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Global warming or global warning? A review of urban practices for adaptation to extreme heat
No full textStarting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of continuously updating emerging topics concerning relationships between urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban Practices section aims at presenting recent advancements on relevant topics that underline the challenges that the cities have to face. This note provides an overview of the challenges that global warming poses and the risks in terms of climate change that it generates for territories and cities, with a specific focus on the extreme heat phenomenon. The challenges that adaptation to exteme heat events commonly faces are outlined, and a brief review of international case studies is carried out. Finally, the results of the review are discussed highlighting some key threads of extreme heat events adaptation practices and three significant examples of adaptation in urban areas are reported, within a perspective of integration and sharing of know-how on the topic
La Cour europeenne se prononce sur les trois premieres affaires relatives au climat: quelques observations sur la question de la causalité
No full textOn 9 April 2024, the European Court of Human Rights ruled on the first three climate cases: Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and others v. Switzerland, Duarte Agostinho and others v. Portugal and 32 others, and Carême v. France. While the Duarte and Carême cases were declared inadmissible, in the KlimaSeniorinnen case the Court adopted a remarkable judgment in which it recognized for the first time that the ECHR implies positive obligations for States to adopt, and effectively apply in practice, regulations and measures capable of mitigating the present and future, potentially irreversible, effects of climate change. The Strasbourg Court thus set out a number of general principles on human rights violations linked to climate change, which were explicitly taken up in the other two cases. In addition, for the first time, the Court explicitly addresses, and seeks to systematize, a crucial issue raised in almost all climate-related litigation: the question of causation. In this contribution, after briefly outlining the decisions taken by the Court in the three abovementioned cases, the author aims to analyze in particular the position explicitly expressed by the Court on this issueLe 9 avril 2024, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme s’est prononcée pour les trois premières affaires climatiques : Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz et autres c. Suisse, Duarte Agostinho et autres c. Portugal et 32 autres, et Carême c. France. Alors que les affaires Duarte et Carême ont été déclarées irrecevables, dans l’affaire KlimaSeniorinnen la Cour a adopté un arrêt remarquable avec lequel elle a reconnu pour la première fois que la CEDH implique des obligations positives pour les États d’adopter, et d’appliquer effectivement dans la pratique, des réglementations et des mesures susceptibles d’atténuer les effets actuels et futurs, potentiellement irréversibles, du changement climatique. La Cour de Strasbourg a ainsi énoncé plusieurs principes généraux sur les violations des droits humains liées au changement climatique, explicitement repris dans les deux autres affaires. De plus, pour la première fois, la Cour aborde explicitement, en tentant de la systématiser, une question cruciale soulevée dans presque tous les litiges liés au climat : la question de la causalité. Dans cette contribution, après avoir brièvement exposé les décisions prises par la Cour dans les trois affaires mentionnées, l’auteur vise à analyser en particulier la position explicitement exprimée par la Cour sur cette questio
La regolamentazione delle Borse merci negli interspazi del diritto
Get PDFThe activity carried out by commodity exchanges on the world legal scene shows the image of an order composed of decision-making spheres different from States and endowed with a certain autonomy. The possibility of a regulation of the economy different from the traditional public implies the theorization of the heteronomous arrangement of the rules of economic actionL’attività svolta dalle Borse merci sul panorama giuridico mondiale mostra l’immagine di un ordinamento composto da sfere decisionali diverse dagli Stati e dotate di un certo grado di autonomia. La possibilità di una regolazione dell’economia diversa da quella pubblica tradizionale implica la teorizzazione dell’eteronoma predisposizione delle regole dell’agire economic
La commedia e il mondo mediterraneo. Topografia ed elementi attualizzanti nelle illustrazioni di due incunaboli veneziani (Benali-Capcasa e Piasi, 1491)
Get PDFThe present work aims to highlight the visual reading of Dante’s Paradiso offered by the Venetian prints Benali-Capcasa and Piasi, published in Venice on 3th March and 18th November 1491 respectively; they are accompanied by Cristoforo Landino’s Comento sopra la Comedia and both contain a corpus of woodcuts covering all three cantica, for the first time in the printed tradition of the poem.
The content of some of the illustrations in the two incunabula reflects an interest in the actual topography of the poem through the reproduction of miniature views of Italian and “exotic” cities and islands. The article also emphasises how this phenomenon can be traced back to a renewed interest in the physical world, which is conventionally ascribed to the rediscovery of Ptolemy’s Geographia in the 15th century, and which is accompanied by new logics of interpretation of real space in the literary and visual arts scene. In this scenario, one can also observe a gradual change in the modes of reading and reception of Dante’s poem.
