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Analysing district heating potential with linear heat density. A case study from Hamburg
Get PDFDistrict heating (DH) can play a key role for a sustainable urban energy supply, especially in the presence of a building stock with high heat demands and several decades of useful life ahead. The economic viability of DH depends, among other things, on the distances between heat generators and customers and hence is not automatically given for each urban context.
Many decision support tools for energy planning are currently being developed, which, though differing in complexity, always contain some kind of heat atlas, or heat cadastre – a thematic map representing spatially disaggregated heat demand. We propose extending this approach, combining built environment and urban space layout so that heat demands can be connected to heat infrastructure. Specifically, we analyse the linear heat density (the annual heat demand per metre of grid length) in order to inform strategic heat planning. We use a heat demand atlas, the street layout of the city of Hamburg and an algorithm based on graph theory to group buildings according to their closest street segment and then generate hypothetical heating grid layouts, which connect all buildings within a group. These hypothetical grids represent potential small heating grids or likely modules of a grid. We then transfer the heat demand information from the heat demand atlas to these hypothetical heating grids. That way, we create a dataset containing aggregated groups of buildings, their heat demand and a plausible assumption as to the grid layout and length required to connect them. We then use this dataset in a case study of Hamburg, Germany to (i) identify where potential expansions of existing and construction of new DH grids could take place, (ii) estimate effects of increasing the connection density within urban areas currently supplied by DH and (iii) simulate grid expansions while preserving the current average linear heat density
Classifying Transit-Oriented Development Neighborhoods Based on Network Analysis
Get PDFThe aim of this research is to propose a method for developing and exploring the typology of public transportation stations based on network analysis. Transit Oriented Development (TOD), a type of urban development that aims at increasing both the usage of public transportation and the walkability within the neighborhood around the station, considers the influences of urban form, built environment, traffic flow and movement patterns in order to integrate transportation, land use and environmental policies. This notion has later been extended into the “Network TOD”, which is the network approach on a broader geographical scale than TOD, as it presents the potential of both creating the livable and attractive neighborhoods around the stations and at the same time shaping the polycentric cities in order to mitigate urban sprawl.
The strength of the network approach consists in offering a more holistic perspective of evaluating the node, i.e. the station, based on the role it plays in the whole network system. In the case of urban and transportation planning, the benefit of employing this approach is that it not only focuses on the quality of urban environment within the boundary of the TOD neighborhood, but also considers the relationship between TOD neighborhoods.
In the last few years, due to the development of information technology and the increased availability of data sources, data-driven urban morphology research has vastly advanced. By employing a machine learning approach, this thesis develops an automatic, parametric, scalable and reproducible method based on network analysis and aims to meet the following objectives:
• Assessing the existing models in network analysis and dealing with limitations of their validity (such as the size effect and the placement effect) on the values of the indicators. The results can be helpful for determining the optimal size and the location of the catchment area in order to mitigate the size and placement effects on network analysis indicators.
• Evaluating the connectivity and resilience of two types of networks, namely public transit network and street network, by exploring their geometric and topological properties.
• Quantitatively classifying and evaluating the importance of stations in the railway public transport system based on 1) their structural importance in the transportation network; 2) topological characteristics of street network in the neighborhoods; and 3) accessibility, density, and diversity of the points of interest in the neighborhoods.
• Determining a suitable location of an intervention that matches the challenges faced by different types of neighborhoods in improving the walkability in the eighborhood.
