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Long‐Term Wetting and Drying Trends in Land Water Storage Derived From GRACE and CMIP5 Models
Get PDFFunktionales Kostensplitting zur Ermittlung von Mieterhöhungen nach energetischen Maßnahmen - Eine Handlungsempfehlung auf Basis theoretischer und empirischer Untersuchungen
Get PDFMieterhöhungen nach Modernisierungen sind seit einigen Jahren immer wieder Thema in den Medien. Wiederholt wird von Erhöhungsbeträgen berichtet, die MieterInnen nicht mehr tragen können.
Das politische Ziel des Rechts der VermieterInnen, Kosten, die ihnen durch bauliche Maßnahmen zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz entstanden sind, als Grundlage einer Mieterhöhung zu nehmen, ist der Klimaschutz. Es soll einen Investitionsanreiz geben, um die Energieeffizienzstrategie Gebäude umzusetzen.
Bezüglich ihrer positiven Aussagen zur Wirtschaftlichkeit der Maßnahmen für beide Mietvertragsparteien beruft sich die Politik auf das sog. Kopplungsprinzip. Dieses geht davon aus, dass immer dann energetisch modernisiert wird, wenn ohnehin umfassende Sanierungsmaßnahmen anstehen. Entsprechend werden in den theoretischen Betrachtungen der Wirtschaftlichkeit die sog. Sowieso-Kosten von den aufgewendeten Kosten abgezogen. Nur der Rest sei für die Ermittlung der Mieterhöhungen relevant. Die bautechnische Realität ist jedoch komplexer und wird von dieser Prämisse nicht angemessen abgebildet.
Um reelle Mieterhöhungen nach energetischen Maßnahmen den gesetzgeberischen Erwartungen anzupassen, galt es ein praxisgeeignetes Äquivalent zum Kopplungsprinzip zu entwickeln.
In Ermangelung jeglicher Untersuchungen der Mieterhöhungen nach energetischen Maßnahmen mit einer anwendungsbezogenen Zielsetzung bedurfte es hierfür grundlegender theoretischer wie empirischer Untersuchungen.
Nachdem die Lücke im vorhandenen, interdisziplinären Wissen konkretisiert und die Struktur der Mieterhöhungen nach Modernisierungen in der Praxis beschrieben werden konnten, ließ sich auch das Kernproblem ihrer Ermittlung verallgemeinernd erfassen. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Untersuchungen zusammenführend, wurde abschließend die Handlungsempfehlung des Funktionalen Kostensplittings entwickelt. Zugunsten der Praktikabilität wurde dieser Ansatz beispielhaft für die opaken Bauteile der thermischen Gebäudehülle ausformuliert.
Die Anwendung des Funktionalen Kostensplittings soll zu Mieterhöhungsbeträgen führen, die sich den theoretischen Betrachtungen der Wirtschaftlichkeit energetischer Maßnahmen annähern.Rent increases after modernization have been a reoccurring topic in the media for several years. There are repeated reports of increases that tenants can no longer bear.
The political goal of the right of landlords to take the costs incurred by them as a result of building measures to increase energy efficiency as the basis for a rent increase is climate protection. There should be an investment incentive to implement the energy efficiency strategy for buildings.
With regard to their positive statements on the economic viability of the measures for both parties to the tenancy agreement, politicians refer to the so-called coupling principle. This is based on the assumption that energy modernisation is always carried out when comprehensive renovation measures are already pending. Accordingly, in the theoretical considerations of economic efficiency, the so-called anyway costs are deducted from the costs incurred. Only the rest is relevant for the determination of the rent increases. However, the structural reality is more complex and is not adequately represented by this premise.
In order to adapt real rent increases after energetic measures to the legislative expectations, it was necessary to develop a practicable equivalent to the coupling principle.
In the absence of any investigations of rent increases after energy-related measures with an application-related objective, this required fundamental theoretical and empirical investigations.
After the gap in the existing, interdisciplinary knowledge could be concretized and the structure of the rent increases after modernizations in practice could be described, the core problem of their determination could be identified. Finally, by bringing together the findings of these investigations, a recommendation for a functional cost splitting was developed. For the sake of practicability, this approach was formulated as an example for the opaque components of the thermal building envelope.
