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Homogenization of cadastral maps
No full textKatastarski planovi koji su danas u službenoj uporabi nastali su pretežito grafičkom izmjerom tijekom 19. stoljeća. Izrađeni su najsuvremenijom tehnologijama i metodologijama u to doba, ali tada postignuta točnost danas više nije zadovoljavajuća. Katastar je postao višenamjenski i osim svoje osnovne porezne svrhe ima primjene u građevini, prostornom planiranju, zaštiti okoliša i mnogim drugim područjima. Precrtavanje katastarskih planova u digitalni zapis obavljeno 2000-ih godina nije bilo dovoljno kako bi se poboljšala njihova točnost, te je odlučeno kako će se morati napraviti homogenizacija katastarskih planova. U ovome radu analizirati će se pozadina i nastanak katastarskih planova, postupak njihove digitalizacije i poboljšanja, detaljno razraditi postupak homogenizacije te analizirati poboljšanje katastarskog plana ostvareno homogenizacijom na konkretnim primjerima.The cadastral maps that are today in official use were created mainly by graphical survey during the 19th century. They were made with the most advanced technologies and methodologies at the time, but the accuracy achieved then is no longer satisfactory today. The cadastre has become multifunctional and, in addition to its basic tax purpose, has application in construction, land planning, environmental protection and many other areas. The redrawing cadastral maps into a digital form was not enough to improve their accuracy, and it was decided that they would have to be homogenized. This paper will analyze the background and creation of cadastral maps, the process of their digitization and improvement, elaborate in detail the process of homogenization and analyze the improvement of the cadastral plan achieved by homogenization on concrete examples
Managing the security aspects of the tehnical component of business information systems
No full textS ciljem povećanja produktivnosti i olakšanja korištenja usluga, suvremena poduzeća redovito koriste razne tehničke uređaje unutar svoje organizacije. Ovaj rad analizira sigurnosne aspekte i povezene rizike kroz pet kategorija uređaja koji se najčešće koriste u poslovnom okruženju, a mogu predstavljati značajan sigurnosni izazov: višenamjenski pisači, USB memorije, BYOD, aktivna mrežna oprema i POS terminali.
Cilj rada usmjeren je na otkrivanje ključnih sigurnosnih prijetnji vezanih uz tehničku komponentu poslovno-informacijskih sustava te analizirati potencijalne učinke koje bi nastup takve prijetnje imao na organizaciju, bilo to financijske ili nefinancijske prirode.
Temeljem istraživanja i karakterističnih primjera u kojima su specifični rizici nastupili, a u skladu s poslovnom praksom, rad definira tehničke i organizacijske mjere zaštite kojima je cilj ublažiti ili ukloniti rizik odnosno umanjiti njegove negativne posljedice.
Jedan od ključnih zaključaka je da tehničke mjere same po sebi nisu dovoljne, već se njihova primjena mora kombinirati s jasnim internim politikama i redovitom edukacijom zaposlenika s obzirom na to da je ljudski faktor često najslabija karika u sustavu informacijske sigurnosti.In order to increase productivity and facilitate the use of services, modern companies regularly use various technical devices within their organizations. This paper analyses the security aspects and associated risks across five categories of devices most commonly used in business environments, which may pose significant security challenges: multifunction printers, USB flash drives, BYOD (Bring Your Own Device), active network equipment, and POS terminals.
The aim of this paper is to identify key security threats related to the technical components of business information systems and to analyse the potential impact such threats may have on an organization, whether of a financial or non-financial nature.
Based on research and characteristic examples in which specific risks have materialized, and in accordance with business practices, the paper defines technical and organizational protection measures aimed at mitigating or eliminating risks, or at least reducing their negative consequences.
