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    Modeling and 3D printing of a desk organizer with the logo of University North

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    Ovaj završni rad bavi se 3D modeliranjem i 3D ispisom organizatora za stol s logotipom Sveučilišta Sjever korištenjem moderne aditivne tehnologije. Naglasak je stavljen na FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) tehnologiju zbog njene pristupačnosti, ekonomičnosti i širokih mogućnosti primjene. Rad detaljno opisuje sve faze procesa – od početnog dizajna modela u Blender softveru, pripreme datoteka za ispis, do samog 3D ispisa i završne obrade. Analiziraju se različiti materijali koji se koriste u FDM tehnologiji, kao i njihove mehaničke osobine i prikladnost za različite primjene. Eksperimentalni dio uključuje praktičnu izradu prototipa organizatora koristeći softver Blender i vlastiti 3D pisač Ender 3 Pro. Cilj rada je pružiti sveobuhvatan pregled FDM tehnologije, istaknuti njene prednosti i nedostatke, te istražiti njen potencijal u kontekstu brze izrade prototipova i malih serija proizvoda. Ovim radom nastoji se demonstrirati praktična primjena 3D ispisa u obrazovnom okruženju i hobističkoj uporabi.This final paper focuses on 3D modeling and 3D printing of a desk organizer with the University North logo, using modern additive technology. The emphasis is placed on FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology due to its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and wide range of applications. The paper describes all phases of the process in detail – from the initial design of the model in Blender software, file preparation for printing, to the actual 3D printing and post-processing. Various materials used in FDM technology are analyzed, along with their mechanical properties and suitability for different applications. The experimental section includes the practical production of a prototype organizer using Blender software and the Ender 3 Pro 3D printer. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of FDM technology, highlight its advantages and disadvantages, and explore its potential in the context of rapid prototyping and small batch production. This paper aims to demonstrate the practical application of 3D printing in educational settings and hobbyist use

    Expansion Joints on Small Span Concrete Bridges

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    Diplomski rad bavi se tematikom manjih mostova od armiranog betona na našim cestama, u prvom dijelu kroz obradu detalja prijelazne naprave, a u drugom dijelu primjerom idejnog projekta jedne karakteristične građevine – manjeg mosta. U teorijskom dijelu rada, koji se bavi prijelaznim napravama za manje pomake (dakle, za manje mostove) detaljno su opisani zahtjevi na naprave, kao i tipovi naprava koji su na tržištu i koji se najčešće ugrađuju u Hrvatskoj. Također je izvršen pregled stanja naprava na nekolicini mostova Čakovcu i okolici, kako bi se ustanovila najčešća oštećenja i izazovi u održavanju naprava. U praktičnom dijelu rada načinjen je projekt armiranobetonskog grednog mosta preko manjeg vodotoka, s tri raspona. Rasponski sklop je ploča. Analizirana su djelovanja od stalnih i pokretnih opterećenja, te je načinjena skica armature i dokaznica mjera. Priloženi su nacrti mosta s detaljima opreme.This thesis addresses the topic of small reinforced concrete bridges on our roads. The first part focuses on the analysis of expansion joints, while the second part presents a conceptual design of a characteristic structure – a small bridge. In the theoretical part, which deals with expansion joints for small displacements (i.e., for small bridges), the requirements for expansion joints are described in detail, along with the types of joints available on the market that are most commonly installed in Croatia. Additionally, a review of the condition of expansion joints on several bridges in Čakovec and the surrounding area was conducted to determine the most common damages and maintenance challenges. In the practical part, a design for a reinforced concrete girder bridge over a small watercourse, with three spans, was created. The span structure is a slab. The effects of permanent and moving loads were analyzed, and reinforcement drawings and a calculation report were prepared. Drawings of the bridge, including equipment details, are attached

    Chlamydial infection in the adolescent population as a clinical and public health challenge

