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The Great Transformation for Sustainable Spatial Development as a Challenge for University Education
Full text linkClimatic and ecological changes across the globe represent a challenge for humanity that can only be solved through a great transformation, that is, a widespread shift toward sustainable spatial development. This means addressing transformation needs in all systems to recognize that civil society, economies and politics are all predetermined by planetary boundaries. This transformation demands that the fields of applied spatial science and spatial planning identify strategies and solutions. This paper examines the extent to which these topics are already being addressed by the university-level spatial studies programs currently training future planners. It develops and examines criteria for evaluating these programs using guideline-based interviews and literature research to perform detailed analysis of selected programs. The study demonstrates that not only specialist knowledge, but also personal and methodological skills are crucial to the success for far-reaching change processes and, ultimately, a society-wide paradigm shift. In some cases, these skills are already being addressed by individual spatial studies programs, especially planning programs. However, there remains a need to accelerate the cultivation of independent learning skills and collaboration in inter- and transdisciplinary teams. Accordingly, this paper proposes a differentiated view of teaching and learning formats in higher education and encourages deepening the focus of spatial studies programs on sustainability and transformation issues.Unterschiedliche globale Umweltveränderungen stellen die Menschheit vor Herausforderungen, die nur durch die Große Transformation hin zu Nachhaltiger Raumentwicklung gelöst werden können. Transformationsbedarfe treten in jeglichen Systemen wie Zivilgesellschaft, Wirtschaft oder Politik auf und werden durch die planetaren Grenzen vorgegeben. Die Raumwissenschaften und raumbezogenen Planungen sind gefragt, diesen Herausforderungen adäquat zu begegnen und Lösungen und Perspektiven für eine Große Transformation hin zu nachhaltiger Raumentwicklung aufzuzeigen. In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern diese Themen in der raumbezogenen Hochschullehre bei der Ausbildung zukünftiger Planerinnen und Planer bereits adressiert werden. Mittels leitfadengestützter Experteninterviews und Literaturrecherchen werden Kriterien für die Hochschullehre erarbeitet, die im Anschluss in einer Analyse raumbezogener Studiengänge überprüft werden. Die Studie zeigt, dass neben Fachwissen auch personalen und methodischen Kompetenzen für das Gelingen tiefgreifender Veränderungsprozesse und eines gesellschaftlichen Paradigmenwechsels ein hoher Stellenwertzugemessen wird. Teilweise werden diese Kompetenzen in einzelnen raumbezogenen Studiengängen bereits adressiert, wobei weiterhin Nachholbedarf im Hinblick auf selbstständige Lernkompetenz und Zusammenarbeit in inter- und transdisziplinären Kooperationen besteht. Wir argumentieren deswegen für einen differenzierten Blick auf Lehr- und Lernformate in der Hochschulausbildung und einen integrierten Einbezug von Fragestellungen der Nachhaltigkeit und Transformation in raumbezogenen Studiengängen
Preserving Spatial Patterns in Point Data: A Generalization Approach Using Agent-Based Modeling
Full text linkVisualization and interpretation of user-generated spatial content such as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is challenging because it combines enormous data volume and heterogeneity with a spatial bias. When dealing with point data on a map, these characteristics can lead to point clutter, reducing the readability of the map product and misleading users to false interpretations of patterns in the data, e.g., regarding specific clusters or extreme values. With this work, we provide a framework that is able to generalize point data, preserving spatial clusters and extreme values simultaneously. The framework consists of an agent-based generalization model using predefined constraints and measures. We present the architecture of the model and compare the results with methods focusing on extreme value preservation as well as clutter reduction. As a result, we can state that our agent-based model is able to preserve elementary characteristics of point datasets, such as the point density of clusters, while also retaining the existing extreme values in the data
Evaluating long-term water storage trends in small catchments and aquifers from a joint inversion of 20 years of GRACE/GRACE-FO mission data