Finally, being motivated by the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, we hope that this research can help urban planners to make informed and data-driven decisions on the location of facilities and services, such as temporary test stations and mobile vaccination centers, during emergencies and crises (for example, a pandemic)
Forgotten Fun: Recollecting the Working-Class Pleasurescape of Hamburg’s East End, 1880s-1950s
Get PDFIn the early twentieth century, St. Pauli was not the only place in Hamburg to go to have fun. In the city’s East End, a wide range of pubs, clubs, and ballrooms turned working-class quarters into a vibrant pleasurescape. Based on historical-topographic and archival research, this paper explores eastern Hamburg’s forgotten pleasurescape with the aim of drawing attention to pleasure culture as a social driving force and of redressing the balance in the city’s one-sided history of pleasure culture. In the course of the study, the term “pleasurescape” is more clearly nuanced and geo-spatial historical mapping further explored as a tool for urban history
Motivation to active participation in a collective: potentials of an emerging housing cooperative in Freiburg, Germany
Get PDFThe city of Freiburg, Germany offers a terrain for the construction of a new residential quarter with a socially motivated masterplan preferring concepts like social housing, inclusion, etc. A housing company was founded in 2019 with the target to apply and establish their future apartments. This paper explores this emerging cooperative and assesses the potential to become a successful collective on the way to the realization. The analysis is based on empirical data obtained by direct observation and active participation during the regular meetings of that group of about 70 interested households, where more and more detailed ideas for the project were developed. To find out basic interests and information on common living issues, a questionnaire was generated by community members. A majority of 52 households answered the survey. The most important results are presented. The intrinsic potential of the group to become a collective is estimated based on aspects of the theory of collective action, showing potentials and curbs. As potentials can be identified the interest in cooperative living as the central common goal and the ability of community capacity building in form of the individual economic, social and cultural contributions of the members. A clear majority declared to be willing to participate actively. But only about 20% of the participants reported detailed ideas for specific contributions. This group can be localized as the most active ones and the future cooperators of the cooperative; they belong mostly to the middle-aged generation with children. Surprisingly, the households with least time are the most active ones. It seems that the endeavor to create a surrounding of well-being for the heads of these households and especially their children (in the frame of the whole community) is the strongest motivation to become active. But that limited size of the core group could become a curb if the cooperation process will not be deepened and the multitude of tasks with different professional needs are not distributed onto more shoulders
An investigation of the realization of environmental justice using the example of CLEVER Cities Hamburg
Get PDFStädte stehen in der heutigen Zeit vor einer Vielzahl an entwicklungsrelevanten Herausforderungen. Ungleiche Lebensverhältnisse durch ungleiche Belastungen aufgrund von Umwelt- und Klimaeinwirkungen sind in der Debatte um nachhaltige Städte ein weltweit diskutiertes Thema. Das erstmals in den USA aufgetretene Thema der Umweltgerechtigkeit (environmental justice) verfolgt den Anspruch, alle Menschen unabhängig ihrer sozialen Lage vor überproportionalen Umweltschäden zu schützen und einen gerechten Zugang zu gesundheitsfördernden Umweltressourcen herzustellen. Auch in der deutschen Forschung hält diese Thematik in Publikationen des Umweltbundesamts (UBA), der Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gesellschaft (ARL) oder dem Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) Einzug.
Projekte der Stadtentwicklung entfalten großes Potenzial bei der Umsetzung von nachhaltigen und regenerativen Strategien in Städten. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll ein Stadtentwicklungsprojekt in dieser Arbeit in ihrer Wirkung auf die Umweltgerechtigkeitsförderung untersucht werden. Es wird das Projekt CLEVER Cities am Hamburger Projektstandort Neugraben-Fischbek herangezogen und in einer Analyse auf Projektbausteine untersucht, die sich positiv auf eine gerechte Entwicklung der Stadt auswirken. Als Ergebnis werden diese Erkenntnisse in übergreifende Direktiven formuliert, die als Leitlinien zur Konzeption eines Umweltgerechtigkeit fördernden Stadtentwicklungsprojekts genutzt werden können. Auf diese Weise wird mit dieser Forschungsarbeit ein konstruktiver Mehrwert in der Umweltgerechtigkeitsdebatte erzielt und ein Beitrag in der Gestaltung nachhaltiger und sozialgerechter Städte geschaffen.Cities today face a multitude of development-related challenges. Unequal living conditions due to unequal exposures from environmental and climate impacts are a topic that is discussed around the world in the debate about sustainable cities. The topic of environmental justice first emerged in the USA. Its aims are to protect all people, regardless of their social situation, from disproportionate environmental damage and to provide fair access to health-promoting environmental resources. This topic has also found its way into German research in publications by the Federal Environment Agency, the Academy of Urban and Spatial Development or the Berlin Science Center for Social Research.