One of the key conclusions is that technical measures alone are not sufficient; their implementation must be combined with clear internal policies and regular employee education, considering that the human factor is often the weakest link in the information security system
Vojta therapy in children with cerebral palsy
No full textCerebralna paraliza (CP) predstavlja skupinu trajnih poremećaja pokreta i posturalne kontrole koji nastaju kao posljedica oštećenja nezrelog mozga u ranom razvoju. Djeca s CP-om suočavaju se s različitim motoričkim i funkcionalnim ograničenjima koja značajno utječu na kvalitetu njihova života. S obzirom na to da ne postoji univerzalni lijek za CP, rehabilitacija igra ključnu ulogu u poboljšanju funkcionalnosti i neovisnosti djece. Jedna od najvažnijih metoda fizioterapije u ovom području je Vojta terapija, koja se temelji na principima refleksne lokomocije. Ova terapija aktivira urođene motoričke obrasce putem specifičnih podražaja, potičući neurološke mehanizme odgovorne za kretanje i držanje tijela. Cilj ovog rada je analizirati učinke Vojta terapije kod djece s cerebralnom paralizom, s posebnim naglaskom na poboljšanje posturalne kontrole, pokretljivosti, neuroplastičnosti i respiratornih funkcija. Pregledom literature i rezultata kliničkih studija, utvrđeno je da Vojta terapija može imati značajne pozitivne učinke, posebice u ranoj dobi kada je neuroplastičnost mozga najveća. Osim poboljšanja motoričkih sposobnosti, terapija može doprinijeti boljoj funkciji govora, oralne motorike i disanja. Usporedbom s drugim rehabilitacijskim metodama, poput Bobath koncepta i senzorne integracije, Vojta terapija se pokazala učinkovitim pristupom, no zbog svoje intenzivnosti i zahtjevnosti, zahtijeva visok stupanj edukacije fizioterapeuta i angažiranost roditelja. Unatoč dokazanim prednostima, još uvijek su potrebna daljnja istraživanja kako bi se utvrdili dugoročni ishodi terapije te njezina optimalna integracija u multidisciplinarne rehabilitacijske programe.Cerebral palsy (CP) represents a group of permanent disorders of movement and postural control that occur as a result of damage to the immature brain in early development. Children with CP face various motor and functional limitations that significantly affect their quality of life. Given that there is no universal cure for CP, rehabilitation plays a key role in improving children's functionality and independence. One of the most important physiotherapy methods in this area is Vojta therapy, which is based on the principles of reflex locomotion. This therapy activates innate motor patterns through specific stimuli, stimulating the neurological mechanisms responsible for body movement and posture. The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of Vojta therapy in children with cerebral palsy, with special emphasis on improving postural control, mobility, neuroplasticity, and respiratory functions. By reviewing the literature and the results of clinical studies, it was determined that Vojta therapy can have significant positive effects, especially at an early age when brain plasticity is greatest. In addition to improving motor skills, therapy can contribute to better speech, oral motor, and breathing functions. By comparison with other rehabilitation methods, such as the Bobath concept and sensory integration, Vojta therapy has proven to be an effective approach, but due to its intensity and demands, it requires a high degree of therapist education and parental involvement. Despite the proven benefits, further research is still needed to determine the long-term outcomes of the therapy and its optimal integration into multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs
The importance and role of lifelong learning for teachers in primary and secondary schools
No full textOvaj rad istražuje utjecaj sudjelovanja u programima cjeloživotnog učenja na profesionalni razvoj, zadovoljstvo, motivaciju i prilagodljivost nastavnika osnovnih i srednjih škola. Rezultati pokazuju da učestalo sudjelovanje u ovim programima značajno doprinosi većem profesionalnom zadovoljstvu, percepciji važnosti cjeloživotnog učenja i prilagodljivosti promjenama. Iako institucionalna podrška igra važnu ulogu u omogućavanju sudjelovanja, ključni motivacijski faktor ostaje osobna želja za razvojem i učenjem. Rad ističe potrebu za poticanjem nastavnika na sudjelovanje kroz dostupne i kvalitetne edukacijske sadržaje te ukazuje na važnost cjeloživotnog učenja u osiguravanju kvalitete obrazovanja.This paper investigates the impact of participation in lifelong learning programs on the professional development, satisfaction, motivation and adaptability of primary and secondary school teachers. The results show that frequent participation in these programs significantly contributes to greater professional satisfaction, the perception of the importance of lifelong learning and adaptability to changes. Although institutional support plays an important role in enabling participation, the key motivating factor remains the personal desire to develop and learn. The paper highlights the need to encourage teachers to participate through available and high-quality educational content and points to the importance of lifelong learning in ensuring the quality of education
The Association Between Physical Activity Levels, Depressions, Stress and Anxiety among students of University North
No full textUvod: suvremeni stil života, osobito među studentskom populacijom, karakterizira nedostatak tjelesne aktivnosti i sve izraženiji sjedilački način života. Takav način života povezuje se s porastom učestalosti mentalnih tegoba poput anksioznosti, stresa i depresije. Povećana zastupljenost tehnologije dodatno potiče pasivnost i smanjuje socijalne interakcije. Sve to negativno utječe na psihofizičko zdravlje studenata. Cilj završnog rada bio je utvrditi može li tjelesna aktivnost imati zaštitni učinak na mentalno zdravlje mladih odraslih osoba.