Full text linkMore than 20 yr of measurement data of the gravity missions GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) and GRACE-FO (GRACE-Follow-On) allow detailed investigations of long-term trends in continental terrestrial water storage (TWS). However, the spatial resolution of conventional GRACE/GRACE-FO data products is limited to a few hundred kilometres which restrains from investigating hydrological trends at smaller spatial scales. In this study GRACE and GRACE-FO data have been used to calculate TWS trends with maximized spatial resolution. Conventionally, GRACE/GRACE-FO is presented as a series of either unconstrained gravity fields post-processed with spatial low pass filters or constrained inversions commonly known as Mascon products. This paper demonstrates that both approaches to suppress spatially correlated noise are mathematically equivalent. Moreover, we demonstrate that readily inverting all available sensor data from GRACE/GRACE-FO for a single TWS trend map, together with annual variations and a mean gravity field, provides additional spatial detail not accessible from the standard products. The variable trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution as a unique feature of satellite gravimetry allows for gravity products that are tailored towards specific geophysical applications. We show additional signal content in terms of long-term water storage trends for four dedicated examples (Lake Victoria, Northwest India, Bugachany Reservoir and High Plains Aquifer) for which external information from other remote sensing instruments corroborates the enhanced spatial resolution of the new mean-field trend product
How do we feed the city? Following the asparagus: An ethnographic exploration of urban food provision
Full text linkRapid urbanisation, growing populations, expanding social and ecological injustices, undeniable effects of climate change, a global health crisis. We, that is humans and nonhumans, are in trouble! How do we feed the city on a 'broken planet' (Fitz & Krasny 2019)?
In midst of a pandemic lockdown, the German government airlifts Romanian harvest workers into Germany to pick white asparagus—a vegetable of national importance. This controversial decision sparks a medial cacophony and raises a vast array of socio-ecological questions in public debates. It is a moment of rupture in the system that suddenly leaks dimensions of injustices of food provision previously blackboxed by political and economic leaders. It is a moment that conveys international dependencies and grievances of food production at our doorstep. It is the moment in which I begin my journey of following the asparagus on an endeavour to scrutinise how we feed the city. By following this vegetable on an ethnographic exploration through Hamburg in this specific time, I unravel and tell stories about and through it, diving deeply into socio-ecological notions of caring with (TRONTO 2019) by using DONNA HARAWAY'S (2016) framework of kinship.
Taking the multispecies approach seriously, I attempt to rethink my position, material and methods from a human and nonhuman perspective; from within. Taking seriously also the interdependence of multispecies for the earth to remain habitable, means to rethink the thoughts that think thoughts. This is a challenge that I aim to tackle through the embodied research process, by making kin with different multispecies. The asparagus leads me to numerous places, players, plates and makes visible much larger global crises: such as the climate crisis and the health crisis, both linked by food. The question 'how do we feed the city?' is thus pursued from a socio-ecological perspective through a multi-sited and multi-method approach, whereby different types of materials are brought into dialogue, giving room for conversation but also for confrontation. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods lays bare just how deeply in trouble we are. It also makes visible that this is just the beginning of a much larger paradigmatic shift that is necessary, if we want to enable livability on earth for generations to come
Automatic Georeferencing of Historical Maps
Full text linkGeographische Informationen aus vergangener Zeit sind auch heute noch eine wertvolle Informationsquelle für verschiedene Forschungsgebiete. Mit ihnen können die Entwicklung von Flächennutzung und Siedlungen analysiert werden, vielversprechende Orte für archäologische Grabungen gefunden oder historische administrative Grenzen nachvollzogen werden.
Durch zunehmende Digitalisierung von Beständen der Archive werden immer mehr Karten zugänglich gemacht, die aber ohne eine Georeferenzierung nicht gut identifiziert und verarbeitet werden können.
Eine manuelle Georeferenzierung ist den Archiven und Nutzern aber nicht zuzumuten. Bisherige automatische Verfahren sind in ihrer Anwendbarkeit und Robustheit stark eingeschränkt und erfordern viel Vorwissen über das verarbeitete Kartenmaterial. Außerdem wurden sie selten mit repräsentativen Datensätzen evaluiert.
