Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science
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Clinical Biochemistry of Diabetes Mellitus: Biomarkers for Early Detection and Disease Progression
No full textDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, action, or both. Early diagnosis and effective disease monitoring are crucial for preventing complications such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Clinical biochemistry plays a vital role in identifying biomarkers that aid in the early detection and progression assessment of DM. Key biomarkers for diabetes diagnosis include fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial glucose (PPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which reflect long-term glycemic control. Insulin and C-peptide levels provide insights into pancreatic β-cell function, while homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices help evaluate insulin resistance and sensitivity. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), indicate cellular damage caused by chronic hyperglycemia. Inflammatory biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are also associated with diabetes complications. Emerging biomarkers, including adipokines (adiponectin and leptin), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and microRNAs, provide deeper insights into disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. Continuous monitoring of these biomarkers enables personalized treatment approaches, improving patient outcomes. This review highlights the significance of biochemical markers in diabetes management, emphasizing their role in early detection, monitoring, and risk assessment of complications. Advancements in biomarker research hold promise for precision medicine strategies, offering better disease control and reducing the global burden of diabetes.
 
Research on Biological Behavior and The Synthesis of Various Heterocyclic Compounds
No full textHeterocyclic compounds are found in almost 90% of new medications. Heterocyclic moiety is also present in several natural products, such as antibiotics like cephalosporins and penicillins, and alkaloids like morphine, vinblastine, and reserpine.Thioxanthone has been the source of three chemical compounds that have been produced as derivatives [S1, S2, and S3]. Every formatted chemical was tracked using melting point and FTIR spectra. This technique is suitable for industrial production and has a high target product productivity, gentle reaction conditions, straightforward purification methods, and high product purity. to further down the cost of production. The agar well diffusion method revealed that all three of the produced compounds had good antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under study, but S3 had the highest activity. To determine if the produced chemicals cause allergic reactions, a skin test for delayed hypersensitivity was conducted, and a test for animal mortality was conducted using killing mice. In test animals, the substances elicit a strong cellular immunological response
Bacterial Incubation
No full textTemperature control plays a fundamental role in bacterial incubation, directly influencing bacterial growth, metabolism, and physiological activity. Accurate temperature regulation is essential in microbiology, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical research to ensure reproducible experimental results and optimize bacterial culture conditions. While previous studies have examined extreme temperature fluctuations on bacterial viability, the effects of minor temperature variations within optimal incubation ranges remain insufficiently explored. Even slight deviations from ideal conditions can disrupt bacterial growth rates and metabolic activity, leading to inconsistent and unreliable results. The impact of minor temperature variations on bacterial growth and metabolism within controlled incubators has not been thoroughly investigated, limiting advancements in incubation system design and efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the effects of subtle temperature variations on bacterial growth by utilizing temperature-controlled incubators and monitoring bacterial development under different conditions. The findings reveal that even minor fluctuations in incubation temperature significantly influence bacterial growth rates and metabolic activities. The study also highlights the necessity of robust temperature control systems to enhance experimental accuracy and repeatability. Unlike previous studies focusing on extreme temperature effects, this research examines microtemperature variations within optimal bacterial growth conditions, offering new insights into precision incubation control. The results contribute to the development of more reliable and efficient bacterial incubators, improving laboratory research quality and industrial microbiology applications. Enhanced temperature regulation strategies can optimize bacterial culture conditions, benefiting fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and food safety
Comprehensive Study on Gynecomastia: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Morphologic, and Microscopic Features
No full textGynecomastia, a common benign enlargement of male breast tissue, results from an imbalance between estrogen and androgen levels. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the clinical features, pathophysiology, morphological, and microscopic characteristics of gynecomastia. Clinically, the condition manifests as unilateral or bilateral breast enlargement, often accompanied by tenderness. The pathophysiological mechanisms involve hormonal fluctuations due to puberty, aging, medication use, liver or kidney dysfunction, and endocrine disorders. Morphologically, gynecomastia is characterized by fibroglandular tissue proliferation, with varying degrees of stromal and ductal changes. Microscopic examination reveals ductal hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis, and chronic inflammatory infiltration, distinguishing it from other breast pathologies. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical assessment, supplemented by imaging and histopathological evaluation when necessary. Treatment options range from observation in transient cases to medical therapy or surgical intervention in persistent or severe cases. The study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis to prevent unnecessary interventions and improve patient outcomes. Additionally, it highlights the need for further research to explore novel therapeutic approaches and the psychological impact of gynecomastia on affected individuals. Understanding the clinical, morphological, and microscopic features of gynecomastia enhances diagnostic accuracy and guides appropriate management strategies, ensuring better patient care
Design and Implementation a Hand Sanitizer Dispenser using Arduino
No full textThis project includes an introduction to sterilization in general and making a sterilization device using the Arduino program, and a statement of the method of work and the devices used in its work, with clarification of the programming code in a sequential manner. The work is illustrated through a closed loop in the program code and with certain conditions. Finally, future work is discussed. Because sterilization plays an important role in our daily lives and keeping away from germs, diseases and viruses such as the Corona virus, which transmits the infection through contact from a person infected with the virus to a healthy person, and to protect against the virus, it is through not contact and good sterilization
Hematological Parameters and Their Relationship to Interleukin-6 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Men
No full textThis study was intended to look at the relationship between Hematological parameters and IL-6 in men with rheumatoid arthritis in Thi Qar province/Iraq, as well as to study the effect of age, body mass index and blood groups on blood parameters. The study included 100 men, 60 of whom were RA patients and 40 healthy men as a group in control. Their ages were in the range of 45-75 years. Blood samples were used to examine ABO blood groups and complete blood count (CBC), while serum was used to measure IL-6. The samples were divided into two groups according to age group, three groups according to BMI and eight groups according to blood groups.
