Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science
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Prevalence of Bacterial Contamination of Tikrit Teaching Hospital Surfaces and Equipment in Different Units
No full textGeneral Background: Hospital environments serve as potential reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria, contributing to the spread of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Contaminated surfaces and medical equipment pose a risk to patient safety and increase morbidity rates. Specific Background: The Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Iraq is a key medical facility where the presence of bacterial contamination on hospital surfaces and equipment requires systematic investigation. This study aimed to assess the bacterial contamination levels in various hospital units, focusing on environmental surfaces, surgical instruments, patient beds, and air quality. Knowledge Gap: Despite existing research on HAIs, limited studies have comprehensively analyzed bacterial contamination on multiple hospital surfaces, particularly in Tikrit Teaching Hospital. Aims: The objective of this study was to identify and quantify bacterial contamination across different hospital units, highlighting potential risks to patients and healthcare workers. Results: A total of 147 samples were collected, with 60.4% testing positive for bacterial growth. The most prevalent bacterial species included E. coli (32.9%) and S. aureus (22.4%), while Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides was the least frequent isolate (1.2%). Hospital floors were found to be the most contaminated (51.8%), while surgical instruments exhibited the least contamination (1.2%). Novelty: This study provides a detailed assessment of bacterial contamination across various hospital surfaces, offering insight into the distribution and prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in Tikrit Teaching Hospital. Implications: The findings underscore the necessity for improved infection control measures, including enhanced disinfection protocols and routine microbial monitoring, to mitigate the risks of HAIs and improve hospital hygiene standards
Fungal Nail Infection
No full textYeast, mold, and fungus are the usual causes of fungal nail infections. The frequency of onychomycosis tends to differ around the world due of numerous Socioeconomic and cultural aspects. Age roles, smoking, wear artificial nails, Obesity, Weakened immune system, Diabetes, Public swimming pool as well as hereditary disposition all contribute to the various ways that onychomycosis manifests in certain places, including as Trichophyton spp, Aspergillus spp, Fusarium spp, Candida spp and yeasts. The impact of genetic and environmental variables on the development of fungal nail infections is covered in this review of the literature and The causes and symptoms of fungal infections of the fingers were also studied
Principles of Modern Prevention of Nephropathy in Children
No full textBased on our own research and recent literature data, we have studied risk factors influencing the formation and progression of nephropathies (hereditary, teratogenic, external environmental). With timely detection and adherence to simple preventive measures (diet, fluid regimen, microclimate, elimination of infectious, toxic, allergic effects, and dysmetabolism correction), they do not lead to complications (interstitial nephritis (IN), urolithiasis (UTI), secondary dysmetabolism (SD), secondary pyelonephritis). External environmental factors contributing to the manifestation of pathology in children with metabolic disorders include seasonal climatic fluctuations - adaptation to low and high temperatures, dietary errors, emotional and physical overloads, membranopathies, and intercurrent diseases. It has been established that the presence of latent diathesis in a child from a family with a predisposition to certain diseases (ancestry, hereditary burden index) is determined using biochemical, immunological, and functional studies. A scheme for the preventive prevention and metaphylaxis of nephropathies in uric acid diathesis has been developed
Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides: A Molecular Strategy Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