Furthermore, the contribution dwells on the content of specific images transmitted by the Venetian incunabula and relating to certain cantos of Paradiso, which share the presence of the maritime element; the relationship between literary space and real space is investigated in these illustrations, in certain cases (Pd. II, XIX, XXVII) identifying possible actualising elements that highlight a gap between these images – which are sometimes posed as spaces of interpretation by readers – and the texts they refer to (Dante’s and Landino’s).
The ultimate purpose is to highlight how images, when combined with a text such as the Commedia, can be bearers of meaning, as well as adding a piece to the methodological studies on the iconographical tradition of Dante’s poem.Il contributo si propone lo scopo di valorizzare la lettura visuale del Paradiso dantesco offerta dalle edd. veneziane Benali-Capcasa e Piasi, licenziate a Venezia rispettivamente il 3 marzo e il 18 novembre 1491; esse sono entrambe accompagnate dal Comento sopra la Comedia di Cristoforo Landino e corredate di un corpus di xilografie esteso a tutte e tre le cantiche, per la prima volta nella tradizione a stampa del poema.
Il contenuto di alcune illustrazioni dei due incunaboli riflette un interesse per la topografia reale del poema, attraverso la riproduzione di vedute di città e isole in miniatura, italiane ed “esotiche”. Si sottolinea, nel contributo, come tale fenomeno sia riconducibile ad un rinnovato interesse per il mondo fisico, che convenzionalmente si ascrive alla riscoperta della Geographia di Tolomeo nel XV secolo e che si accompagna a nuove logiche di interpretazione dello spazio reale nel panorama letterario e delle arti visive. In questo scenario, si osserva anche un graduale cambiamento nelle modalità di lettura e ricezione del poema dantesco.
Il contributo si sofferma, inoltre, sul contenuto di immagini specifiche trasmesse dagli incunaboli veneziani e relative ad alcuni canti del Paradiso, che condividono la presenza dell’elemento marittimo e delle quali si indaga il rapporto tra spazio letterario e spazio reale, in certi casi (Pd. II, XIX, XXVII) individuando possibili elementi attualizzanti che generano uno scarto tra queste immagini – le quali possono talvolta divenire spazi di interpretazione da parte dei lettori – e i loro ipotesti (i dettati dantesco e landiniano).
L’obiettivo finale è mettere in luce come le immagini, quando vengano accostate ad un testo come la Commedia, possano essere portatrici di senso, nonché aggiungere un tassello alle riflessioni metodologiche sulla tradizione iconografica del poema dantesco
Le vocabulaire de l’océanographie au XIXe siècle
Get PDFThe identification of a classification and naming system within the lexicon of oceanography dates back to the second half of the 19th century, during the first ocean expeditions led by navigation experts and scientists specialising in mineralogy, chemistry and physics. These scholars developed new high-precision scientific instruments for their research, which not only contributed to more accurate and detailed results and measurements, but also to the birth and development of the vocabulary of modern oceanography.
In this study we explore the early stages of the formation of this vocabulary, drawing on a body of work by Julien Thoulet (1890-1908), recognised as a pioneer of modern oceanography in France. Thoulet classified the practices of this discipline into two branches: static oceanography and dynamic oceanography, and developed his theories on the basis of this classification.
Our diachronic research aims to describe and reflect on how certain phenomena and scientific discoveries have influenced the development of the vocabulary of oceanography, enriching discussions and texts with an increasingly specialised vocabulary to describe the practices and theories belonging to this discipline.Les ébauches de classification et la construction de termes propres au vocabulaire de l’océanographie se développent vers la moitié du XIXe siècle, quand les expéditions océaniques ont suscité l’enthousiasme des premiers océanographes. Ils commencent à décrire et à théoriser les résultats obtenus pendant les expédions, où avec l’introduction et l’emploi d’instruments de haute précision, les écrits et les débats des experts donnent lieu à la naissance de l’océanographie moderne.