Daher wird hier ein neuartiges Verfahren entwickelt, große Mengen an Altkarten automatisch zu georeferenzieren. Der Vorgeschlagene Ansatz ist, die Geometrie der Signaturen selbst für eine Zuordnung mit Referenzkarten in der Bilddomäne zu ermöglichen.
Dabei wird erstmals werden erstmals Gewässersignaturen mittels Bildmerkmalen repräsentiert, sodass in einem Image-Retrieval-Ansatz effizient korrespondierende Passpunkte in OpenStreetMap gefunden werden können.
Der vorgeschlagene Ansatz wird erst mit synthetischen Karten validiert und dann am Beispiel der Karte des Deutschen Reiches 1:100000 und weiteren topographischen Kartenwerken demonstriert. Dabei konnten 83 % der Blätter erfolgreich mit einer mittleren Lagegenauigkeit von 105 m georeferenziert werden. Der Prozess benötigt dabei unter 6\,s auf einem handelsüblichen PC. Damit ist das Verfahren geeignet, in Anwendungssoftware integriert zu werden und stellt eine erhebliche Zeitersparnis gegenüber manueller Georeferenzierung dar.
Mit einer detaillierten Fehleranalyse wurden die größten Herausforderungen für eine gute Anwendbarkeit ausgemacht: unzureichende Segmentierungsqualität, der Bedarf an Vorwissen über den Blattschnitt und die Entwicklung einer Nutzerschnittstelle für Parametrisierung und Fehlerkorrektur.
Somit bildet Das entwickelte prototypische Verfahren eine vielversprechende Grundlage für die weitere Erforschung von robusten und generalisierbaren Verfahren für die automatische Georeferenzierung.Historical Maps are of immense value to researchers of many disciplines to answer questions about the past, such as: How has the land cover changed? Where can we expect regions of archaeological interest? Where were the former settlements, roads and administrative boundaries and what were their names?
Archives and libraries are undertaking great effort to digitise their stock of maps, but scanning alone is not enough to make them easily available and to be able to access the geographical information within: The maps need to be georeferenced.
However, manual georeferencing of maps is very time consuming.
Current approaches for automated map georeferencing using margin information, grid lines or toponyms are not applicable to a wide variety of map types or at least require detailed prior knowledge about map design and layout.
Furthermore they use delicate algorithms with unclear generalisability and have not been evaluated on large data sets or complete map series with edge cases.
Here, the use of map symbols themselves is proposed to extract ground control points. To this end, tried-and-tested computer vision methods are applied for robust and scalable map image representation, matching and registration.
Geometry of map symbols is encoded by extracting image features from segmented map images. These can be matched efficiently to a large reference map by querying an approximate nearest neighbour index to obtain a reference map with known spatial reference which depicts the same area. After registration of the query map, it can be georeferenced by applying the spatial reference of the reference map.
The proposed approach is demonstrated to be feasible with a prototypical implementation and systematic validation on large datasets of synthetic and historical maps.
With this approach 83 % of the historical maps where successfully georeferenced with median georeferencing error of 105 m. The whole process runs in under 6 s per map on a consumer PC and therefore is viable for integration into desktop applications.
While there is still some room for improvement with this approach, the detailed analysis of sources of errors highlights the most promising directions of future research and development.
The most pressing improvements are UX for parameter settings and error correction, improved segmentation and reduction of the need for prior knowledge of map quadrangles.ahoi.digita
Die digitale Stadt co-kreieren: Vorschläge für die Zusammenarbeit bei der Bereitstellung von städtischen Technologien
Full text linkCities worldwide are adapting digital technologies and data-driven tools for planning and managing, and in many digital city strategies, citizen centricity, participatory principles and co-creative concepts are put at the center of digitization efforts. However, these measures oftentimes stay behind their promises of sharing agency or delivering better results. Reasons for this are, among others, an oftentimes ill-defined conceptualization of co-creation resulting in insufficient methodologies of engagement, and the failure to regard technology as a socio-technical arrangement that manifests scientific, democratic and political orders. This dissertation sets out to examine these arrangements by testing co*-principles as a methodology to collaborate on the development of urban technologies and data-driven tools with diverse stakeholders, and to suggest design principles for a transformational digital urban practice.