Metode istraživanja: U istraživačkom dijelu korišten je anketni upitnik koji je uključivao standardiziranu Skalu depresije, anksioznosti i stresa (Syd i Peter Lovibond, 1995.) te upitnik o razini tjelesne aktivnosti (WHO, 1998.). Uzorak je uključivao studente Sveučilišta Sjever u Varaždinu, a prikupljeni podaci obrađeni su kako bi se ispitala međusobna povezanost promatranih varijabli.
Rezultati: Uočena je značajna povezanost između razine tjelesne aktivnosti i simptoma depresije, stresa i anksioznosti. Studenti s višom razinom tjelesne aktivnosti imali su značajno niže vrijednosti depresije, anksioznosti i stresa.
Rasprava: Dobiveni rezultati u skladu su s istraživanjima Jian Guo (2025.), koji potvrđuju zaštitni učinak tjelesne aktivnosti na mentalno zdravlje. Također, nalazi se podudaraju s istraživanjem od Stubbs i sur. (2017.) koji navode da i tjelesna aktivnost može značajno smanjiti simptome depresije. Istraživanje dodatno potvrđuje važnost integriranja tjelesne aktivnosti u studentski život kao oblik prevencije mentalnih poteškoća.Introduction: The modern lifestyle, especially among the student population, is characterized by a lack of physical activity and an increasingly sedentary way of life. Such a lifestyle is associated with a rise in the prevalence of mental health issues such as anxiety, stress, and depression. The increased presence of technology further encourages passivity and reduces social interactions. All of this negatively affects the psychophysical health of students. The aim of this thesis was to determine whether physical activity can have a protective effect on the mental health of young adults.
Research Methods: In the research section, a survey questionnaire was used, which included the standardized Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Syd and Peter Lovibond, 1995) as well as a questionnaire on the level of physical activity (WHO, 1998). The sample included students from the University North in Varaždin, and the collected data were processed to examine the interrelationship between the observed variables.
Results: A significant correlation was observed between the level of physical activity and symptoms of depression, stress, and anxiety. Students with a higher level of physical activity had significantly lower scores of depression, anxiety, and stress.
Discussion: The obtained results are consistent with the research by Jian Guo (2025), which confirms the protective effect of physical activity on mental health. The findings also align with the study by Stubbs et al. (2017), which states that physical activity can significantly reduce symptoms of depression. This research further confirms the importance of integrating physical activity into student life as a form of prevention of mental health issues
Mycotoxins in Plant Based Drinks from Croatian Market
No full textBiljni napitci sve su češća zamjena za mlijeko životinjskog podrijetla.. Unatoč njihovoj
rastućoj popularnosti, procjena rizika od mikotoksina u biljnim napitcima još uvijek nije
uspostavljena. Zbog toga je u ovom istraživanju analizirana 44 biljna napitka dostupna na
hrvatskom tržištu.:11 uzoraka zobenog, 8 rižinog, 7 od sojinog, 10 bademovog, po 2 kokosova i
2 lješnjakova te 4 uzorka mješavina biljnih napitaka (zob i badem, zob i lješnjak, zob i kokos)..
Svi navedeni uzorci analizirani su multitoksinskom LC-MS/MS metodom.