Dans notre étude nous proposons les premières étapes de la formation de son vocabulaire à partir de la création d’un corpus d’ouvrages écrits par Julien Thoulet, reconnu comme le patriarche de l’océanographie moderne en France. Thoulet regroupe les pratiques de cette discipline en deux branches, à savoir l’océanographie statique et l’océanographie dynamique et c’est à partir de cette classification et de la vulgarisation de ses théories que notre recherche en diachronie vise à explorer comment les nouveaux phénomènes et les nouvelles découvertes scientifiques contribuent à concevoir le vocabulaire de l’océanographie
Neosemies and “neosemies sui generis” registered in the Zingarelli vocabulary
No full textL’articolo prende in esame le neosemie, che, insieme ai neologismi semantici, in passato erano state relegate ai margini della ricerca linguistica, concentrata sui neologismi sintattici (Cortelazzo 2000; Dardano 1993). Dopo aver esaminato le voci registrate alla lettera “A” in alcuni rappresentativi repertori di neologismi, abbiamo constatato che le neosemie sono sempre più tenute in giusta considerazione e citate anche da Adamo e Della Valle (2017) e da Cardinale (2021).
Dal punto di vista teorico, autori come De Mauro (2006), Lazzeroni (1998), Lombardi Vallauri (2010), Shukla e Connor-Linton (2008) hanno fornito importanti contributi utili all’analisi delle neosemie e, più in generale, al mutamento semantico del lessico. Questa impostazione teorica ha ispirato la costruzione di un corpus (Barbi 2018) ricavato da uno scavo lessicografico nelle edizioni del vocabolario Zingarelli comprese in un arco temporale di quasi mezzo secolo. Attraverso questo corpus abbiamo individuato numerose neosemie, che abbiamo suddiviso quantitativamente attraverso alcuni rappresentativi “limiti d’uso” (Cannella 2010). Il reimpiego del nostro corpus per la presente ricerca ha messo in evidenza alcune neosemie attinenti al limite d’uso “colloquiale” e riconducibili alla posizione di Coveri (1992). Inoltre, l’analisi del nostro corpus ha permesso di osservare quantitativamente le neosemie registrate nei limiti d’uso “figurativo” ed “estensivo”.
La presente analisi prende in esame anche alcune “neosemie sui generis”, le quali corrispondono a significati presenti nell’uso ma registrati nei vocabolari solo di recente. Questa particolare tipologia di neosemie segue la posizione di Marri (2018). Alcune di queste “neosemie sui generis”, che abbiamo segnalato ai lessicografi del vocabolario Zingarelli, sono state registrate nelle ultime ristampe di questo vocabolario.This article examines neosemies, which in the past, along with semantic neologisms, have been relegated to the margins of linguistic research, which has focused on syntactic neologisms (Cortelazzo 2000; Dardano 1993). Studying the entries under the letter “A” in some representative repertoires of neologisms, we found that neosemies are increasingly considered and cited by Adamo and Della Valle (2017) and Cardinale (2021).
From a theoretical point of view, authors such as De Mauro (2006), Lazzeroni (1998), Lombardi Vallauri (2010), Shukla and Connor-Linton (2008) have made important contributions to the analysis of neosemies and, more generally, to the semantic change of the lexicon. This theoretical approach inspired the construction of a corpus (Barbi 2018) derived from a lexicographic excavation of Zingarelli dictionary editions spanning almost half a century (1970-2015). Through this corpus, we identified numerous neosemies, which we quantitatively subdivided by some representative “labels” (Cannella 2010). The reuse of our corpus for the present study has highlighted some neosemies that refer to the target “colloquial” and are due to Coveri’s (1992) position. Furthermore, the analysis of our corpus allowed us to quantitatively observe the neosemies recorded with the labels “figurative” and “extensive”.
The present analysis also examines some “neosemies sui generis”, which correspond to meanings that are already in use but have only recently entered the vocabulary. This particular type of neosemy follows the position of Marri (2018). Some of these “neosemies sui generis” that we reported to the lexicographers of the Zingarelli dictionary have been included in the latest reprints of this dictionary
Miguel Sánchez Ibáñez, La (neo)lógica de las lenguas. ¿Por qué no podemos dejar de crear palabras?, Madrid, Pie de Página, 2021, 218 pp.