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    Klamidijska infekcija među adolescentima predstavlja značajan klinički i javnozdravstveni izazov zbog svoje visoke prevalencije, često asimptomatskog tijeka i ozbiljnih dugoročnih komplikacija ako se ne liječi. Ovaj završni rad istražuje epidemiologiju klamidijske infekcije u adolescentskoj populaciji, kliničke manifestacije, metode dijagnostike i liječenja, te strategije prevencije. Rad počinje pregledom globalnog tereta spolno prenosivih infekcija s posebnim naglaskom na klamidiju. Statistički podaci pokazuju visok postotak infekcija među mladima, posebno ženama, te identificiraju ključne faktore rizika i prepreke za učinkovito sprječavanje i liječenje. Dalje se analizira patofiziologija klamidijske infekcije, uključujući načine prijenosa i imunološke odgovore tijela. Klinička slika klamidije često uključuje blage ili odsutne simptome, što otežava rano otkrivanje. Dijagnostika se oslanja na laboratorijske testove poput nukleinske amplifikacijske testiranja (NAAT), koji omogućuju precizno otkrivanje infekcije. Liječenje standardno uključuje antibiotike poput azitromicina i doksiciklina, koji su učinkoviti u eliminaciji infekcije ako se koriste prema uputama. Prevencija klamidijske infekcije zahtijeva integrirani pristup koji kombinira edukaciju, skrining, promociju sigurnih seksualnih praksi i lako dostupan tretman. Edukacija o seksualnom zdravlju ključna je za povećanje svijesti među adolescentima o rizicima i posljedicama spolno prenosivih bolesti, te važnosti redovitog testiranja i korištenja kondoma. Medicinske sestre imaju značajnu ulogu u edukaciji i podršci adolescenata, pružajući informacije o prevenciji, dijagnostici i liječenju klamidije. Njihova podrška i dostupnost mogu značajno smanjiti stigmu povezanu sa spolno prenosivim bolestima i potaknuti mlade na traženje pomoći. Tehnologija pruža nove mogućnosti za unapređenje zdravstvene skrbi adolescenata kroz digitalne alate i aplikacije koje omogućuju pristup informacijama i uslugama. Međutim, izazovi poput zaštite privatnosti i jednakog pristupa zahtijevaju pažljivo razmatranje i rješavanje. Dugoročno praćenje i podrška nakon terapije ključni su za osiguravanje trajnog zdravlja i sprječavanje ponovnih infekcija. Kombinacija edukacije, skrininga, učinkovite terapije i podrške zdravstvenih radnika može značajno doprinijeti smanjenju prevalencije klamidijske infekcije i unapređenju općeg zdravlja adolescenata.Chlamydia infection among adolescents presents a significant clinical and public health challenge due to its high prevalence, often asymptomatic course, as well as serious long-term complications if left untreated. This thesis explores the epidemiology of chlamydia infection in the adolescent population, clinical manifestations, diagnostic and treatment methods, and prevention strategies. The thesis begins with an overview of the global burden of sexually transmitted infections, with a special focus on chlamydia. Statistical data show a high percentage of infections among young people – most notably women – and identify key risk factors and barriers to effective prevention and treatment. The pathophysiology of chlamydia infection is further analysed, including transmission methods and the body’s immune responses. The clinical presentation of chlamydial infection often involves mild or absent symptoms, which makes early detection difficult. Diagnosis relies on laboratory tests such as nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), which allows for precise detection of the infection. Treatment typically includes antibiotics such as azithromycin and doxycycline, which are effective in eliminating the infection when used according to guidelines. Prevention of chlamydial infection requires an integrated approach that combines education, screening, promotion of safe sexual practices and easily accessible treatment. Sexual health education is pivotal for raising awareness among adolescents about the risks and consequences of sexually transmitted diseases; additionally, the importance of regular testing and condom usage also has to be accentuated. Nursing professionals play a significant role in educating and supporting adolescents, providing information on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chlamydial infections. Their support and availability can greatly reduce the stigma associated with sexually transmitted diseases and encourage young people to seek help. On top of that, technology offers new opportunities for improving adolescent healthcare through digital tools and applications that provide access to information and services. Nonetheless, challenges such as privacy protection and equal access require careful consideration and resolution. Long-term monitoring and support after therapy are essential to ensure sustained health and prevent reinfections. A combination of education, screening, effective therapy and healthcare worker support can significantly contribute to reducing the prevalence of chlamydia infection and improving the overall health of adolescents