Urban development projects develop great potential in the implementation of sustainable and regenerative strategies in cities. Against this background, an urban development project is examined in this thesis in its effects on the promotion of environmental justice. The CLEVER Cities project at the Hamburg project location Neugraben-Fischbek is used in an analysis for project features that have a positive effect on the fair development of the city. As a result, these findings are formulated in overarching directives that can be used as guidelines for the conception of an urban development project that promotes environmental justice. In this way, this research work creates added value in the environmental justice debate and makes a contribution to the design of sustainable and socially just cities
Impact of Digital Planning Tools on the enhancement of the Urban Microclimate : Case study: Grasbrook New District, Hamburg
Get PDFThe consolidated digital Era in which we have stepped into, in combination with the disadvantageous consequences of globalization such as the outbreak of pandemics, stresses the urgent necessity to re-design new methods to approach city planning in an innovative way. Partly, the relevance of optimizing the planning processes of cities, is due to the human need to socialize in its urban open spaces, areas where at the same time, microclimate conditions are most exacerbated. This study focuses on understanding the impact of digital tools for the enhancement of the urban microclimate, within the context of city planning. For this, a case study area is selected at neighborhood scale, in the new District of Grasbrook, one of the upcoming urban developments with an integrative approach for the city of Hamburg. The methodology to address the posed research questions involves a qualitative phase of literature review and expert interviews, followed by an experimental phase of microclimate assessment, through analog field measurements and digital computational modelling and simulations, using the microclimate assessment software Envi-Met to assess outdoor thermal comfort. The resulted outcome of the methodology provides findings from the design and technical perspective, translated into a series of general recommendations which should potentially provide views on a more efficient incorporation of microclimate assessment into the city planning process
Settlement development in Metropolitan regions : The importance of Schwerin for cooperative development in the Metropolregion region of Hamburg
Get PDFUrbane Agglomerationen wachsen und expandieren damit auch über administrative Grenzen hinweg. Daher ist im Rahmen der Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung ein Denken in größeren Maßstäben notwendig, beispielsweise auch hinsichtlich des Themenschwerpunkts der Siedlungsentwicklung. Das Konzept der Metropolregionen weist dafür Potenziale auf, da im Rahmen der grenzübergreifenden Kooperationsstrukturen eine intensivere Zusammenarbeit mit positiven Effekten für die gesamte Region bewirkt werden kann.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Thesis ist es, Möglichkeiten zur Realisierung einer intensiveren regionalen Kooperation in der Siedlungsentwicklung am Beispiel der Metropolregion Hamburg aufzuzeigen. Hierbei steht die Bedeutung von Zentren im zweiten Ring der Region – exemplarisch die Stadtregion Schwerin – im Fokus. Zur Informationsbeschaffung wurden neben der Desktop- und Literaturrecherche Expert*inneninterviews, eine Onlineumfrage sowie Analysen statistischer Daten durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass vielfältige Möglichkeiten zur Nutzung von Potenzialen und zum Bewältigen gegenwärtiger Herausforderungen in den unterschiedlichen Teilräumen der Metropolregion durch Realisieren von Synergieeffekten bestehen.
Abschließend wurde ein Konzept entwickelt, das Handlungsempfehlungen für die Stadtregion Schwerin sowie für die Metropolregion Hamburg beinhaltet. Eine Umsetzung ermöglicht eine kooperative Siedlungsentwicklung, von der nicht nur Hamburg und das Umland, sondern auch Zentren im zweiten Ring der Region als Siedlungsschwerpunkte profitieren.Urban agglomerations are growing and expanding beyond administrative boundaries. Therefore, in the context of urban and regional development, it is necessary to think on a larger scale, for example also with regard to the thematic focus of settlement development. The concept of metropolitan regions has potentials for this, as more intensive cooperation with positive effects for the entire region can be achieved within the framework of cross-border cooperation structures.
The aim of this thesis is to show possibilities for the realization of a more intensive regional cooperation in settlement development using the example of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. The focus is on the importance of centers in the second ring of the region – exemplarily the city region of Schwerin. In addition to desktop and literature research, expert interviews, an online survey and analyses of statistical data were conducted to gather information. The results show that there are many possibilities to use potentials and to cope with current challenges in the different sub-regions of the metropolitan region by realizing synergy effects.
