Environmental Resources. Darwin: 
Northern Land Council. 
McGinnis, G., Young, T., & Harvey, M. (2016). New approach on creating shared value in 
corporate social responsibility: Effective engagement with Indigenous stakeholders for 
community empowerment. BEST-EN Think Tank XVI, Berlin - Eberswalde. 
Russell-Mundine, G. (2012). Reflexivity in Indigenous Research: Reframing and Decolonising 
Research? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 19(1), 85-90. 
Tomaselli, K. G., Dyll, L., & Francis, M. (2008). "Self" and "Other". In N. K. Denzin, Y. S. 
Lincoln, & L. T. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies. Los 
Angeles: SAGE. 
Tuhiwai-Smith, L. (2012). Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (2nd 
ed.). London: Zed Books Ltd. 
  


Indigenising Tourism: A Story of an Aboriginal-led Project in the Northern Territory, Australia

Williamson, David

CTS 2019 
Title: A Critical History of Migrant Labour in the New Zealand Hotel Sector 
 
Author: 
 
David Williamson 
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand 
 
Abstract: 
Recent Government reports in Australia and New Zealand contrast the rapid growth and 
economic success of the hospitality and tourism sector (both being one of the largest export 
earning sectors for their countries) with long standing labour market problems, including a 
dependency on migrant labour and rapidly increasing reports of migrant exploitation (Cropp, 
2016; Deloitte, 2015; New Zealand Tourism Industry Association, 2015). This paper will use a 
critical employment relations approach to highlight the historical origins of migrant labour 
conditions in the New Zealand hotel industry. Based on recently completed research, the paper 
will demonstrate an engagement with a multi-level employment relations analysis of hospitality 
and tourism employment. Specifically the paper will focus on the history of migrant labour in the 
New Zealand hotel sector and the impacts of employment legislation and ownership structure 
leading up to and including the crucial year of 1991.  The paper will then discuss how those 
changes have affected the migrant labour force the modern New Zealand hotel industry.  
This paper will take a traditional employment relations focus on the nexus between the Tourist 
Hotel Corporation (employers), the Hotel Workers Union (employee representative) and the New 
Zealand Government. The THC was the major tourist hotel chain in New Zealand, consisting of 
10 major tourist resort hotels and remained the key employer, trainer and industry voice until its 
sale to the Southern Pacific Hotel Corporation in 1990. The New Zealand Federated Hotel, 
Hospital, Restaurant and Related Trades Employees’ Industrial Association of Workers 
(hereafter referred to as the Hotel Workers Union) was the national representative of hotel 
workers and one of the largest and most powerful industrial unions in New Zealand.  
The paper aims to answer calls to liberate hospitality and tourism research from ‘presentist’, 
positivist, unitarist paradigms (Lashley, 2007, 2016; Lynch, Molz, Mcintosh, Lugosi, & Lashley, 
2011; Walton, 2012; Zampoukos & Ioannides, 2011). By using a unique mutli-layered historical, 
critical, employment relations theory lens, the paper will argue that 1991 marked the point at 
which the New Zealand neo-liberal revolution ‘locked in’ radical changes to employment law 
and hotel ownership structures that have resulted in a hotel sector entirely dependent on migrant 
workers and dominated by ‘race to the bottom’ employment conditions which disproportionality 
affect migrant workers. The paper will argue that while migrant labour has always been a crucial 
component in the hotel sector workforce, the changes of 1991 mark the point at which weakened 
labour protections and the associated degradation of conditions became the ‘new normal’ for the 
migrant  workforce. Further, the paper suggests that 1980s neo-liberal ideas from the UK and US 
led to the collapse of the corporatist consensus in New Zealand and that in turn resulted in 
political, managerial and legislative change that ‘locked in’ a new normal of poor pay and poor 
conditions for migrant workers after 1991. 
CTS 2019 
The data for this paper was gathered as part of a history of employment relations in the 
New Zealand hotel sector from 1955-2000.  The main methods included semi-structured 
interviews and archival research. The interviews produced rich data from 20 managers, union 
representatives, hotel consultants and industry advocates in the New Zealand hotel sector.   
 