    The impact of social media on photography in marketing

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    Diplomski rad istražuje utjecaj društvenih mreža na digitalnu fotografsku produkciju u marketinškim kampanjama. Analizirajući promjene u tehnikama i stilovima fotografije koje su proizašle iz sve veće prisutnosti društvenih mreža, rad ispituje kako brendovi koriste vizualni sadržaj za izgradnju emocionalne veze s potrošačima i poboljšanje angažmana. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na autentičnost, personalizaciju i korisnički generirani sadržaj, kao ključne elemente suvremenog vizualnog marketinga. Zaključuje se da društvene mreže nastavljaju oblikovati fotografske strategije, te da će se uloga fotografije u marketingu nastaviti razvijati s daljnjim tehnološkim napretkom.This thesis explores the impact of social media on digital photography production in marketing campaigns. By analyzing the changes in photographic techniques and styles driven by the growing influence of social media, the study examines how brands use visual content to build emotional connections with consumers and increase engagement. Special emphasis is placed on authenticity, personalization, and user-generated content as key elements of modern visual marketing. The thesis concludes that social media continues to shape photographic strategies, and the role of photography in marketing will further evolve with technological advancements

    Margita Matz' contribution to the development of the educational repertoire in piano teching by Croatian music heritage

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    U ovom završnom radu istražuje se značaj pisanja skladbi za najmlađe učenike u okviru glazbene pedagogije, s posebnim naglaskom na doprinos Margite Matz i njezin rad "Prve sonatine". Ovaj rad ističe važnost prilagodbe glazbenih djela koja omogućuju razvoj tehničkih vještina i muzičkog senzibiliteta kod djece, čime se doprinosi i očuvanju hrvatske glazbene baštine. Rad se bavi pedagoškim postavkama, s naglaskom na ulogu sonatina u nastavi klavira, gdje se ističe njihova važnost u razvoju tehničkih vještina i razumijevanju klasičnih glazbenih formi. Također se razmatra zastupljenost domaćih skladatelja u pedagoškom repertoaru te njihova uloga u očuvanju nacionalnog identiteta kroz glazbu. U radu se posebno naglašava kako suradnja s živim skladateljima potiče motivaciju učenika i obogaćuje njihovo iskustvo. U radu su predstavljeni životopisi ključnih skladatelja, uključujući Brunu Bjelinskog, Mila Cipru, Ivu Lhotku Kalinskog, Rudolfa Matza i Branimira Sakača, čime se dodatno osnažuje analiza utjecaja domaćih autora na hrvatsku glazbenu scenu. Zaključno, važno je razvijati i uključivati domaće skladatelje u obrazovni proces, čime se potiče tehnički napredak učenika i jača veza s hrvatskom kulturnom tradicijom.In this final paper, the importance of writing compositions for the youngest students in the framework of music pedagogy is investigated, with special emphasis on the contribution of Margita Matz and her work "The First Sonatinas". This work emphasizes the importance of adapting musical works that enable the development of technical skills and musical sensibility in children, which contributes to the preservation of Croatian musical heritage. The paper deals with pedagogical settings, with an emphasis on the role of sonatinas in piano lessons, where their importance in the development of technical skills and understanding of classical musical forms is emphasized. The representation of local composers in the pedagogical repertoire and their role in preserving national identity through music is also considered. The paper especially emphasizes how cooperation with live composers stimulates students' motivation and enriches their experience. The work presents the biographies of key composers, including Bruno Bjelinski, Milo Cipra, Iva Lhotka Kalinski, Rudolf Matz and Branimir Sakač, which further strengthens the analysis of the influence of local composers on the Croatian music scene. In conclusion, it is important to develop and include local composers in the educational process, which encourages the technical progress of students and a stronger connection with the Croatian cultural tradition