In examining three applied case studies located in the Federal State and City of Hamburg, Germany, this research sets out to design, test and analyze co*-methodologies as a function of, as a starting point, and as the principle for developing digital and data-driven tools. It examines co-creation with the general public, with vulnerable groups, and with expert stakeholders, in relation to the development of a Participatory Platform, a combined Website and App, and a Digital Urban Twin. The research is guided by the question How can participatory and co-creative principles be employed in the development of urban technology and data driven tools, and how does their implementation transform perspectives, knowledge, and agency within the digital city? It does so by designing and testing Usability and User Experience Studies, Co-creation workshops, and Co-modelling procedures. This dissertation introduces a novel tool to analyse and design Co-creation activities, the Co-creation Nucleus. By mapping the three case studies on the Co-creation Nucleus, this research investigates the reconfiguration of stakeholder constellations, novel forms of thinking and acting with and through digital tools, and the emergence of agency and ownership through co-creation.
This research finds that digital tools can help broaden outreach and unveil implicit knowledge. However, it also points out limitations in terms of inclusiveness of stakeholders, variety of practices, and the extent of agency emerging from co*-activities. It illustrates strategies to strengthen stakeholder engagement throughout longer project phases. By testing and analyzing methodologies for co-creation with the general public, vulnerable groups, and experts, this research gives insights into the design requirements for co-creation with diverse stakeholder constellations. In describing the co-modelling of a Digital Twin, this research shares knowledge on the collaborative exploration of complex urban challenges.
The analysis of the three case studies reframes the existing discourse on co-creation in digital cities. This investigation develops novel approaches and suggests new ways of producing and implementing urban technologies that take into account urban complexity and diverse stakeholder perspectives. In doing so, this dissertation offers scientists and practitioners valuable co*-principles to shape the future of their cities.Weltweit setzen viele Städte digitale Technologien und datengesteuerte Werkzeuge ein, und zugleich werden in vielen Digitalstrategien Co*-Prinzipien wie Bürger:innenorientierung, Partizipation und cokreative Konzepte in den Mittelpunkt der Digitalisierungsbemühungen gestellt. Allerdings bleiben viele Co*-Prozesse hinter ihren Versprechungen zurück, Verantwortung zu teilen und bessere Ergebnisse zu liefern. Gründe dafür sind unter anderem eine oft unzureichende Definition von Co-Kreation die zu insuffizienten Methoden der Zusammenarbeit führt und das Versäumnis, Technologie als sozio-technisches Arrangement zu betrachten, das wissenschaftliche, demokratische und politische Ordnungen manifestiert. In dieser Dissertation werden diese Arrangements untersucht, indem Co*-Prinzipien als Methodik für die Zusammenarbeit bei der Entwicklung von städtischen Technologien und datengesteuerten Werkzeugen mit verschiedenen Interessengruppen erprobt werden.