Cropp, A. (2016, January 31). Hotel staff shortages spell trouble for tourism. Sunday Star Times, 
p. 3. 
Deloitte. (2015). Australian Tourism Labour Force Report: 2015-2020. Australian Trade 
Commission. Retrieved from https://www.tra.gov.au/Archive-TRA-Old-
site/Research/View-all-publications/All-Publications/australian-tourism-labour-force-
report-2015-2020 
Lashley, C. (2007). Discovering hospitality: Observations from recent research. International 
Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(3), 214–226. 
https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180710817747 
Lashley, C. (2016). Corporate social responsibility – Emancipating wage slaves. Hospitality & 
Society, 6(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp.6.1.3_2 
Lynch, P., Molz, J. G., Mcintosh, A., Lugosi, P., & Lashley, C. (2011). Theorizing hospitality. 
Hospitality & Society, 1(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp.1.1.3_2 
New Zealand Tourism Industry Association. (2015). People & Skills 2025. 
Walton, J. K. (2012). “The tourism labour conundrum” extended: Historical perspectives on 
hospitality workers. Hospitality & Society, 2(1), 49–75. 
https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp.2.1.49_1 
Zampoukos, K., & Ioannides, D. (2011). The tourism labour conundrum: Agenda for new 
research in the geography of hospitality workers. Hospitality & Society, 1(1), 25–45. 
https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp.1.1.25_1 
  


A Critical History of Migrant Labour in the New Zealand Hotel Sector

Pernecky, Tomas

CTS 2019 
Title: Critical Event Visualities 
 
Author:  
 
Tomas Pernecky 
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand 
 
Abstract: 
Visual methods provide richer and deeper understandings of events phenomena through 
the use of visuals. Critical event studies, similar to critical tourism studies, draw on the critical 
school of thought to examine a host of methodological, conceptual, moral and ethical issues, as 
well as matters of equality, equity, justice, power, and representation. The amalgamation of 
visual methods with critical approaches to the study of events signals the formation of a distinct 
research domain—articulated here as ‘critical event visualities’. The purpose of this talk to 
situate critical event visualities as part of the broader and ongoing efforts to advance critical 
events research. The paper will introduce novel methodological tools, such as the concept of 
‘visual echoes of events’ to highlight the complexity and scope of visual inquiry in events. 
  


Critical Event Visualities

McKenna, Brad

Cai, Wenjie

CTS 2019 
 
Title: Where Is ‘Tourism and Technology’ Research in the Information Systems Discipline? 
 
Authors: 
 
Brad McKenna 
University of East Anglia, UK 
 
Wenjie Cai 
University of Greenwich, UK 
 
Abstract:  
Information Systems (IS) has emerged as a reference discipline in its own right 
(Baskerville & Myers, 2002). Given the ubiquitous nature of technology in every aspect of our 
social and work lives, the IS discipline has much to offer tourism researchers. Despite this, many 
tourism academics continue to publish their technology-related research in specific tourism and 
technology related books and journals. Therefore, we believe that there is an opportunity for 
tourism academics to submit their tourism and technology related research to IS journals. It is the 
responsibility of tourism scholars to promote tourism research, and publishing research in 
another discipline is a good opportunity to foster serious treatment of the tourism field, and the 
impact tourism has in today’s society.  
Based on a keyword search of “tourism” within key IS journals from 1988 to 2015, we 
found only 11 papers. In an analysis of diversity and inter-disciplinary discourse in IS journals 
(Bernroider, Pilkington, & Córdoba, 2013), tourism does not get mentioned. Therefore, we 
believe there is an opportunity for tourism and technology research to be submitted to IS 
journals. 
A key element to be key considered when publishing in IS journals is the role of theory. 
In IS research, theorising about the technological artefact must take priority (Orlikowski & 
Iacono, 2001), while the tourism element of the research becomes the context. 
Based on an analysis of technology papers in tourism journals we found that many of the 
topics researched could have been submitted to IS journals, for example: Evaluation of IS in a 
tourism organisation: e.g. Lin (2016); Users or user expectations: e.g. Huang, Backman, 
Backman, and Moore (2013); Database and tracking requirements: e.g. Zheng, Huang, and Li 
(2017); Decision support systems: e.g. Woeber and Gretzel (2000). 
In this conference presentation, we also identify potential areas suitable for tourism and 
IS academics to collaborate. We hope this initiative will help tourism to gain deserved attention 
from other disciplines, and gain respect for tourism as a research object of interdisciplinary 
research (Darbellay & Stock, 2012). By showcasing research outcomes to a broader audience, 
this can also help to emphasise the significance of tourism’s impact in today’s society. 
 
Baskerville, R. L., & Myers, M. D. (2002). Information systems as a reference discipline. MIS 
Quarterly, 26(1), 1-14.  
CTS 2019 
Bernroider, E. W., Pilkington, A., & Córdoba, J.-R. (2013). Research in information systems: a 
study of diversity and inter-disciplinary discourse in the AIS basket journals between 1995 
and 2011. Journal of Information Technology, 28, 74-89.  
Darbellay, F., & Stock, M. (2012). Tourism as complex interdisciplinary research object. Annals 
of Tourism Research, 39(1), 441-458.  
Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., Backman, K. F., & Moore, D. (2013). Exploring user acceptance 
of 3D virtual worlds in travel and tourism marketing. Tourism management, 36, 490-501.  
Lin, S.-W. (2016). The critical success factors for a travel application service provider evaluation 
and selection by travel intermediaries. Tourism management, 56, 126-141.  
Orlikowski, W. J., & Iacono, C. (2001). Research commentary: Desperately seeking the “IT” in 
IT research - A call to theorizing the IT artifact. Information Systems Research, 12(2), 121-
134.  
Woeber, K., & Gretzel, U. (2000). Tourism managers’ adoption of marketing decision support 
systems. Journal of Travel Research, 39(2), 172-181.  
Zheng, W., Huang, X., & Li, Y. (2017). Understanding the tourist mobility using GPS: Where is 
the next place? Tourism management, 59, 267-280.  
  