    Physiotherapy approach to primary headaches

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    Jedan od najčešćih razloga zbog kojih pacijenti traže medicinsku pomoć jest glavobolja. Smatra se da 9 od 10 odraslih osoba doživi glavobolju tijekom života. U adolescentnom razdoblju, glavobolje su učestale i imaju nepovoljan utjecaj na obrazovanje, izvršavanje školskih i izvanškolskih zadataka, međuvršnjačke odnose te su često razlog izostanka s nastave, a u odrasloj dobi troškovi povezani s glavoboljama, kako u medicinskim tretmanima tako i u izgubljenoj produktivnosti, vrlo su visoki. Prema klasifikaciji IHS, glavobolje se dijele na dvije kategorije: primarne i sekundarne. Primarna glavobolja nastaje kao samostalna bolest, primjerice, tenzijska glavobolja, migrena, glavobolja sa simptomima trigeminalne autonomne disfunkcije i ostale primarne vrste glavobolja. S druge strane, sekundarne glavobolje su simptomi strukturalnih, metaboličkih ili drugih abnormalnosti. Glavobolja je čest medicinski problem, posebno u 21. stoljeću. U liječenju glavobolje koriste se farmakološke (lijekovi) i nefarmakološke metode. Prije početka liječenja važno je znati koji su potencijalni okidači (tzv. triggeri). Analgetici mogu biti učinkoviti samo kratkotrajno u akutnoj fazi glavobolje. Od nefarmakoloških metoda primjenjuju se: fizikalna terapija, akupunktura, masaža, metode biofeedback-a, bihevioralna terapija, psihoterapija, itd. Fizikalna terapija ima važnu ulogu u smanjenju boli kod glavobolja. Njome se osim smanjenja boli prvenstveno želi održati i poboljšati kvalitetu života. Važno je uzeti u obzir individualne karakteristike svakog pacijenta. Na primjer, efikasnost fizikalne terapije može varirati ovisno o vrsti glavobolje.Headache is one of the most common symptoms for which patients seek medical help. It is thought that 9 out of 10 adults will experience a headache in their lifetime. In the adolescent period, headaches are frequent and have an unfavorable impact on education, the performance of school and extracurricular tasks, peer relationships, and are often the reason for absenteeism from classes, and in adulthood the costs associated with headaches, both in medical treatments and in lost productivity, are very high. tall. According to the IHS classification, headaches are divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary headache occurs as an independent disease, for example, tension headache, migraine, headache with symptoms of trigeminal autonomic dysfunction and other primary types of headache. On the other hand, secondary headaches are symptoms of structural, metabolic or other abnormalities. Headache is a common medical problem, especially in the 21st century. In the treatment of headaches, pharmacological (drugs) and non-pharmacological methods are used. Before starting the treatment, it is important to know what the potential triggers are. Analgesics can only be effective for a short time in the acute phase of a headache. Non-pharmacological methods are used: physical therapy, acupuncture, massage, biofeedback methods, behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, etc. Physical therapy plays an important role in reducing the pain of headaches. In addition to reducing pain, it primarily aims to maintain and improve the quality of life. It is important to consider the individual characteristics of each patient. For example, the effectiveness of physical therapy may vary depending on the type of headache

    Elements of Modernity in Croatian Music of the First Half of the 20th Century through the Analysis of "Variationen und Fugato über ein Menuetto von Mozart" by Rikard Schwarz