Finally, a concept was developed that includes recommendations for action for the city region of Schwerin as well as for the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. An implementation enables a cooperative settlement development, from which not only Hamburg and the surrounding area, but also centers in the second ring of the region benefit as settlement focal points
Klimaangepasste Nachverdichtung in urbanen Räumen : Das Verhältnis zwischen baulicher Dichte und einer hitzeresilienten Quartiersentwicklung am Beispiel des Bezirks Eimsbüttel
Get PDFIm Zuge des städtischen Bevölkerungszuwachses und der anhalten Wohnraumnachfrage gewinnt die städtebauliche Nachverdichtung immer mehr an Bedeutung. Im Hinblick auf die zunehmende Hitzebelastung als Folge des Klimawandels, drängt sich jedoch zunehmend die Frage in den Vordergrund, wie sich eine bauliche Verdichtung mit der Anpassung an die klimatischen Veränderungen vereinbaren lässt, denn die Verdichtung des Siedlungskörpers kann zu einer Verschlechterung der thermischen Bedingungen führen. Dabei sind insbesondere Städte aufgrund der hohen Versiegelung
und dem geringen Anteil klimawirksamer Grün- und Freiflächen zunehmend von Hitzebelastung betroffen. Um die Lebensqualität im urbanen Raum zu erhalten, stehen Städte vor der Herausforderung, im Zuge einer klimaangepassten Stadtentwicklung ein verträgliches Maß zwischen baulicher Dichte und Grün- und Freiflächen auszuloten. Auch der hamburgische Bezirk Eimsbüttel steht vor dieser Herausforderung. So ist dieser im Rahmen des Hamburger Vertrags verpflichtet jährlich 1.050 Wohneinheiten zu schaffen, zugleich ist der Bezirk von einer hohen Hitzebelastung betroffen. Im Jahr 2018 brachte das Bezirksamt das Leitbild 2040 auf den Weg, in dessen Rahmen die Strategie der Doppelten Innenentwicklung mit dem Ziel eine bauliche Verdichtung mit der Entkopplung von negativen Klimafolgen zu vereinbaren, verfolgt wird. Hierauf aufbauend ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, zu untersuchen, wie der Bezirk Eimsbüttel eine qualitative Nachverdichtung im Kontext einer hitzeresilenten
Quartiersentwicklung verfolgen kann. In diesem Rahmen wurde eine Strategie entwickelt, die darauf abzielt, einen Nachverdichtungsansatz ohne negative Hitzewirkung anhand differenzierender Indikatoren auszuwählen und diesen mit auf Siedlungstypologien abgestimmten Anpassungsmaßnahmen
zu koppeln, um eine Vereinbarkeit zwischen Wohnraumentwicklung und Hitzeanpassung zu schaffen. Dies stellt einen Ansatz dar, um das Mikroklima in hitzebelasteten Quartieren im Zuge der Nachverdichtung zu verbessern und die Lebensqualität zu sichern
Closing the Implementation Gap: Obstacles in Reaching Net-Zero Pledges in the EU and Germany
Get PDFThe European Union and Germany have recently committed themselves to greenhouse-gas neutrality by 2050 and 2045, respectively. This substantially reduces their gaps in ambition to the Paris climate goals. However, the current climate policy mix is not sufficient to reach these targets: There is a major implementation gap. Based on economic, legal, and political science perspectives, this article identifies key obstacles in legislating stringent climate policy instruments and making them effective. Using a simple framework, we map the stage of the process in which the obstacles are at work. Moreover, we discuss the potential effectiveness of a select list of prominent drivers of climate-related regulation in overcoming said obstacles and conclude by pointing towards conditions for closing the implementation gap. In doing so, we focus on the current legislative processes of the “Fit-for-55” package by the European Commission and the 2021 Federal Climate Change Act in Germany. Our analysis builds on the extant literature, and we suggest avenues for further research
Nachhaltigkeit im Tiefbau : zeitweise fließfähige, selbstverdichtende Verfüllbaustoffe unter Verwendung von Recycling-Material
Get PDFIm konventionellen Tiefbau werden Baugruben und -gräben mit Sand verfüllt und dieser beim Einbau verdichtet. Hierfür wird Sand als Bodenaustauschmaterial bereitgestellt, wenn das Aushubmaterial dem Abfallkreislauf zugeführt und aufbereitet oder entsorgt werden muss. Dieses Vorgehen ist logistisch mit einem hohen Aufwand verbunden und kann sowohl ökologisch, als auch ökonomisch hinterfragt werden. So werden begrenzte Sandressourcen in Anspruch genommen und durch An- und Abtransport des Materials vermeidbare Treibhausgase produziert. Ein möglicher Ansatz, diesem Trend entgegenzuwirken ist die Verwendung von zeitweise fließfähigen, selbstverdichtenden Verfüllbaustoffen (ZFSV) als Alternative zu Sand. An der HafenCity Universität (HCU) läuft aktuell ein Forschungsprojekt zu ZFSV, mit einem speziellen Fokus auf den Einsatz von Recycling-Material.
In diesem Bericht soll der aktuelle Forschungsstand an der HCU auszugsweise vorgestellt und das Potenzial der Ressourcenschonung durch ZFSV angesprochen werden