No full textNanoparticle-based delivery systems are a potent strategy utilized to enhance the stability and targeting of antimicrobial peptides against multidrug-resistant-bacteria. Peptide antimicrobials have therapeutic potential but their usefulness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is undermined by poor bioavailability and therefore it is critical to address this issue by developing delivery systems to realise their full potential. A total of 4 months (December 2024– April 2025), this in vitro experimental study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ministry of health, Salah Al-deen health department, Samarra Healthcare and primary sector, to test nanoparticles delivery systems for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. MDR E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, clinical isolates were reactivated for testing. AMP-loaded nanoparticles were formulated through ionic gelation and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and morphology. The treated group (G2) showed significant results in the properties of the particles and antibacterial activity (on the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) compared to the control (G1). G2 has a larger particle size and zeta potential compared with G1 to achieve improved granulation efficiency (95.3% vs 80.5%; P < 0.01). The bactericidal activity was also increased; the inhibition zone was larger in G2 for E. coli (26.5 mm), S. aureus (22.0 mm), and P. aeruginosa, and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion; The study implicates that ameliorated properties of nanoparticles forwarded improved encapsulation efficiency and engineered peptide release, yielding better stability of AMPs and precise bacterial targeting, as a consequence mediating enhanced anti-MDR activity
Understanding the Biochemical Basis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Clinical Chemistry Approach
No full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. This study explores the biochemical underpinnings of AD through a clinical chemistry lens, focusing on the alterations in key biomolecules and metabolic pathways associated with the disease. We examine the roles of amyloid-beta peptides, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and oxidative stress in neuronal damage, alongside their implications for early diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. By analyzing biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, we aim to enhance the understanding of disease mechanisms and improve diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, this approach highlights the potential of targeted therapies that address specific biochemical pathways, paving the way for more effective treatment strategies. Through a comprehensive review of current literature and ongoing research, this study seeks to contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding AD and its biochemical foundations, ultimately aiming to facilitate advancements in clinical practice and patient care
Evaluation of Oxidative Indicators and Sex Parameters for Male Rats Exposed To Cadmium Chloride and Lead Acetate
No full textThe study included 36 male Wistar rats aged between (90-110 days) and weighing between (200-260 grams). They were randomly divided into 6 groups, with each group consisting of 6 males. The first group served as the control group, administered regular water. The second group was treated with cadmium chloride at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight. The third group was administered cadmium chloride at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. The fourth group received lead acetate at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight. The fifth group was given lead acetate at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight. The sixth group was treated with 5 mg/kg of cadmium chloride and 50 mg/kg of lead acetate. The treatment lasted for 30 days. The results showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in oxidative products, particularly Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and a significant decrease in the total antioxidant content in the serum, including Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase Enzyme (CAT), and Glutathione (GSH) compared to the control group. A significant increase (P≤0.05) was also recorded in oxidative stress markers of DNA, specifically Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosin-8, compared to the control group. Moreover, negative changes in some biochemical and hormonal characteristics of the serum were observed compared to the control group, represented by a significant decrease in sex hormones, particularly the male testosterone hormone. Additionally, the study indicated that treating the animals with different concentrations of cadmium chloride and lead acetate led to negative effects on sperm characteristics. This manifested as a significant decrease in sperm count and its normal form compared to the control group. The treatments resulted in deformities in sperm shape, such as alterations in the head and tail morphology, fusion of the midpiece, tail twisting, and occasionally tail breakage
Multi-Detector CT Coronary Angiography Accuracy in the Evaluation of Significant Coronary Arteries Stenosis versus Invasive Coronary Angiography Procedures.