The application of the functional cost splitting should lead to rent increase amounts which approach the theoretical considerations of the economic efficiency of energetic measures
Gestaltkonfiguration und Verantwortung
Get PDFDie vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Teilautomatisierung von Kundengesprächen durch digitale Werkzeuge als Mittel der Neu- und Ausgestaltung von Gestaltgebungskooperationen zwischen Produktdesigner_innen, Baugestalter_innen, handwerklichen Produzent_innen sowie Vermarkter_innen auf der einen und deren Kund_innen auf der anderen Seite. Diese Gestaltgebungskooperationen werden am Beispiel proportionsoptimierter Produktansichten exemplarisch betrachtet.
Dabei stehen insbesondere sogenannte (digitale) Produktkonfiguratoren im Fokus; digitale Systeme, die u. a. die Eingabe von Parametern durch Nutzer_innen erlauben und dann individuelle Instanzen von kundenspezifisch anpassbaren Serienprodukten bereitstellen, z. B. als digitale Repräsentationen und/oder als Produktionsdatensätze. Speziell geht es um solche Produktkonfiguratoren, die responsiv auf Kundenwünsche mit der Rückgabe von alternativen Möglichkeiten der Gestaltgebung von Produkten und architektonischen Bauteilen reagieren. Diese Systeme werden bezüglich ihrer Vorschlagserzeugung durch digitale Algorithmen und der verschiedenen Möglichkeiten ihrer Konzeption sowie der Aspekte ihrer betrieblichen Implementierung diskutiert.
Hier wird besonderes Augenmerk auf ästhetikbezogene Gestaltkategorien gelegt, sowie auf den Umgang mit aus diesen begründeten Einschränkungen und Regeln, durch welche eine automatisierte digitale Responsivität als Teil von Gestaltgebungsprozessen in Kooperationen erst ermöglicht wird.
Im Rahmen der Ermittlung von Beispielalgorithmen für mögliche Abläufe von Kundendialogen in digital gestützten Gestaltgebungskooperationen wurden mehrere Methoden und dazugehörige Software entwickelt, die in den jeweiligen Kapiteln vorgestellt werden. Dazu gehören eine Makroprogrammierung zur Unterstützung qualitativer Inhaltsanalysen und ein Programm zur Erstellung von Ablaufdiagrammen auf Basis von Textverdichtungen in einer spezifischen Syntax.
Letzteres ist Teil der Auswertungen narrativer leitfadengestützter Interviews mit Expert_innen und erlaubt den halbautomatisierten Vergleich von Ablauf-diagrammen zur Identifikation wiederkehrender Ablaufstrukturen sowie deren modulare Nutzung innerhalb einer weiteren als Teil der Arbeit entwickelten Software. Die besondere Form der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse von Experteninterviews mit Übersetzung von Textteilen in derart codierte Ablaufdiagramme wird in diesem Zusammenhang erstmalig angewendet und stellt eine methodische Entwicklung dar, die über den Untersuchungsgegenstand hinausweist.
Gleiches gilt für das als Rasteranalyse programmierte Proportionsanalysewerkzeug, das die Einbettung verschiedenster Proportionssysteme ebenso erlaubt wie die Setzung von Abweichtoleranzen.This research is concerned with digital tools as a means for semi-automized customer dialogue, reinventing as well as completing collaborative design scenarios; including product and building designers as well as marketing professionals on the one hand, and their customers on the other. These collaborative design scenarios are scrutinized in an exemplary fashion by focusing on the optimization of the proportions of products from front view.
In doing so this work focuses on so-called (digital) product configurators; digital systems that allow for entering parameters on the part of users to finalize an instance of a mass customized design product, e.g. as a digital representation and/or a set of production data. Especially those product configurators are discussed that respond to customer desires concerning design and building products with recommendations of repair or perfected alternatives, based on user entries. These systems are discussed concerning their recommendation algorithms, the possibilities of their underlying overall conception and questions of implementation into business structures.
Here the aesthetic aspects of Gestalt play the dominant role in the search for defining rules and constraints, crucial for collaborative design responsiveness.
In the framework of generating examples of algorithms describing and depicting order-based procedures of collaborative design customer dialogues, several methods and accompanying software were developed, which are presented in the corresponding chapters of the text. These include a macro program to assist in qualitative content analysis, a program to transfer text-based grammar into graphic flow charts and a text processing tool to support first and second level categorization.
