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Die neuen Hauptstädte des 20. Jahrhunderts - Planung, Realisierung und aktuelle Anforderungen. Band 2.5: Fallstudie Gaborone - Hauptstadt von Botswana seit 1963
Get PDFDie Untersuchung beinhaltet eine vergleichende Fallstudie mit stadtplanerischem Schwerpunkt über die im 20. Jahrhundert geplanten und gebauten neuen Hauptstädte: Canberra, Chandigarh, Islamabad, Brasilia, Gaborone, Lilongwe, Dodoma, Abuja, Putrajaya, Astana. Anspruch ihrer Erbauer war es jeweils, eine „City Beautiful“ nach den modernsten städte-baulichen und planerischen Erkenntnissen ihrer Zeit zu bauen. Daher bieten sich die Städte besonders für eine Analyse der städtebaulichen Leitbilder und stadtplanerischen Strategien im vergangenen Jahrhundert an. Die Hauptstädte werden in ausführlichen Fallstudien dargestellt. Dazu wurden Analysen von Planwerken, Literatur und Statistiken sowie zahlreiche Interviews mit Stadtplanern und Wissen-schaftlern in den Hauptstädten sowie eigene Erhebungen und Analysen vor Ort durchgeführt. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Motive und politische Ziele der Auftraggeber, die städtebaulichen Konzeptionen, das Realisierungsmanagement sowie die Umsetzung analysiert. Es werden die Probleme beim Aufbau der Städte, die Änderungen in der Planung und die aktuellen Probleme in ihrer Stadtentwicklung beschrieben. Im Überblick werden weitere Hauptstadtprojekte des 20. Jahrhunderts sowie des begonnenen 21. Jahrhundert vorgestellt. In einem Vergleich der zehn Städte wird herausgearbeitet, welche materiellen und planungsmethodischen Probleme aktuell bestehen. Abschließend wird aufge-zeigt, welches die größten Herausforderungen für die zukünftige Stadtentwicklung der Hauptstädte sind.This work comprises ten comparative case studies about the capitals planned and built in the 20th century: Canberra, Chandigarh, Islamabad, Brasilia, Gaborone, Lilongwe, Dodoma, Abuja, Putrajaya, Astana. The cities are all planned as a City Beautiful and are oriented towards the most modern and ambitious planning ideas at the time of their foundation. Therefore, they are especially suitable for an analysis of last century’s urban planning guiding principles and strategies. The case studies are based on the analysis of urban development plans, literature and statistics as well as on a large number of interviews with planners and scientists in the capital cities. The research is focused on motives and political goals of the contracting authorities, the urban concepts and the implementation management. The problems at time of foundation, the changes of strategies of planning in the meantime and the current situation in the capitals will be analyzed. As conclusion the future challenges for the urban development in the ten capitals will be identified. A few more capital cities of the 20th century and the first projects of capital cities in the 21th century will be described in an additional overview. As result of the comparison the biggest physically and methodic planning problems existing today will be pointed out. Changes of planning methods and strategies which are needed for more effective urban planning will be described
Development of a virtual museum including a 4D presentation of building history in virtual reality
Get PDFIn the last two decades the definition of the term “virtual museum” changed due to rapid technological developments. Using today’s available 3D technologies a virtual museum is no longer just a presentation of collections on the Internet or a virtual tour of an exhibition using panoramic photography. On one hand, a virtual museum should enhance a museum visitor's experience by providing access to additional materials for review and knowledge deepening either before or after the real visit. On the other hand, a virtual museum should also be used as teaching material in the context of museum education. The laboratory for Photogrammetry & Laser Scanning of the HafenCity University Hamburg has developed a virtual museum (VM) of the museum “Alt-Segeberger Bürgerhaus”, a historic town house. The VM offers two options for visitors wishing to explore the museum without travelling to the city of Bad Segeberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Option a, an interactive computer-based, tour for visitors to explore the exhibition and to collect information of interest or option b, to immerse into virtual reality in 3D with the HTC Vive Virtual Reality System
