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El desdoblamiento como marca de lenguaje inclusivo. Un estudio experimental sobre costes de procesamiento con hablantes de español L2
Get PDFInclusive language has for decades become a controversial issue with two opposing positions: the generic masculine is a neutral and unmarked option and grammatical gender is not equated with biological sex vs. the generic masculine constitutes a discriminatory use of language and the systematic splitting of gender (es. los políticos and las políticas) gives greater visibility to women. The present research aims to nourish such a debate with objective data obtained from experimental linguistics. An eyetraking controlled reading experiment was carried out with 88 native speakers of Italian with Spanish as L2 (level B1 according to the CEFR) to test whether one of the first alternatives proposed as a mark of inclusive language, splitting, affects processing costs during the reading of utterances. The results show that the choice of gender marking in words significantly conditions the cognitive effort made by the reader in the interpretation of the textEl lenguaje inclusivo se ha convertido desde hace décadas en una cuestión controvertida con dos posturas enfrentadas: por un lado, el masculino genérico es una opción neutra y no marcada y el género gramatical no es equiparable al sexo biológico; por otro, el masculino genérico constituye un uso discriminatorio de la lengua y el desdoblamiento sistemático (los políticos y las políticas) da mayor visibilidad a la mujer. La presente investigación pretende nutrir tal debate mediante datos objetivos obtenidos a partir de la lingüística experimental. Se llevó a cabo un experimento de lectura controlada por eyetraking con 88 hablantes nativos de italiano con español como L2 (nivel B1 según el Marco Común de Referencia Europeo) para comprobar si una de las primeras alternativas propuestas como marca de lenguaje inclusivo, el desdoblamiento, afecta los costes de procesamiento durante la lectura de enunciados. Los resultados demuestran que la elección de la marcación de género en las palabras condiciona significativamente el esfuerzo cognitivo que realiza el lector en la interpretación del texto
The semantic neology of verbs: structural criteria for determining degrees of neologicity
No full textEl presente trabajo estudia el comportamiento contextual de tres verbos del español identificados como neologismos semánticos –anestesiar, coreografiar y mapear– a partir de la Teoría de las Normas y las Explotaciones, desarrollada en 2013 por Patrick Hanks. Mediante el análisis de muestras de 200 contextos de cada verbo a partir de las categorías de norma y explotación, se identifican patrones de uso establecidos, que constituyen auténticas normas, y conjuntos de usos aún inestables que ocupan un espacio intermedio entre las explotaciones aisladas y novedosas y las normas fijadas. Estos resultados se vinculan con la noción de proceso neológico propuesta por Judit Freixa. Se establecen así diversos grados de neologicidad sobre la base del comportamiento contextual de los verbos y se analiza el papel de la desespecificación semántica en los usos inestables. Se concluye que el patrón estructural puede utilizarse como criterio para medir la neologicidad de un neologismo semántico verbal, en la medida en que permite sistematizar la frecuencia y estabilidad de los usos neológicos, en un sentido similar al modo en que el criterio de frecuencia se utiliza para calcular la neologicidad de neologismos formales.This paper studies the contextual behaviour of three Spanish verbs identified as semantic neologisms –anestesiar ‘to anesthetize’, coreografiar ‘to choreograph’ and mapear ‘to map’– based on the Theory of Norms and Exploitations, developed in 2013 by Patrick Hanks. Through the analysis of 200-concordance samples of each verb based on the categories of norm and exploitation, both established patterns of use which are authentic norms, and still unstable sets of uses that occupy an intermediate space between new isolated exploitations and new and established norms are identified. These results are linked to the notion of neological process proposed by Judit Freixa. Thus, different degrees of neologicity are established according to how the verbs behave in context, and the role of semantic despecification in unstable uses is analyzed. We conclude that structural patterns can be used as a criterion to measure the neologicity of a verbal semantic neologism, which can be used to measure the frequency and stability of neological uses, in a similar way to the way in which the frequency criterion is used to calculate the neologicity of formal neologisms
Remembered chronotopes: recollecting crisis situations in narratives
No full textMolti racconti dall’Israelkorpus raccolto da Anne Betten rientrano nel “cronotopo della crisi e della svolta di una vita” (Bachtin 2001: 395), perché i contenuti richiamati alla memoria e verbalizzati riguardano sconvolgimenti politici e sociali che comportarono gravi conseguenze sulla vita delle persone intervistate e portarono a crisi personali. Questo articolo si propone di analizzare la ricostruzione narrativa degli anni di crisi 1933 e 1938 in due interviste dell’Israelkorpus, prendendo in esame anche materiale dei questionari compilati dalle persone intervistate circa un anno prima dell’intervista. L’analisi, condotta secondo il metodo del cosiddetto “close reading” (cfr. Deppermann 2001: 64) e con lo strumentario dell’analisi narrativa e conversazionale, fa emergere come le persone intervistate si posizionino rispetto ai cronotopi di crisi del 1933 e del 1938; rivela inoltre le date che condensano tali cronotopi di crisi.Many of the narratives from the Israelkorpus collected by Anne Betten fall into the “chronotope of the crisis and break in a life” (Bakhtin 1981: 248), because the contents recalled to memory and verbalised concern political and social upheavals that had serious consequences on the lives of the persons interviewed and led to serious personal crises. This article aims to investigate the narrative construction of the crisis years 1933 and 1938 in two interviews from the Israelkorpus, also considering material from questionnaires filled in by the interviewees some time before the interview. The analysis, carried out following the “close reading” method (cf. Deppermann 2001: 64) and with the toolkit of narrative and conversational analysis, reveals how the interviewees position themselves in relation to the crisis chronotopes of 1933 and 1938; it also highlights dates that condense those crisis chronotopes
“Also für mich war es absolut die Erfüllung meiner Träume, hier zu leben”. Uses of here in Anne Betten’s interview with Else Sternberg (1991)