The last two constitute a crucial part for a special qualitative content analysis of expert interviews allowing to identify recurring structures as well as the modular use of flow chart fragments within the last piece of software. This special method for qualitative content analysis containing the use of a grammar to transfer coded text into graphic flow chart representations has been put to use in this context for the first time and constitutes a method innovation with potential way beyond this research.
The same goes for the grid analysis as a basis for a proportion analysis tool, which allows for the integration of any proportion grid as well as for setting tolerances on the part of the user
Conceptual framework for enhancing visual change point analysis in generalized multi-temporal displays
Get PDFLarge amounts of point data are being generated and depicted in web maps, in particular promoted by the availability of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). This data volume causes usability problems for the visual presentation and exploration, especially by decreasing rendering performance and increasing geometric or semantic point clutter. Typically, generalization techniques are applied in order to overcome these clutter problems. Appropriate constraint-based approaches have been developed for static and single displays.
Due to the increasing amount and relevance of multi-temporal point data, the aim of this contribution is to present a so far missing conceptual framework that consists of constraints related to change point analysis. These constraints describe the effects of the generalization on preservation and legibility of change information. Here, different types of change point analysis are differentiated, namely: existential changes, changes of semantic properties, and changes of spatial properties. For this purpose, difference frames between two given frames of the multi-temporal data set are used as a model of the mental representation of change information.
The resulting constraints can be used to describe and to compare the suitability of various generalization operations for specific tasks. However, in a later stage they can also trigger the generalization processes as such. This could lead to a new way of thinking, since the optimization of generalization processes should work on difference frames rather than on single views
Invention engineering – a novel approach to support creativity in engineering, practice and research
Get PDFIn engineering education, practice and research, a central issue is how traditional thought patterns can be broken up by creative tools and impulses. This paper presents the outline for a method that supports the discovery of new sources of inspiration in search fields such as literature, film, fine art or music, and enables engineers to generate design alternatives in high speed and quantity. For this end, techniques from the design sciences, creativity and innovation research as well as digital information and knowledge technologies are reviewed and integrated into the conceptual approach of Invention Engineering. The aim is to develop and validate a process which provides artistic inspirations to engineers and is supported by algorithmic creativity and association tools. Thus four separate research challenges need to be addressed: a) Analysis of creative processes in engineering disciplines (inspiration, association, ideation, innovation) and their comparison to “Creative Patterns” of other domains; In addition, visions of the past and the socio-technical framework conditions of their implementation need to be explored in order to establish a model for the validation of the overall Invention Engineering method; b) Development of an “Inspiration Mining” method for obtaining creative impulses from non-engineering areas (e.g. literature, music, visual arts, film et al.); Respective search results need to be referenced with a semantic model and processed in a knowledge system (Idea Bank), which – as a kind of associative search engine – provides input for idea generation; c)Translation of established creativity and innovation research into an “Idea Engine” for generation of a large number of productive ideas; This can be done through combinatorial algorithms and methods of remote association, textual and visual-spatial idea matrices, that provide a fertile basis for radically new design and engineering ideas; d) Integration of the separate methods into a coherent process and validation of the creative support effect of the generated innovations by means of engineering psychology. This can be done on the basis of selected visionary ideas from the past (e.g. science fiction) that can be simulated on the basis of their associative foundations and implementation probabilities
EnOB: Bypass-Doppelfassade. Doppelfassadensystem mit optional getrennternatürlicher Belüftung des Innenraums und des Fassadenzwischenraums. Abschlussbericht
Get PDFIn diesem Projekt wurden Planungsempfehlungen für Bypass-Doppelfassaden zur Abschätzung der Übertemperaturstunden sowie des zu erwartenden Heizwärmebedarfs erstellt. Über einen Zeitraum von mehr als zwei Jahren sind Messungen an einer gebauten Bypass-Doppelfassade vor einem real genutzten Büroraum durchgeführt worden. Die Messdaten wurden genutzt, um ein numerisches Raumodell zu validieren. Die Testfassade sowie das thermische Raummodell beinhalten eine smarte Fassadensteuerung, die auch das prognostizierte Wetter der folgenden Tage berücksichtigt. Mit dem Raummodel wurde eine Parameterstudie durchgeführt und folgende Parameter variiert: Klimaregionen innerhalb Deutschlands, Orientierung der Fassade, Raumbreite, Größe der internen Lasten, Tiefe des Fassadenzwischenraumes sowie die Größe der Lüftungsöffnungen in beiden Fassadenschichten. Die Daten der Parameterstudie dienten als Basis für die entwickelten Nomogramme, mit denen z.B. für eine gegebene Rausituation die erforderlichen Öffnungsquerschnitte bestimmt werden können, um die Übertemperaturstunden auf ein kontrolliertes Maß zu beschränken. Der Schallschutz bei gleichzeitiger natürlicher Lüftung durch Bypass-Kanäle ist mit Hilfe von Langzeitmessungen an einer gebauten Testfassade untersucht worden. Unter tatsächlichen Außenlärmbedingungen wurde im Mittel eine Pegelminderung von 10 dB erzielt.