Sensitivity Analysis On The Axial Soil Reaction Due To Temperature Induced Pipe Movements
Get PDFSeen from an international perspective preinsulated bonded pipe systems dominate in heat distribution. These pipe systems are usually buried in sand and soil-pipe interaction hinders thermal strains, which make economic solutions for bow- and T-sections possible. For static design pipe-soil interaction must be known as accurate as possible. However, several parameters are influencing the quantity of the expected soil reaction. Main influencing factors are dependent on the used bedding material and geometry. Furthermore current research results made additional soil-phenomena evident, which are hardening effects and stress redistribution during operation. A new calculation approach for the axial soil reaction was developed in 2015 based on existing test results and numerical simulations. A sensitivity analyses were carried out to estimate the significance of relevant parameters and the existing calculation approaches. This paper identifies the significant parameters and suggests parameter sets for lowest and highest axial soil reaction. Two main boundary situations are taken into account a) first movement b) during operation
NEUARTIGE TARIFSYSTEME (NATS) FÜR NEUARTIGE SANITÄRSYSTEME (NASS)
Get PDFDie deutsche Siedlungswasserwirtschaft ist im Wandel begriffen. Das vorherrschende System der Schwemmkanalisation mit zentraler Abwasserreinigung, das bei seiner Einführung eine revolutionäre Neuerung darstellte, wird seinen Aufgaben zunehmend weniger gerecht. Der demographische und der Klimawandel haben deutlich gemacht, dass die langlebige, großskalige Netzstruktur des konventionellen Systems zu inflexibel ist. Zudem scheint es angesichts zur Neigung gehender Phosphorreserven und Erkenntnissen über die Umweltwirkungen anthropogener Spurenstoffe keine gute Lösung mehr, den Toiletteninhalt zum Zweck seines Transports mit Wasser zu verdünnen.
Deshalb gewinnen Neuartige Sanitärsysteme (NASS) zunehmend an Bedeutung. Es gibt viele Spielarten von NASS. Allen gemein ist die getrennte Sammlung und Behandlung von Teilströmen (Toiletteninhalt und Grauwasser) und der Verzicht auf (große Mengen) Wasser als Transportmittel. NASS erleichtern die Rückgewinnung und Rückführung menschlicher Exkremente in die Landwirtschaft und die Elimination von Schadstoffen. Mittel- bis langfristig werden NASS das zentrale System vielleicht ablösen; sehr wahrscheinlich erscheint zumindest eine Koexistenz der Systeme.
Damit NASS in der Praxis etabliert werden können, muss klar sein, wie sie abgerechnet werden. Weil die Abwasserreinigung in Deutschland eine hoheitliche kommunale Aufgabe darstellt, wird sie mit Gebühren entgolten. Unternehmen des Abwassermanagements sind öffentliche Unternehmen, und Dienstleistungen öffentlicher Unternehmen werden in Form von Gebühren bezahlt. Die Gestaltung von Gebühren ist streng geregelt. So dürfen sie z.B. nur in solcher Höhe erhoben werden, dass mit ihnen keine Gewinne erzielt werden. Ebenso müssen sie dem Grundsatz der Gleichbehandlung genügen. – Gleichzeitig verpflichtet die EG-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie die Mitgliedstaaten, Anreize für angemessenes Verhalten im Umgang mit Wasserressourcen in ihre Bepreisung einzubauen. In Deutschland ist diese Vorgabe bis heute kaum umgesetzt.
Dies bildet die Aufgabenstellung für die vorliegende Arbeit: Vorschläge für Tarife zu entwickeln, die NASS angemessen sind, vor allem in Hinblick auf die Setzung von Anreizen – Neuartige Tarifsysteme (NATS) für Neuartige Sanitärsysteme (NASS) – und gleichzeitig zu prüfen, inwieweit solche Tarife in das bestehende deutsche Gebührenrecht passen.
Damit diese Tarife zumindest plausibel sind, muss ein Kostenrahmen für NASS aufgespannt werden, innerhalb dessen sich die Gebühren – die ja keine Gewinne verursachen dürfen – bewegen. Dafür hat der Autor Fallbeispiele deutscher NASS eruiert und fünf ausgewählt, die unterschiedliche Verfahren beinhalten und deren Kosten und Betriebsparameter eine gewisse Bandbreite aufweisen. Aufbauend auf dem so geschätzten Kostenrahmen entwickelt der Autor mehrere Tarife für ein hypothetisches NASS: drei Tarife, die auf Ressourcen abzielen und potenziell Anreize zum ressourceneffizienten Verhalten geben könnten – auf Energie, Nährstoffe, und Grauwasser – sowie einen Flatrate- und einen konventionellen Tarif, der sich in seiner Struktur an die in Deutschland üblichen anlehnt.