Where Is âTourism and Technologyâ Research in the Information Systems Discipline?

Isaac, Rami

CTS 2019 
I 
Title: East Jerusalem: Palestine: Tourism as a Tool for Colonization, Segregation, Displacement 
 
Author:  
 
Rami K. Isaac 
Breda University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands 
 
Abstract:  
Although ethnically based segregation is by no means a new phenomenon in cities 
(Nightingale 2012), the urban studies literature in recent decades has paid specific attention to 
class-based segregation corresponding to the worldwide neo-liberal turn (Castells 1996 ; Davis 
2007). Enclaves are often subject to special governance regimes and access and movement 
restrictions, their etymological root in the Latin word clavis (key) pointing to the fact that their 
closed-off perimeter is a defining characteristic. Therefore, the emergence of rich gated 
communities alongside marginal areas is understood to have created new forms of inclusion and 
exclusion in post-industrial cities and towns (Douglas, Wissink, & van Kempen 2012 ). Despite 
the recent ‘mobilities turn’ (Sheller 2004; Urry 2007), the literature on urban segregation, 
borders and enclaves has paid scant attention to activities and im/mobilities, focusing its analyses 
mainly on residential patterns (Kwan 2009, 2013). In this context, Palestine has experienced 
division and occupation for several decades with severe effects on its tourism, particularly to the 
holy cities of Bethlehem, Jericho, Nablus, Ramallah and East Jerusalem (Isaac, Hall, & Higgins-
Desbiolles 2016). 
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Palestine has seen complicated changes in 
its political circumstances. These have included the creation of Israel in 1948 and the 1967 war. 
Consequent to the latter, Israel occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and the Gaza 
Strip. These events have created catastrophic political, economic, psychological and social 
impacts that have deeply affected the lives of Palestinians, many of whom became refugees 
dislocated to neighbouring countries and indeed throughout the world as part of the Palestinian 
diaspora. In many ways, Palestine itself was wiped off the map (Isaac 2010a, 2010b ), with much 
of historic Palestine becoming known as Israel. In this context, tourism became a political tool in 
the supremacy and domination of the Israeli establishment over land and people, and an 
instrument for preventing Palestinians from enjoying the fruits of the cultural and human 
exchanges that tourism provides. Edward Said (1995: 7) noted that ‘only by first projecting an 
idea of Jerusalem could Israel then proceed to the changes on the ground [which] would then 
correspond to the images and projections.’ Israel’s idea of Jerusalem, as elaborated in its master 
plans—for ethnic cleansing—involves maximising the number of Jews and reducing the number 
of Palestinians through a gradual process of colonisation, displacement and dispossession. 
Therefore, this paper examines how Israeli master plans for Jerusalem aim to shape the city into 
a tourism and high-tech centre, and the ways in which urban planning is used to reshape the 
city’s demography. It also sheds light on Israel’s deliberate economic breakdown of East 
Jerusalem, which renders the city essentially unliveable for Palestinians to ensure Jewish control 
CTS 2019 
over it. Tourism in this context is used as a tool to control the narrative and ensure the projection 
of Jerusalem in the outside world as a ‘Jewish city.’ 
  


East Jerusalem: Palestine: Tourism as a Tool for Colonization, Segregation, Displacement

Gebbels, Maria

Gao, Xiongbin

CTS 2019 
Title: Gender Issues in Tourism and Hospitality Organisations: How to Bridge the Gap between 
Gender Awareness and Organisational Support? 
 
Authors: 
 