Im Rahmen der Untersuchung von drei angewandten Fallstudien in der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg zielt diese Forschung darauf ab, Co*-Methoden als Prinzip für die Entwicklung digitaler und datengesteuerter Werkzeuge zu entwickeln, zu testen und zu analysieren. Die Arbeit untersucht die Co-Kreation mit der allgemeinen Öffentlichkeit, mit vulnerablen Gruppen und mit Expert:innen in Bezug auf die Entwicklung einer partizipativen Plattform, einer kombinierten Website und App sowie eines Digitalen Urbanen Zwillings. Die Forschung wird von der Frage geleitet: Wie können partizipative und co-kreative Prinzipien bei der Entwicklung von städtischer Technologie und datengesteuerten Werkzeugen eingesetzt werden und wie verändert ihre Umsetzung Perspektiven, Wissen und Handlungsmöglichkeiten innerhalb der digitalen Stadt? Dazu werden Usability- und User Experience-Studien, Co-Kreation-Workshops und Co-Modelling-Verfahren entwickelt und getestet. In dieser Dissertation wird ein neuartiges Instrument zur Analyse und Gestaltung von Co-Kreation vorgestellt: der Co-Kreation Nukleus. Durch die Abbildung der drei Fallstudien mithilfe des Co-Kreation Nukleus werden die Neukonfiguration von Stakeholder-Konstellationen, neuartige Formen des Denkens und Handelns mit digitalen Tools sowie das Entstehen von Handlungsmacht und Eigenverantwortung untersucht.
Diese Untersuchung zeigt, dass digitale Werkzeuge dazu beitragen können, Reichweite zu erhöhen und implizites Wissen zu enthüllen. Sie zeigt jedoch auch Grenzen hinsichtlich der Einbeziehung von Stakeholdern, der Vielfalt der Praktiken sowie hinsichtlich des Ausmaßes der aus Co*-Aktivitäten entstehenden Handlungsmacht auf. Durch die Erprobung und Analyse von Methoden der Co-Kreation vermittelt diese Untersuchung Wissen über die kollaborative Erforschung komplexer städtischer Herausforderungen.
Die Analyse der betrachteten Fallstudien erweitert den bestehenden Diskurs über Co-Kreation in digitalen Städten. Diese Dissertation entwickelt neue Ansätze für die Produktion und Implementierung städtischer Technologien und schlägt Gestaltungsprinzipien für eine transformative digitale städtische Praxis vor, die die Komplexität der Stadt und die verschiedenen Perspektiven der Beteiligten berücksichtigen. Auf diese Weise gibt diese Dissertation Wissenschaftler:innen und Praktiker:innen wertvolle Co*-Prinzipien für die Gestaltung der Zukunft ihrer Städte an die Hand
Architectural Crisis Resilience: Circular Emergency Shelters as Adaptive Construction
Full text linkIn einer Zeit, die zunehmend von Naturkatastrophen als Folge des Klimawandels und unvorhersehbaren Krisen geprägt ist, wird die Notwendigkeit von Notunterkünften immer dringlicher.
Doch wie können wir sicherstellen, dass diese Unterkünfte nicht nur schnell und effizient bereitgestellt werden, sondern auch auf die geografischen, klimatischen und menschlichen Bedürfnisse Rücksicht nehmen?
Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Idee der kreislaufgerechten Notunterkünfte als adaptive Konstruktion.
Durch ein innovatives Tragwerk-Stecksystem und faltbare Wand- und Deckenelemente können die Unterkünfte individuell angepasst werden. Die Verwendung größtenteils nachwachsender Baumaterialien gewährleistet zudem die Wiederverwendbarkeit und Recyclingfähigkeit der Notunterkünfte und ihrer einzelnen Bauteile.
In den Kapiteln werden verschiedene Aspekte dieser Bauweise beleuchtet: von der Konzeptentwicklung und Materialwahl über die tragwerkstechnische und baukonstruktive Ausarbeitung mit detaillierter Aufbauanleitung bis hin zur klimatischen Anpassbarkeit. Anhand von drei Fallbeispielen werden unterschiedliche Szenarien dargestellt.