NASS weisen unter konservativen Annahmen keine Kostenvorteile gegenüber dem zentralen System auf. Mit begründeten Annahmen wie dem Eintreten von Lerneffekten sowie einer Verteuerung konventioneller Abwasserreinigung (da der Mikroverunreinigungsproblematik zunehmend mit besonderen Reinigungsverfahren begegnet werden muss), schwindet jedoch der Kostenvorteil des zentralen Systems und die NASS erreichen die „Kanalparität“ (ein Begriff, den der Autor in Anlehnung an „Netzparität“ für die Gestehungskosten von Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien geprägt hat).
Die Arbeit zeigt, dass NATS im obigen Sinne innerhalb des geltenden Gebührenrechts schwer umzusetzen sein dürften. Zwar sind Tarifvarianten denkbar, die dem Gesetz genügen, aber eine starke Anreizwirkung dürften sie kaum entfalten. Grenzen dafür setzen u. a. das Verbot der Kostenüberschreitung, der Gleichheitsgrundsatz und niedrige Marktpreise für Nährstoffe. Die Arbeit diskutiert, wie diese Grenzen überwunden werden könnten, z. B.f durch fiktive Kostenaufteilungen (analog der Festsetzung gesplitteter Gebühren für die Inanspruchnahme von Mischkanalisation), um eine teilstromscharfe Kostenzuordnung zu erreichen. Auch denkbar ist die Einführung verschiedener selbständiger öffentlicher Einrichtungen, d.h. die Schaffung unterschiedlicher Satzungsgebiete, um die Gleichbehandlung verschiedener Systemnutzer zu gewährleisten.Germany’s wastewater management sector is undergoing change. The predominant system of today, which consists of an extended sewer grid with a central treatment plant, was a radical innovation at the time of its inception but now seems increasingly unable to perform its task. The large-scale, longliving grid shows too little flexibility in the face of demographic and climate change. Moreover, as phosphorus reserves are declining and more and more is known about the adverse effects of anthropogenic micro-substances, it seems not a good solution to dilute toilet content with water for the purpose of transport.
That is why Novel Sanitation Systems („NASS“ in German) increasingly gain attention. There are many technical variants of NASS. Common to all is the separate collection and treatment of waste stream components (toilet content and grey water) and the non-reliance on water as means of transport. This facilitates the reclamation and recycling of nutrients contained in human excrements into agriculture, as well as the elimination of pollutants. In the medium to long term, NASS might take over entirely; it is likely that there will be at least a co-existence of the two types of systems.
In order for NASS to be implemented in practice, there needs to be a method of billing for their services. In Germany, wastewater management is under the authority of municipalities, which have a strong standing in the German constitution. Municipal enterprises delivering urban services to their citizens have to bill their services via fees („Gebühren“ in German), a special type of charge that is regulated by the law. E.g., fees must not be levied in amounts that surpass the overall cost of the service. They have to treat users equitably, and so on. – At the same time, the European Water Framework Directive of the year 2000 requires member states to price their water resources in a way that prices contain incentives for users to use the resources wisely. This prescription has barely been implemented in Germany.
Thus, the task of this dissertation is as follows: Develop proposals for fee systems (Novel Tariff Systems, „NATS“ in German, in analogy to „NASS“) which are adequate for NASS, especially regarding the incentives for resource-efficient customer behaviour – and, at the same time, explore how such tariffs fit into the German body of law dealing with fees („Gebührenrecht“).
In order for these tariffs to be at least plausible, a bandwidth of costs for NASS has to be set, within which the fees can be placed. In order to identify such costs, the author has surveyed German NASS projects and selected five projects which represent different technical variants, and which cover a spectrum of costs and operating parameters. Based on this estimated bandwidth of costs, the author develops three tariff systems for NASS, aimed at three different resource types: Energy, Nutrients, and Greywater, as well as a flat-rate tariff and a tariff which leans on those that are common in Germany today.