No full textBackground: - Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is the recognized gold standard for evaluating stenosis in the coronary arteries due to its unparalleled temporal and spatial resolution and the capacity to carry out therapeutic interventions in the same session. The search for a non-invasive alternative has been fueled by the patient's inconvenience and financial concerns, even though the risk of major complications is low. All the patients prepared by assessment of renal function test with aid of nephrourologists as a preliminary test to avoid nephrotoxicity of contrast dye and exclude those with azotemia or impaired renal function. The evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) using current multi-detectors computed tomography (MSCT) scanners shows promise; however, some segments cannot be evaluated because of motion artifacts or significant calcification of the arterial wall
Metabolic Biomarkers in Cancer: Linking Metabolism to Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Targets
No full textCancer is a multifaceted disease characterized by profound metabolic reprogramming, which enables tumor cells to sustain rapid proliferation, evade apoptosis, and adapt to microenvironmental stresses. Metabolic biomarkers have emerged as critical tools for understanding tumor biology, aiding in early diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and guiding therapeutic interventions. This review explores the role of metabolic biomarkers in linking altered cellular metabolism to tumor progression and therapeutic targeting. Hallmarks of cancer metabolism, such as the Warburg effect, glutaminolysis, and lipid metabolism dysregulation, produce distinct metabolic byproducts that serve as potential biomarkers. Key metabolites, including lactate, glutamine, and lipid derivatives, reflect the metabolic demands of tumor cells and their interaction with the tumor microenvironment. Advances in metabolomics and imaging techniques have facilitated the identification of these biomarkers, providing insights into tumor heterogeneity and metabolic vulnerabilities. Moreover, metabolic biomarkers are increasingly being utilized to predict treatment response and resistance. For instance, elevated levels of lactate and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) correlate with poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies. Targeting metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis inhibitors or glutaminase inhibitors, has shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies, underscoring the therapeutic potential of disrupting tumor metabolism. This review highlights the clinical utility of metabolic biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic tools, while also emphasizing their role in developing targeted therapies. By integrating metabolic profiling into precision oncology, these biomarkers hold the potential to improve patient outcomes and personalize cancer treatment strategies. Further research is essential to validate their application across diverse cancer types and therapeutic settings
Using The Rose Bengal Plate Test to Diagnosis Contagious Abortion (Brucellosis) in Aborted Ewes in Al-Muthanna Province
No full textAlong with being a zoonotic disease that is spread to humans, the purpose of the presented work was determining the prevalence regarding brucellosis, which results in recurrent abortions in ewes in the province of Al-Muthanna based on the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT). This has been done for controlling the disease and lessen the resulting financial losses. Serum samples from 40 ewes have been gathered in various parts of the province of Al-Muthanna between February and April 2024, throughout the lambing season. With the use of RBPT, the data indicate that 45% of ewes have brucellosis (18/40). According to the research, the percentage of ewes infected with Brucella throughout the lambing season was high, and there was a highly significant correlation between the two variables. The animal's symptoms, case history, and the abortion time—which occurs following the third month of pregnancy—were all factors in the diagnosis. Since the germs grow and multiply in the case when they reach the reproductive system, particularly in uterine placentomes, which causes them to suppurate and separate the fetus from its dam, resulting in abortion, along with the clinical signs regarding brucellosis, retained placenta, arthritis, mastitis, corneal inflammation, laterals, or bilateral orchitic in rams, we can confirm that the cause of abortion is mechanical rather than toxic. According to our findings, RBPT is a screening test utilized for identifying the prevalence of Brucella species in serum samples. Ewes in this area have been found to be infected with Brucella, necessitating additional investigation and research into additional risk factors linked to isolation and infection of Brucella in this region
Effect of Willow Bark Extract on The Activity of Gram-Negative Intestinal Bacteria: A Review
No full textThe increased growth of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae contributes significantly to chronic gastrointestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These bacteria stimulate the immune system, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause additional inflammation and further tissue damage. The increase in antibiotic resistance of many Gram-negative bacteria makes treatment more difficult and calls for different approaches. Willow bark extract (WBE) from Salix species, in particular, has recently been noted to have the ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria and modulate inflammation. WBE is rich in bioactive compounds such as salicin, flavonoids, and tannins, which are known to disrupt cell membrane of bacteria, inhibit biofilm formation and interfere with metabolic processes. Its anti-inflammatory activities, inhibiting NF-κB and oxidative stress, provide a more comprehensive way to manage gut health. This review was inspired by the gap for natural anti-microbial agents to explore the WBE mechanisms of action, applications for targeting Gram-negative bacteria, and restoring the gut microbiota diversity. On the other hand, WBE is limited by its variability in composition and extract, with little clinical validation and formulation challenges. Bridging these gaps would enable using WBE as a natural therapeutic for gastrointestinal and systemic disorders