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    U 20. stoljeću, glazba i ostale umjetničke discipline svjedoče značajnim promjenama uslijed povijesnih i političkih događaja te brzog napretka znanosti i tehnologije. Na prijelazu u 20. stoljeće, europska glazba počinje se udaljavati od tradicionalnih okvira, što dovodi do razvoja novih pravaca i stilova. Ova raznolika i dinamična promjena u umjetnosti onemogućava označavanje 20. stoljeća jedinstvenim umjetničkim nazivom. Hrvatska glazba 20. stoljeća usko je povezana s društveno-političkim okolnostima tog razdoblja. Mnogi skladatelji integriraju folklorne elemente, bilo doslovno ili kao inspiraciju, u svoja djela, čime ističu nacionalni identitet kroz svoje stvaralaštvo. Skladatelji povezani s novonacionalnim smjerom često su bili dobro prihvaćeni u javnosti. S druge strane, skladatelji koji su stvarali pod utjecajem tada suvremenijih europskih glazbenih pravaca i stilova, razvijajući vlastiti izričaj unutar tih konteksta, često su se susretali s otporom i neprihvaćanjem u svojoj okolini. Rikard Schwarz (Zagreb, 20. rujna 1897. – Jasenovac, 1941/42?) bio je hrvatski skladatelj, glazbeni pedagog, dirigent i glazbeni kritičar židovskog podrijetla. Od glazbene ostavštine Rikarda Schwarza sačuvano je 27 djela. Među njima se ističe „Variationen und Fugato über ein Menuetto von Mozart”, čiji je rukopis sačuvan u arhivu Hrvatskog glazbenog zavoda. Ovo djelo, nastalo tijekom njegovog školovanja u Beču 1922. godine, sastoji se od šest varijacija, od kojih je sedma prekrižena, te završava fugatom. Tema koju Schwarz obrađuje je prvi menuet iz drugog stavka "Sonate u Es-duru, br. 4, K. 282" Wolfganga Amadeusa Mozarta. Ovaj rad naglašava važnost razumijevanja konteksta i utjecaja povijesnih i političkih promjena na glazbu 20. stoljeća, osobito u Hrvatskoj. Također, u radu se prikazuje kako su društvenopolitički uvjeti značajno oblikovali glazbeni razvoj, pri čemu su se mnogi skladatelji priklonili novonacionalnom smjeru, dok su se neki, usvajajući ili stvarajući vlastiti autentični glazbeni izričaj, često suočavali s otporom i neprihvaćanjem u svojoj okolini. Rad se posebno usredotočuje na život i djelovanje Rikarda Schwarza, čija karijera prikazuje kako osobne i šire kulturne i političke promjene mogu oblikovati umjetnički rad. Analizom njegova djela „Variationen und Fugato über ein Menuetto von Mozart” i cjelokupnog umjetničkog stvaralaštva, rad dokumentira njegovu posvećenost inovativnim glazbenim pristupima s početka 20. stoljeća. U konačnici, ovaj rad doprinosi razumijevanju složenosti glazbenih i kulturnih praksi 20. stoljeća, ističući kako su pojedinačni doprinosi skladatelja poput Rikarda Schwarza oblikovali i obogatili glazbeni život Hrvatske, unatoč tome što nisu uvijek nailazili na razumijevanje i prihvaćanje šire javnosti i struke.In the 20th century, music and other artistic disciplines witnessed significant changes due to historical and political events, as well as the rapid advancement of science and technology. At the turn of the 20th century, European music began to move away from traditional frameworks, leading to the development of new directions and styles. This diverse and dynamic change in art makes it difficult to label the 20th century with a singular artistic term. Croatian music of the 20th century is closely linked to the socio-political circumstances of the time. Many composers integrated folkloric elements, either literally or as inspiration, into their works, thus emphasizing national identity through their creations. Composers associated with the neo-nationalist direction were often well received by the public. On the other hand, composers who created under the influence of contemporary European musical trends and styles, developing their own expression within these contexts, often encountered resistance and lack of acceptance in their surroundings. Rikard Schwarz (Zagreb, September 20, 1897 – Jasenovac, 1941/42?) was a Croatian composer, music educator, conductor, and music critic of Jewish origin. From the musical legacy of Rikard Schwarz, 27 works have been preserved. Among them stands out *Variationen und Fugato über ein Menuetto von Mozart*, whose manuscript is kept in the archive of the Croatian Music Institute. This piece, created during his studies in Vienna in 1922, consists of six variations, the seventh of which is crossed out, and concludes with a fugato. The theme Schwarz explores is the first minuet from the second movement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's *Sonata in E-flat Major, No. 4, K. 282. This work emphasizes the importance of understanding the context and impact of historical and political changes on 20th-century music, especially in Croatia. It also demonstrates how sociopolitical conditions significantly shaped musical development, with many composers leaning towards the neo-nationalist direction, while others, adopting or creating their own authentic musical expression, often faced resistance and lack of acceptance in their environment. The work particularly focuses on the life and work of Rikard Schwarz, whose career illustrates how personal and broader cultural and political changes can shape artistic work. By analyzing his piece *Variationen und Fugato über ein Menuetto von Mozart* and his entire artistic output, the work documents his dedication to innovative musical approaches at the beginning of the 20th century. Ultimately, this work contributes to understanding the complexities of 20th-century musical and cultural practices, highlighting how individual contributions from composers like Rikard Schwarz shaped and enriched Croatia's musical life, even though they were not always met with understanding and acceptance from the wider public and profession