No full textQuesto articolo esamina due modalità complementari di referenza spaziale in un’intervista dell’Israelkorpus; l’elemento centrale è l’elaborazione di un sistema hier-dort, coerentemente realizzato soprattutto dall’intervistata. Il sistema hier è un sistema denotato positivamente, centripeto e intrinsecamente scalare, che include l’origo ed è nettamente separato da altre referenze di luogo. Questi altre referenze, realizzate attraverso nomi propri o comuni, possono essere ripresi con dort. L’intervistatrice, nelle domande introduttive a nuovi tempi, gestisce i riferimenti spaziali in modo più differenziato, ma quando usa hier o dort, condivide l’uso linguistico dell’intervistata. Attraverso il hier le interlocutrici costruiscono uno spazio di referenza comune, sebbene le loro rispettive prospettive possano essere diverse.This paper examines how two interlocutors construct and actualize a complex spatial system based on presence in discourse, in which a graded deictic here-system merges with taxonomic not-here-systems. The commonality of the presentness of the speakers allows and substantiates the here references as a shared anchoring in a spatial system that allows the inscription of different perspectives in its denotative constancy. The speakers use here basically in the same spatial functions, namely as framing of an event or localization of an entity, as well as the destination of a movement, but with different weightings. The interviewer can use here to connect her questions to the shared deictic space, while the interviewee uses here to refer to the habitual framework of her life. The spatial expressions are also examined in their discursive uses, namely in the question-answer sequences, in reformulations and semantic negotiations
Assessing mobility in sustainable urban regeneration. The GBC Quartieri application to Le Albere neighbourhood in Trento
No full textIn order to minimise the negative impacts of new districts, mobility analysis plays a crucial role. Indeed, urban expansion may lead to increased car use to access basic services. Establishing interconnections between novel localities, parking spaces, public transportation routes, limiting the heat island phenomenon and instituting renewable energy sources are indispensable for realising sustainable design. This approach may mitigate the adverse impacts of informal urban expansion and foster condensed, pedestrian-oriented neighbourhoods that encourage cycling and walking. In this context, international protocols can provide valuable guidance during the planning and upkeep phases by furnishing analysis and design recommendations. In this paper, starting with an analysis of the GBC Quartieri energy and environmental sustainability protocol on an urban scale, a method for evaluating the protocol's responses to known mobility-related critical issues was prepared and used to evaluate the case study Trento Le Albere project. This showed that almost 50 per cent of the internal credits and prerequisites are focused on mobility, including the smart location of the new neighbourhood and the implementation of bicycle mobility, interchange points and shaded streets. These solutions were evaluated based on their relationships with critical mobility issues, providing a comprehensive solution that focuses chiefly on the connection system, accessibility and usability performance, control, and climatic impact
A scoping review of urban design and planning studies on the Covid-19 pandemic and elements of the built environment
No full textHuman life has faced fundamental challenges in many aspects due to the spread of the Coronavirus disease in the world, resulting in rethinking urban design and planning policies and theories to make cities more resilient and healthier. Numerous studies have been conducted in this field due to the pivotal role of the built environment in improving public health. The present study aims to assess the role of the influential components of the built environment in the outbreak of Covid-19 by conducting a systematic literature review. The studies were searched through the Scopus database and screened and reviewed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Totally, 145 studies among 13,002 met the predetermined criteria. The results were expressed in 11 themes including mobility, density, soundscape, public spaces, green spaces, housing, land use, socio-economic qualities, environmental qualities, tourism, and smartness
Planning the transition of cities. Innovative research approaches and trajectories
No full textIn light of the ecological, digital, and jus transition envisaged by the EU for reaching the ambitious Green Deal objective by 2050 and its inherent complexity, this paper focused on the nexus between Ecosystem Services and Key Enabling Technologies as a potential and significant element for the future development of promising research trajectories in urban planning. The transition of cities has become a top priority in academic and policy debates, attracting increasing attention from scholars and policymakers. Ecosystem Services are crucial elements for human well-being, and despite their inclusion in urban plans, there are still issues to address requiring innovative research approaches and trajectories to explore for planning the ecological, digital, and transition of cities. Two main elements are explored in this contribution: 1) the centrality of ecosystem services and the potential of related key enabling technologies for the planning of the ecological and digital transition of cities; 2) the current ecosystem services assessment analytical approaches characterized by a spatially explicit perspective presenting relevant implications for the planning dimension. As a result, the paper outlines a research-based conceptual framework aimed at defining promising innovative research approaches for new trajectories to be explored in urban planning
New trends in energy transition policies: citizens' involvement in the European energy market
No full textStarting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of continuously updating emerging topics concerning relationships between urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of five parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the policies and regulations for the city energy governance section focuses on the challenges that urban energy planning commonly faces, providing food for thought to readers and fellow researchers. This contribution aims at examining these challenges and the solutions proposed in the scientific literature. For the first issue of TeMA Journal volume no. 17, this section is dedicated to the definition of policies and regulations for achieving the energy transition objectives at the European level