Under conservative assumptions, NASS do not have a cost advantage vis-à-vis the conventional system. Yet it is plausible to assume that NASS will become cheaper, due to technological learning. At the same time, the conventional system is likely to face cost increases due to the micropollution problematic that requires additional treatment steps. With such assumptions, the cost advantage of the conventional system is dwindling, and NASS can reach „sewer parity“ (a term created by the author analogous to „grid parity“ for the production cost of electric power from renewable sources).
The dissertation illustrates that NATS in the above sense are not easily implemented within the framework of existing law governing public fees. While there may be tariff system variants for NASS that obey the existing law, they will hardly have a strong incentive effect for customers. The reasons are, among others, the disallowance to let fees surpass cost, the equity principle, and low prices for nutrient resources to be fetched on the market. The dissertation discusses how these rules can be transcended, f.ex. via the introduction of hypothetical costs (corresponding to a hypothetical technical reference system), as is already practiced for the levying of split fees in rainwater management when customers are connected to a mixed sewer system. Another possibility is the creation of new ordinance areas in which fees are applicable to ensure the equitable treatment of system users subject to the fee
Comparative Geometrical Investigations of Hand-Held Scanning Systems
Get PDFAn increasing number of hand-held scanning systems by different manufacturers are becoming available on the market. However, their geometrical performance is little-known to many users. Therefore the Laboratory for Photogrammetry & Laser Scanning of the HafenCity University Hamburg has carried out geometrical accuracy tests with the following systems in co-operation with the Bochum University of Applied Sciences (Laboratory for Photogrammetry) as well as the Humboldt University in Berlin (Institute for Computer Science): DOTProduct DPI-7, Artec Spider, Mantis Vision F5 SR, Kinect v1 + v2, Structure Sensor and Google’s Project Tango. In the framework of these comparative investigations geometrically stable reference bodies were used. The appropriate reference data were acquired by measurement with two structured light projection systems (AICON smartSCAN and GOM ATOS I 2M). The comprehensive test results of the different test scenarios are presented and critically discussed in this contribution
Near Future Testing Requirements for Joints in Modern District Heating Networks
Get PDFDue to manual installation of joints, the connection of the single pipe segments is one major influence for the performance of the whole network system. For granting joint quality, minimum requirements have to be proven in a standardized European test. Recommendations for the improvement of the test procedure are given. Furthermore expected operational loads in modern district heating networks are discussed. Since flexible operation of combined heat and power plants is necessary due to peak loads from feeding in of renewable energy sources, a different load spectrum is expected for the district heating network in the future. Possible amendments for the testing may be derived and a first step for understanding the load spectrum of joints in modern district heating networks is discussed
Monitoring and Deformation Analysis of Groynes Using TLS at the River Elbe
Get PDFTo enter the Port of Hamburg, one of Europe’s busiest ports all vessels need to navigate around 145 km along the Elbe river, a tide influenced navigation channel. To protect the Elbe shoreline from erosion and to channel the waterway groynes (rigid hydraulic structures) have been built along the river. In the past years since ca. 2001 there has been a large increase in damage of groynes structural integrity at parts of the German waterways. The reason for this was determined in the ever growing size of container vessels passing by and inducing long periodical primary waves which have such a force that they erode the groynes rock structure. To analyse and improve the groynes structural resistance for vessel-induced long periodical wave loads an in-situ study is carried out at Juelssand, located at the Elbe river estuary. Over a period of two years the change of the geometrical structure of two different groyne shapes is monitored automatically by utilising two terrestrial laser scanners mounted in protective housings, located each on a 12 m high platform. The self-contained monitoring systems perform scanning of the two groynes one to two times a day at low tide, as the structures are fully submerged at high tide. The long-periodical wave loads are also determined using pressure sensors in each groyne. To correlate the captured data with vessel events and analyse the effects, vessel related parameters are recorded utilizing the Automatic Identification System (AIS).