Das Projekt wurde gefördert durch das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie , BMWi.In this project, design recommendations for bypass double skin façades for the estimation of overheating hours as well as the expected energy demand for heating were developed. Over a period of more than two years, measurements were taken on a built bypass double façade in front of a real office space. The measurement data was used to validate a numerical room model. The test façade and the thermal room model include a smart façade control system, which also takes into account the forecasted weather of the following days. The room model was used to carry out a parameter study and to vary the following parameters: climatic regions within Germany, orientation of the façade, room width, internal heat loads, depth of the façade gap and the size of the ventilation openings in both façade layers. The data from the parameter study served as a basis for the developed nomograms, which can be used, for example, to determine the required opening cross-sections to limit the overheating hours to a controlled level. The sound insulation with simultaneous natural ventilation through bypass channels has been investigated by means of long-term measurements on the built test façade. Under actual outdoor noise conditions, a level reduction of 10 dB was achieved in averag
Virtual Reality in Cartography: Immersive 3D Visualization of the Arctic Clyde Inlet (Canada) Using Digital Elevation Models and Bathymetric Data
Get PDFMaster (M. Sc.) Bauingenieurwesen : HafenCity Universität Hamburg : Architectural Engineering und Infrastructural Engineering
Get PDFBeschreibung des Masterstudienprogramms an der HC
Urban Citizenship: Spaces for Enacting Rights
Get PDFBased on the hypothesis that citizenship is a performative act (Isin 2017:501), I would like to have a closer look at the spatial conditions for acts of citizenship. How and which kinds of urban situations can facilitate or prevent accessibility to the city? Are there possible spaces where citizenship might be provided or invented? How can citizenship as a practice be learned?
In order to reflect on some of these questions, I will focus on a certain moment of the “metroZones school for urban action”. At the metroZones school for urban action (2015-2016) a wide range of urban actors, activists and other urban citizens met in Berlin und Hamburg in order to discuss and put into practice a number of conceptual ideas and methodological tools from critical urban studies for the purpose of urban explorations and interventions.
How are urban spaces and configurations produced? Which actors and processes affect everyday life? How do individual as well collective perceptions and actions produce the city? What could be the role of the “metroZones school for urban action” in providing space and tools for debates and interventions to politicize the urban? Are there certain strategies and tactics we can learn in a school for urban action in order to be a part of the city: a first step towards [urban] citizenship
Low-cost Development of an Interactive, Immersive Virtual Reality Experience of the Historic City Model Stade 1620
Get PDFAs virtual reality and 3D documentation and modelling technologies become increasingly powerful and affordable tools for architecture, planning, and cultural heritage preservation and communication, it has become increasingly important to develop low-cost methodologies for the creation of 3D immersive virtual environments and interactive experiences. Doing so makes this technology more viable for institutions such as museums and other cultural institutions, who often work within strict budgets. In this paper, we describe a workflow used to build an interactive, immersive virtual reality experience around a virtual city model of the town of Stade (Germany) in the year 1620. This virtual city model is based on a physical 3D model of the town, exhibited in the Stade town hall. The workflow begins with the digitization of this model using digital photogrammetry, followed by the subsequent low- and high-polygon modelling of the individual architectural assets in Autodesk Maya, texture mapping in Substance Painter and finally visualisation within Unreal Engine 4. The results of this workflow are a detailed 3D historical environment with a high degree of realism and in which interactivity can easily be added. In addition, the workflow takes a highly iterative approach that allows the performance of the virtual environments in the game engine to be monitored at each stage of the process, and that allows adjustments to be made quickly. To increase the potential of the virtual environment as a tool for education and communication, interactive elements and simple game mechanics are currently being integrated