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Coreferenza e nuclei tematici nelle interviste del corpus IS
No full textThe aim of the following contribution is to identify coreferences and thematic cores in the corpus Emigrantendeutsch in Israel (IS), using corpus analysis and manual annotation. We will focus on two interviews, that with Paul Avraham and Betti Alsberg (IS_00002) and that with Clara Bartnitzki (IS_00008) (see 2.1). The starting point for our considerations is the hypothesis that in interviews some referents, such as interviewees, appear independently of their respective thematic core, while other referents (and thus members of coreference chains), appear grouped in segments dedicated to specific thematic cores. Firstly, we believe that being able to automatically create coreference chains in narrative interviews is important in order to more easily identify and extract text segments in which certain entities or persons are mentioned. As already shown in Flinz/Ruppenhofer 2021, Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems can identify names of people or organizations. However, they usually do not associate such mentions with coreferential mentions that have the form of ordinary nouns or pronouns (see Li et al. 2020; Nadeau/Sekine 2007). Only additional annotation can generate coreferential chains. Secondly, coreference can be linked to the segmentation of interviews by thematic cores. Since it contributes to the cohesion of the text (see Halliday/Hasan 1976), we can make the hypothesis that the way in which the elements of the coreferential chains are distributed can provide clues to thematic segmentation. To this end, we would also like to examine whether the coreference structures of the interviews may reveal new facets not otherwise easily discernible.Obiettivo del contributo è di identificare coreferenze e nuclei tematici nel corpus Emigrantendeutsch in Israel (IS), utilizzando strumenti di analisi di corpora e annotazione manuale. Ci concentriamo sull'intervista a Paul Avraham e Betti Alsberg (IS_00002) e sull'intervista a Clara Bartnitzki (IS_00008) (cfr. 2.1). Punto di partenza delle nostre considerazioni è l’ipotesi che nelle interviste alcuni referenti, come gli intervistati, compaiano indipendentemente dal rispettivo nucleo tematico, mentre altri referenti (e quindi membri di catene di coreferenza), compaiano raggruppati in segmenti dedicati a nuclei tematici specifici. In primo luogo, riteniamo infatti che il poter creare automaticamente catene di coreferenza nelle interviste narrative sia importante per poter identificare ed estrarre più facilmente i segmenti di testo in cui sono menzionate determinate entità o persone. Come già mostrato in Flinz/Ruppenhofer (2021), i sistemi di Named Entity Recognition (NER) possono identificare nomi di persone o organizzazioni. Tuttavia, di solito non associano tali menzioni a menzioni coreferenziali che hanno la forma di sostantivi o pronomi ordinari (cfr. Li et al. 2020; Nadeau/Sekine 2007). Solo un’annotazione aggiuntiva può generare catene coreferenziali. In secondo luogo, la coreferenza può essere collegata alla segmentazione delle interviste per nuclei tematici. Poiché essa contribuisce alla coesione del testo (cfr. Halliday/Hasan 1976), possiamo ipotizzare che il modo in cui sono distribuiti gli elementi delle catene coreferenziali possa fornire indizi sulla segmentazione tematica. A tal fine, esaminiamo anche se le strutture coreferenziali delle interviste possano evidenziare nuove sfaccettature altrimenti non facilmente individuabili
Comunicazione istituzionale ampia e tecnologie per il Trattamento Automatico del Linguaggio: possibili applicazioni e sviluppi
Get PDFToday universities are plural communities, within whom many different people live: for this reason, here our abilities for linguistic inclusion can be trained. This paper, after giving an overview about institutional communication, inclusion, and readability, will analyse, by using the tool READ-IT, two original texts by two Italian universities regarding alias identities, and their re-written versions. With the help of this tool, global readability, basic profile, lexical profile, syntactical profile and sentence readability of two institutional texts about alias identities will be evaluated. The aim of the research is to suggest the creation of a corpus of institutional texts about alias identities in Italy. The corpus will be useful to track the current linguistic inclusion of non-binary people; at the same time, after quantitative analysis, it will be possible to write standard and shareable versions of institutional texts about alias identities, able to integrate strategies for gender inclusion with strategies for clear and readable institutional communication.Al giorno d’oggi, le università sono comunità plurali, abitate da persone molto diverse tra loro: per questo motivo, esse possono essere una buona palestra di inclusione linguistica.
Questo studio, dopo aver fornito una panoramica su comunicazione istituzionale, inclusione e chiarezza, proverà ad analizzare due testi prodotti da due università italiane – e le relative riscritture inclusive – riguardanti il dominio delle carriere alias attraverso il toolREAD-IT, valutandone leggibilità globale, profilo di base, profilo lessicale, profilo sintattico e leggibilità per frase. Lo scopo è quello di arrivare ad avanzare l’idea della creazione di un corpus di testi istituzionali sulle carriere alias. Il corpus servirà da un lato a monitorare lo stato di inclusione linguistica delle identità di genere non binarie nei testi in oggetto, e dall’altro a proporre la scrittura di testi standard, adottabili su larga scala negli atenei, in grado di coniugare le esigenze di inclusione con quelle di chiarezza e leggibilità della comunicazione istituzionale