This paper describes the automated processes for the data acquisition and focusses on the deformation that is calculated using current, extended and new algorithms of the Point Cloud Library. It shows the process chain from the acquisition of raw scan files from an elevated station to the filtering of point cloud, the registration, the calculation of pointwise changes and the aggregation to a grid for later correlation with ship parameters. When working outdoor in all kinds of weather conditions, the processes and equipment need to be robust and account for various cases and situations. This is especially applicable for the algorithms, which need to be adaptable to different scenarios like wet surfaces or snow and unwelcome objects ranging from flotsam to birds sitting on the groyne. At the current stage of the research, deformation in the magnitude of a couple of decimetres is observable. The orientation and location of the deformation is on the seaward side and corresponds to the lower distance of vessels leaving the harbour
Prospects for an EU macro-regional approach in the Black Sea region
Get PDFRecent years have witnessed the emergence of the first EU macro-regional strategies as a new instrument for territorial governance. This paper argues that both the benefits and limitations of the macro-regional approach are largely determined by the existing territorial, political, institutional and socio-cultural context of each big transnational area. Studying the debate about macro-regionalisation of the European territorial cooperation, the paper assesses the prospects for projection of the macro-regional idea upon the Black Sea area. It analyses the complex Black Sea regional context, marked by ongoing political and economic changes, studies the cooperation landscape in the area and concludes that despite the existing high level of multi-functionality in the Black Sea, the region currently lacks clear perspectives for the development of a comprehensive macro-regional approach
What Makes A Public Open Space Liveable?
Get PDFAs part of a university course, a group of master students of architecture and urban planning evaluated different public urban spaces. The primary goal of the investigation was to identify which specific qualities create a successful urban space. In other words, which qualities make an urban space fulfil its practical purpose while also becoming enjoyable for communities? The secondary goal was to give students the opportunity to become aware of the importance of urban spaces and their impact on communities.
In order to determine the criteria that make an urban space liveable, they analysed positive and negative examples. They started off by taking the 12 Quality Criteria for Good Design of Public Spaces by Jan Gehl as a starting point. After reviewing it, students agreed that the criteria could be improved. They should include crucial aspects such as accessibility and they could also be formulated more precisely.
It is important to mention that especially in the case of negative examples, we need to reflect on the actions needed to improve the space; are the proposed changes to make the space better feasible or does the space elude such an improvement? This study will contain a final modified set of Jan Gehl’s criteria, which will include examples of urban spaces that are perceived as positive and negative, their analysis and further proposals for improvement
Nutzung von 3D-Stadtmodellen für die Wärmebedarfsermittlung am Beispiel Hamburgs
Get PDFZur Planung innovativer Sanierungskonzepte investieren Städte zunehmend in die Erstellung von 3D Stadtmodellen für eine detaillierte Berechnung des Wärmebedarfs von Stadtbezirken, Städten und Landkreisen. Zur Unterstützung dieser Planungsaufgabe wurde 2013 an der Hochschule für Technik (HFT) Stuttgart mit „SimStadt“ ein Verfahren zur automatisierten Berechnung von Wärmebedarfen entwickelt. „SimStadt“ implementiert zahlreiche Energie Analyse Methoden einschließlich Wärmebedarf Prognosen basierend auf 3D Stadtmodellen und folgt der DIN V 18599 bezüglich der Berechnung des Nutzenergiebedarfes von Gebäuden.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines Workflows zur Aufbereitung der Hamburger LoD Modelle für eine Wärmebedarfsberechnung in eine „SimStadt“ konforme Struktur. Daten, die nicht in dem vorgegebenen LoD Model enthalten sind, werden in diesem Prozessschritt über verschiedene Berechnungsmethoden angereichert. Aufbauend auf der Berechnung des Nutzungsenergiebedarfs mit Hilfe der HFT Simulationsumgebung untersucht dann eine Sensitivitätsanalyse den Einfluss verschiedener energetisch relevanter Faktoren auf den Wärmebedarf.
Mit dem neu entwickelten Workflow können die Hamburger LoD Modelle erfolgreich für eine Weiterverarbeitung mit „SimStadt“ aufbereitet werden. Die darauf anschließende intensive Sensitivitätsanalyse untersucht die Relevanz von Baujahr, Bauweise und Funktion in Bezug auf den Energiebedarf des Gebäudes. Für die vorliegenden LoD Modelle können keine allgemeingültigen Sensitivitätswerte ermittelt werden, was auf starke Schwankungen in den einzelnen Werten sowie in den Volumen zurück zu führen ist