    Advertising as an incentive for consumers to buy the advertised brand

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    Cilj ovog završnog rada je istražiti kako oglašavanje utječe na potrošačevo donošenje odluke o kupnji proizvoda / brenda i ima li zaista utjecaj na njegove kupovne navike. Oglašavanje je dio našeg života i svuda oko nas prisutno je upravo zbog različitih vrsta medija i njihove rasprostranjenosti. Postoje različite vrste medija kojima se oglasi prezentiraju i prikazuju potrošačima. Neke vrste medija djeluju više, a neke manje na donošenje odluka potrošača o kupnji proizvoda. Oglašavanje zbog svojih elemenata i dobrih, kvalitetnih sadržaja nastoji i uspijeva zainteresirati potrošače na kupnju proizvoda ili korištenje usluge koja se oglašava u oglasu. Također, glavna zadaća oglašavanja je prijenos informacija do potencijalnih potrošača o određenom proizvodu te usmjeriti potrošača na kupnju tog proizvoda. U radu su navedene različite vrste oglašavanja kao što su radio, novine, televizija, internetski oglasi i mobilni oglasi te njihova obilježja i utjecaj koji imaju na potrošače. Provedeno istraživanje, pokazalo je rezultate kojima su se hipoteze potvrdile, ali i odbacile. Za sve podatke koji su navedeni u ovom radu, koristila se relevantna literatura koja je navedena u nastavku.The aim of this final work is to investigate how advertising affects the consumer's decision to purchase a product/brand and whether it really ha san impact on his buying habits. Advertising is a part of our life and is present all around us precisely beacuse of the different types of media and their distribution. There are different types of media through which advertisements are presented to consumers. Some types of media have more and some less impact of consumer decision-making about pruchasing products Due to its elements and high-quality content, advertising aims to and succeeds in engaging consumers to purchase a product or use the service being advertised. Furthermore, the main purpose of advertising is to convey information about a specific product to potential consumers and to direct them toward purchasing that product. The final work lists different types of advertising such as radio, newspapers, television, Internet ads and mobile ads, as well as their characteristics and the impact they have on consumers. The conducted research revealed results that both confirmed and rejected certain hypotheses. All the data presented in this pape ris supported by relevant literature listed below

    The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives and health of residents in nursing homes and long-term care facilities

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    Iako je starenje gotovo univerzalna istina koju svi doživljavaju tijekom života, ključno je razumjeti i kliničku i epidemiološku važnost ovog procesa. Starenje donosi niz promjena u čitavom spektru tjelesnih sustava, koje zahtijevaju posebnu njegu i upravljanje. Biološki govoreći, starenje je kronična, normalna kulminacija gubitka specifičnih regenerativnih i biozaštitnih mehanizama koji se tijekom vremena javljaju u organizmu. Starenje je samo po sebi fiziološki proces, odnosno normalna faza životnog tijeka čovjeka, koja nastaje u trenutku rođenja, a završava trenutkom smrti. Proces skrbi u domovima za starije i nemoćne značajno se razvio u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća. Demografija štićenika u domovima za starije evoluirala je tijekom vremena, kao i udio stanovništva koji traži skrb u domovima za starije i nemoćne. Koronavirusna bolest koja se pojavila u Wuhanu, Kina, imala katastrofalan učinak na svijet, rezultirajući s više od 6 milijuna smrtnih slučajeva diljem svijeta. Opći podaci pokazuju da je više od polovice osoba kojima je dijagnosticirana infekcija virusom SARS-CoV-2 starije od 60 godina, segment populacije koji najčešće ima teže simptome bolesti. Cilj diplomskog rada je sustavnim pregledom literature prikazati koliko je i na koji način pandemija COVID-19 utjecala na zdravlje i dobrobit osoba starije životne dobi koji su smješteni u domove za starije. Pretražena je literatura dostupna u znanstvenim i citatnim bazama podataka koje su uključivale PubMed, Google Scolar, Hrčak, Medline, Cochrane i ResearchGate. Visoko educirane medicinske sestre ključne su osoba za prevenciju i kontrolu širenja pandemije COVID-19 kod starijih osoba. Uloge visoko educiranih medicinskih sestara u skrbi za starije osobe u pandemiji COVID-19 uključuju edukaciju, provođenje zdravstvene skrbi, koordinaciju pristupa zdravstvenim uslugama, promicanje zdravlja za osnaživanje. Visoko educirane medicinske sestre važne su osobe u zdravstvenom sustavu čije su uloge odgovaranje na potrebe pacijenata i njegove obitelji, posebno među ranjivim skupinama, uključujući starije osobe.Although aging is an almost universal truth that everyone experiences throughout life, it is crucial to understand both the clinical and epidemiological importance of this process. Aging brings about a series of changes in the entire spectrum of body systems, which require special care and management. Biologically speaking, aging is a chronic, normal culmination of the loss of specific regenerative and bioprotective mechanisms that occur in the body over time. Aging in itself is a physiological process, that is, a normal phase of a person's life, which begins at the moment of birth and ends at the moment of death. The care process in nursing homes has developed significantly over the last few decades. The demographics of nursing home residents have evolved over time, as has the proportion of the population seeking nursing home care. The coronavirus disease that emerged in Wuhan, China has had a catastrophic effect on the world, resulting in more than 6 million deaths worldwide. General data show that more than half of the people diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 virus infection are over 60 years old, a segment of the population that most often has more severe symptoms of the disease. The aim of the diploma thesis is to show, through a systematic review of the literature, how much and in what way the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the health and well-being of elderly people who are placed in homes for the elderly. The searched literature was available in scientific and citation databases, which included PubMed, Google Scholar, Hrčak, Medline, Cochrane and ResearchGate. The roles of highly educated nurses in the care of the elderly in the COVID-19 pandemic include education, health care delivery, coordination of access to health services, health promotion for empowerment. Highly educated nurses are important people in the health system whose roles are to respond to the needs of patients and their families, especially among vulnerable groups, including the elderly