Maria Gebbels 
University of Greenwich, UK 
 
Wenjie Cai 
University of Greenwich, UK 
 
Xiongbin Gao 
University of Surrey, UK 
 
Abstract: 
Gender issues are a current ‘hot topic.’ Awareness of gender inequality has been largely 
addressed by social movements, legislation and organisational regulations, as well as academic 
research. Although sufficient awareness is being raised (see Costa et al. 2017; Figueroa-Domecq 
et al. 2015; Morgan & Pritchard, 2018), the academy and industry have made little effort to 
correct the male domination of leadership positions and marginalisation of women in industry 
forums and conference keynotes.  
This conference presentation aims to address the gap between the largely discussed 
gender issues and insufficient organisational practices by proposing a multidimensional 
framework for tourism and hospitality organisations to provide support to individuals. We argue 
that organisations, therefore, can be the driving force to bridge the gap by providing support and 
solutions to empower individuals in the hospitality and tourism sector.  
This conference presentation draws on a thematic analysis of the discussion of gender 
issues in tourism and hospitality during a public seminar hosted at the University of Greenwich 
in May 2018. The richness of our findings was generated from an open and interactive dialogue 
between the keynote speakers as well as the audience, who represented academia and the 
hospitality and tourism sectors. We propose three dimensions of engagement to suggest actions 
that organisations should take to tackle gender issues at the individual level. These three 
dimensions are education and training, policy and environment, and legislation. We suggest 
organisations implement actions based on these three dimensions, such as providing a trusting 
environment, offering sufficient mentoring and training schemes, as well as implementing and 
transferring policies in order to resolve issues of gender inequality, diversity and inclusion at the 
individual level within organisations. In addition, we suggest that organisations should take into 
account various stakeholders involved, and utilise an alternative lens (e.g. queer lens) to 
revolutionise approaches to tackle gender issues at the individual level.  
This presentation proposes a framework for organisational change, support and practical 
solutions ranging from higher education institutions to transnational corporations. With this in 
mind, we suggest that our data may generate insights for ‘what can be done’ rather than merely 
CTS 2019 
present ‘what the problem is.’ This presentation concludes with a research agenda for 
organisational practice and highlights areas for future academic research. 
 
Costa, C., Bakas, F., Breda, Z., Durão, M., Carvalho, I., & Caçador, S. (2017). Gender, 
flexibility and the ‘ideal tourism worker.’ Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 64–75. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.03.002  
Figueroa-Domecq, C., Pritchard, A., Segovia-Pérez, M., Morgan, N., & Villacé- Molinero, T. 
(2015). Tourism gender research: A critical accounting. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 
87–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.001  
Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (2018). Gender matters in hospitality (invited paper for ‘luminaries’ 
special issue of international journal of hospitality management). International Journal of 
Hospitality Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06  
  


Gender Issues in Tourism and Hospitality Organisations: How to Bridge the Gap between Gender Awareness and Organisational Support?

Folmer, Akke

CTS 2019 
Title: Involving Locals in Nature Policy and Planning by Investigating Emotional Values of 
Places: The Case of the Boschplaat, Terschelling 
 
Author: 
 
Akke Folmer 
NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands 
 
Abstract: 
In the Netherlands, ecological and economic values of nature often form the basis of 
nature policy and planning, whereas emotional values tend to be neglected. This has led to 
misunderstandings and resistance against policies regarding nature areas among a general public. 
In this paper, a case study is presented in which inhabitants’ emotional values of nature are 
explored as part of a nature policy plan.  
The case study concerns the involvement of inhabitants with the future plans for the 
protected area of the Boschplaat on the Wadden island of Terschelling. This area is managed and 
owned by the Forestry Commission, a large national nature organisation in the Netherlands 
which owns many protected areas in the Netherlands. For the protected area of the Boschplaat, 
the Forestry Commission formulated a future vision with the aim to improve biodiversity and 
resilience of the area. One of the measures to increase the natural dynamics is the plan to make a 
hole in the dike. This dike has been there since the 1930s, and over the years, it has been covered 
by sand dunes. However, making a hole in a dike is a sensitive measure for island inhabitants. 
On top of that, local inhabitants have many memories related to the dike and the Boschplaat. The 
sand dunes along the dike also hold tangible cultural heritage, such as objects from shipwrecks, 
and items from the second world war. The Boschplaat is thus not only a protected nature area, it 
is also an area with a rich cultural history and special meanings to local inhabitants.   
To reveal local people’s special meanings and experiences about the Boschplaat, local 
inhabitants were interviewed. The methodology which used was ‘walk along’ interviews, as 
developed by Carpiano (2009). This relatively novel qualitative research method is suitable for 
gaining insight into people’s emotional relationship with a specific place. The method has first 
been used by Lynch (1960) to study how people interact with their daily environment. According 
to Carpiano (2009), walk along interviews form a combination of fieldwork and in-depth 
interviews. Local inhabitants were asked to take the interviewee to their favorite place or places 
on the Boschplaat and tell them about their memories and experiences with this place. The 
interviewee selects the place, time of day, and route, and thus becomes the guide. The local 
inhabitants are invited to tell stories about their special place. 
The results will be used to communicate the special meanings of the Boschplaat and the 
dike to inhabitants and visitors. Storytelling will be used to transfer emotional meanings of local 
inhabitants with the Boschplaat. 
 
Carpiano, R. M. (2009). Come take a walk with me: The ‘Go-Along’ interview as a novel 
method for studying the implications of place for health and well-being. Health, & Place, 
15, 263–272. 


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