Ziel ist es, Notunterkünfte nicht nur als kurzfristige Lösung zu verstehen, sondern als langfristigen Beitrag zu einer zukunftsorientierten Bauweise in Krisensituationen
Digital detox tourism: Practices of analogization
Full text linkTechnological disconnectivity has turned into a tourist attraction in its own right: digital detox tourism celebrates temporary disconnection as a means for experiencing an “authentic” world. With pervasive digital media and a strong impetus to being available 24/7, this tourism has to answer not only the question of what has to be done to become disconnected, but also it has to highlight the pleasures disconnection may afford. Drawing on two case studies—a discourse analysis of self-organized unplugged travel writing and an ethnography of the detox event Camp Grounded—we argue that digital detox tourism relies heavily on staging and performing a distinction between the analog and the digital. The article introduces the notion “analogization” to capture practices, media, and infrastructure which support the creation and the blurring of this distinction. Thus, we argue that analogization, in contrast to digitalization, emphasizes that there is no “analog” per se
Mass-change And Geosciences International Constellation (MAGIC) expected impact on science and applications
Full text linkThe joint ESA/NASA Mass-change And Geosciences International Constellation (MAGIC) has the objective to extend time-series from previous gravity missions, including an improvement of accuracy and spatio-temporal resolution. The long-term monitoring of Earth’s gravity field carries information on mass change induced by water cycle, climate change and mass transport processes between atmosphere, cryosphere, oceans and solid Earth. MAGIC will be composed of two satellite pairs flying in different orbit planes. The NASA/DLR-led first pair (P1) is expected to be in a near-polar orbit around 500 km of altitude; while the second ESA-led pair (P2) is expected to be in an inclined orbit of 65°–70° at approximately 400 km altitude. The ESA-led pair P2 Next Generation Gravity Mission shall be launched after P1 in a staggered manner to form the MAGIC constellation. The addition of an inclined pair shall lead to reduction of temporal aliasing effects and consequently of reliance on de-aliasing models and post-processing. The main novelty of the MAGIC constellation is the delivery of mass-change products at higher spatial resolution, temporal (i.e. subweekly) resolution, shorter latency and higher accuracy than the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO). This will pave the way to new science applications and operational services. In this paper, an overview of various fields of science and service applications for hydrology, cryosphere, oceanography, solid Earth, climate change and geodesy is provided. These thematic fields and newly enabled applications and services were analysed in the frame of the initial ESA Science Support activities for MAGIC. The analyses of MAGIC scenarios for different application areas in the field of geosciences confirmed that the double-pair configuration will significantly enlarge the number of observable mass-change phenomena by resolving smaller spatial scales with an uncertainty that satisfies evolved user requirements expressed by international bodies such as IUGG. The required uncertainty levels of dedicated thematic fields met by MAGIC unfiltered Level-2 products will benefit hydrological applications by recovering more than 90 per cent of the major river basins worldwide at 260 km spatial resolution, cryosphere applications by enabling mass change signal separation in the interior of Greenland from those in the coastal zones and by resolving small-scale mass variability in challenging regions such as the Antarctic Peninsula, oceanography applications by monitoring meridional overturning circulation changes on timescales of years and decades, climate applications by detecting amplitude and phase changes of Terrestrial Water Storage after 30 yr in 64 and 56 per cent of the global land areas and solid Earth applications by lowering the Earthquake detection threshold from magnitude 8.8 to magnitude 7.4 with spatial resolution increased to 333 km
Proceedings of the 5th KuVS/GI Expert Talk on Localization
Full text linkLocalization is an important technology in medical, industrial, underwater, and logistics applications. Many sectors will greatly benefit from advancements in localization. Despite the evolving research interest and emerging solutions, numerous technical challenges remain for various use cases. The program of the 5th Expert Talk on Localization addresses a wide range of topics within this field. It includes discussions on innovative algorithms, numerous application scenarios, and supporting technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of current advancements. The 5th Expert Talk on Localization is as a platform for discussing recent research and development outcomes, and for sharing ideas and perspectives. It brings together researchers from academia and industry, featuring a broad spectrum of contributions, including complete localization systems and demonstrations. We extend our gratitude to all authors for their contributions to the program. We appreciate the support from Technische Hochschule Lübeck, especially the project HI Lübeck, the organizational efforts of the Center of Excellence CoSA, and the continuous contributions from HafenCity University and Technische Universität Dresden. We also thank GI and KuVS for facilitating and supporting this event