    Physiotherapy intervention in osteoporotic (compression) vertebral fractures

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    Osteoporotski (kompresivni) prijelomi kralježaka predstavljaju ozbiljan zdravstveni problem za bilo kojeg pacijenta, no posebno su izraženiji problem kod starije populacije. Fizioterapija ima ključnu ulogu u procesu oporavka, smanjujući bol, poboljšavajući pokretljivost i funkcionalnost, te sprečavajući daljnje komplikacije poput gubitka mišićne mase i ravnoteže. Primjena specifičnih vježbi za jačanje mišića trupa, stabilizaciju kralježnice i poboljšanje držanja s edukacijom pacijenata o pravilnom načinu kretanja i očuvanju kostiju, doprinosi značajnom poboljšanju kvalitete života. Primjena tehnika za ublažavanje boli, kao što su terapijske vježbe, manualna terapija te fizikalne procedure, mogu pomoći u smanjenju simptoma i omogućiti brži povratak svakodnevnim aktivnostima. Rana intervencija i multidisciplinarni pristup, koji uključuje suradnju između liječnika, fizioterapeuta i drugih stručnjaka, ključni su za uspješno liječenje osteoporotskih prijelomima kralježaka. Dugoročni ciljevi fizioterapije trebaju biti usmjereni na prevenciju daljnjih prijeloma kroz promicanje aktivnog i zdravog načina života, prilagođene vježbe, te redovito praćenje gustoće kostiju i općeg stanja pacijenata. Sveobuhvatnim pristupom moguće je značajno smanjiti rizik od ponovnih prijeloma i unaprijediti njihovu kvalitetu života. Također, bitna je i edukacija obitelji te bližnjih kako bi mogli pružiti što više potpore i podrške pacijentu te mu tako omogućiti bolje psihičko ali i fizičko stanje.Osteoporotic compression fractures of the vertebrae represent a serious health difficulty for any patient, but they are a particularly pronounced problem in the elderly population. The recovery journey significantly benefits from physiotherapy, which aids in diminishing pain, boosting mobility and functional abilities, and preventing complications like muscle loss and imbalance. The use of specific exercises to strengthen trunk muscles, stabilize the spine, and improve posture, together with educating patients about proper movement and bone preservation, contributes to a significant improvement in quality of life. Pain-relieving techniques, such as manual therapy, electrotherapy, and kinesitherapy, can help reduce symptoms and enable a quicker return to daily activities. Early intervention and a multidisciplinary approach, which includes collaboration between doctors, physiotherapists, and other specialists, are key to the successful treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. The long-term goals of physiotherapy should be aimed at preventing further fractures by promoting an active and healthy lifestyle, adapted exercises, and regular monitoring of bone density and the general condition of patients. With a comprehensive approach, it is possible to significantly reduce the risk of repeated fractures and improve their quality of life. It's essential to inform family members and relatives to ensure they can provide significant support to the patient, helping enhance their mental and physical health

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