According to the findings, IL-6 was considerably elevated (P<0.05) in RA patients compared to the control group. In contrast, the Hematological parameters examination indicated that the total WBC was greatly raised (P<0.05) in patients, while differential count of WBC was significantly increased in neutrophils and eosinophils, while the lymphocytes were dramatically reduced (P<0.05) in patients with RA as opposed to the control group .On other hand, the red blood cell count indicated that RBC, HGB, HCT and HGB, MCV, MCH, MCHC and HGB/HCT were substantially lower in patients (P<0.05). In contrast, platelet parameters PLT, PDW and PCT were much higher (P<0.05) in patients, except for MPV, which was significantly decreased in RA patients compared to the control group.When comparing the Hematological parameters of RA patients according to age group, MPV and PDW were considerably higher (P<0.05) in the second category of age GII (60-75) years as opposed to the first age category GI (45-60) years. On the other hand, the comparison between patients according to BMI indicated that the same two parameters above were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the third group GIII (Class I obesity) compared to the first group GI (Normal weight). In contrast, the comparison between RA patients according to blood groups showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in all Hematological parameters. Blood group O recorded the highest incidence of RA while group AB recorded the lowest incidence.
The results of the correlation analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between IL-6 and each of Neu, PLT, PDW, PCT and PLT/Lym ratio while IL-6 recorded a significant negative correlation with HGB, HCT, MCV, MCHC and HGB/HCT ratio
Molecular Detection of Cytomegalovirus and Bacterial Species Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Hemodialysis Patients
No full textThis study included 100 kidney failure patients. Five ml of blood was collected from each patient, the plasma was separated, and then the plasma samples were stored until DNA extraction was performed. Molecular detection of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Urine samples were also obtained for bacterial species. The results of the PCR technique revealed that 8 patients were infected with the CMV at a rate of 8 %, with 5 infections in males and 3 infections in females, with a rate of 8.9% and 6.8% respectively. Regarding the age group, the highest incidence of the virus was in 21-30 age group in males and the 41-50 age group in females. The results of bacterial detection show that E. coli cause the highest rate of urinary tract infections in hemodialysis patients infected with the CMV at 100%, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia at 60%. We conclude that patients receiving end-stage renal dialysis may be more susceptible to CMV replication while they get chronic hemodialysis
Evaluation of The Quality of Life of Iraqi Patients with Acne (A Cross-sectional Study of 109 Patients) and Identification of Risk Factors
No full textThis study contributes to assessing general health and quality of life and determining adverse factors that impact in Iraqi patients with acne. Acne affects over 80% of teenagers and typically persists into adulthood. During June 2023 to November 2024, we performed a study on 109 consenting people with acne vulgaris that were older over 15 years. The Dermatology Quality of Life Score (DLQI) questionnaire was used to grade acne vulgaris along with its aftereffects and evaluate quality of life. Our study indicated that for girls with 56 and boys with 53, acne in the face site has 63.30%, oily skin with 70.64%, post-acne hyperpigmentation with 75.23%, II grade of acne had 70.64%, and severe acne scar had 50 cases, very large effect of acne on dermatology life quality with 21.10%. This study found that acne sufferers' quality of life was significantly impaired. Females were more impacted than males, the age group 21-25 more than the other categories, and the higher the grade "severity" for acne, the greater the amount of damage in quality of life
Acne Vulgaris. Choosing the Right Treatment Plan to Prevent Breakouts Fallen
No full textAcne is one of the most common diseases in the world. Despite the availability of effective treatments, acne affects up to 95% of people, especially women, most often under the age of 25 and Up to 50% of women experience it after the age of 25. The peak incidence is at the age of 15-18 (earlier in girls than in boys). The location of the rash on visible parts of the body, especially on the face, has a significant impact on the psychological state of a person. Nowadays, the problem of psychosomatic disorders of patients with dermatoses is becoming increasingly relevant. This is evidenced by the increasing number of scientific studies and articles devoted to this problem. Acne on exposed areas of the body can disrupt a person's psychological health. According to surveys, 80% of teenagers believe that acne is the most unpleasant phenomenon for a person. Teenagers are especially susceptible to psychological stress (including depression) due to acne. The presence of acne on visible areas of the skin can lead to dysmorphophobia
Analysis of Liver Function in Patients with Intestinal Parasitic Infections: A Comparative Study of AST, ALT, and ALP Levels
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate the levels of certain liver function markers in individuals infected with Entamoeba histolytica in Kirkuk City, Iraq. Samples were collected from hospitals in Kirkuk (Kirkuk General Hospital and Children's Hospital) and private laboratories between October and December 2024. Out of 220 stool samples examined for cyst and trophozoite stages of Entamoeba, 130 samples were excluded due to chronic infections or other diseases. Participants were divided into two groups: 70 infected individuals and 20 healthy individuals as a control group. Serum samples were analyzed to measure the levels of certain liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) in the infected individuals. Statistical analysis (using SPSS software) revealed no significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) in the infected individuals, indicating that the infection did not affect liver function or enzyme levels in transient or non-chronic amoebic infections. Based on the findings, this study highlights the impact of Entamoeba histolytica infection on liver function and provides scientific data that can help develop more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for infected individuals in endemic areas