Utvrđeno je da su uzorci biljnih napitaka kontaminirani mikotoksinima, odnosno sekundarnim
metabolitima koje proizvode gljive i plijesni:. Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. i
Penicillium spp. Mikotoksin ehinulin koji je sekundarni metabolit Aspergillus spp. pronađen je u
57% uzoraka. Također su pronađeni mikotoksini koje proizvodi Alterniaria spp.: alternariol,
alternariol monometil eter i tenuazonska kiselina, upravo za ova 3 mikotoksina definiran je
zakonodavni okvir. Europska agencija za sigurnost hrane donijela je preporuku za praćenje
mikotoksina eniatina koji proizvodi Fusarium spp., prema našim rezultatima pronađeni su sva 4
oblika eniatin mikotoksina. Od ostalih mikotoksina koji proizvodi Fusarium spp. pronađeni su
mikotoksini bovericin, moniliformin i zearalenon.
Osim mikotoksina u uzorcima pronađeni su fitoestroegeni i mnogi biljni metaboliti. Ovi
rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za preventivnim mjerama i jasnim zakonodavnim okvirom kako bi se
osigurala sigurnost biljne hrane i napitaka.Plant-based beverages have emerged as increasingly popular alternatives to dairy milk. Despite
their widespread consumption, comprehensive risk assessments regarding mycotoxin
contamination in these products remain limited. This study analyzed 44 plant-based beverages
commercially available on the Croatian market, comprising 11 oat, 8 rice, 7 soy, 10 almond, 2
coconut, 2 hazelnut, and 4 mixed formulations (e.g., oat-almond, oat-hazelnut, oat-coconut). All
samples were analyzed using a validated multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography–tandem mass
spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.
The results revealed that the samples were contaminated with various mycotoxins—secondary
metabolites synthesized by fungal genera including Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium
spp., and Penicillium spp. Notably, echinulin, a metabolite of Aspergillus spp., was detected in
57% of the analyzed samples. Several Alternaria-derived mycotoxins—alternariol, alternariol
monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid—were also identified, all of which are currently under
regulatory evaluation. Additionally, four enniatin analogues, produced by Fusarium spp., were
detected, in alignment with EFSA recommendations for monitoring. Other Fusarium-related
toxins, including beauvericin, moniliformin, and zearalenone, were also detected.
Beyond mycotoxins, the presence of phytoestrogens and diverse plant-derived metabolites was
observed. These findings underscore the necessity for preventive measures and the development
of a robust regulatory framework to ensure the safety of plant-based food and beverage products
3D modeling of samples for testing the mechanical properties of PA Carbon Fiber material
No full textU ovom završnom radu se provodi statičko vlačno ispitivanje na 3D modeliranim ispisanim ispitni
uzorakma koje su oblikovane prema standardu ISO 527-2. Ispitni uzorci su proizvedeni pomoću
MakerBot Method pisača iz različitih materijala, uključujući PA carbon fiber materijala. Filament je
tanka nit materijala, najčešće plastike, koja se koristi kao sirovina u 3D ispisu. Cilj istraživanja je bio
analizirati utjecaj različitih materijala i postavki ispisa na mehanička svojstva uzoraka, s posebnim
naglaskom na rasteznu čvrstoću i modul elastičnosti. Statičko vlačno ispitivanje provedeno je
korištenjem kidalice Inspekt Blue 20, koja omogućava precizno mjerenje sila potrebnih za rastezanje
ispitni uzorak do njihovog loma. Rezultati ispitivanja pružili su usporedbu mehaničkih svojstava
uzoraka izrađenih različitim materijalima, što omogućuje detaljan uvid u njihovu čvrstoću i otpornost
na deformacije. Zaključak istraživanja naglašava značajan utjecaj vrste materijala i parametara 3D
ispisa na mehaničke karakteristike ispitivanih ispitnih uzoraka, što je od posebne važnosti za
industrijsku primjenu 3D ispisanih dijelova.In this final work, static tensile testing is performed on 3D modeled printed test specimens
that are shaped according to the ISO 527-2 standard. Specimens were manufactured using a
MakerBot Method printer from various materials, including PA carbon fiber material. Filament is
a thin thread of material, most often plastic, that is used as a raw material in 3D printing. The aim
of the research was to analyze the influence of different materials and printing settings on the
mechanical properties of the specimens, with a special emphasis on tensile strength and elastic
modulus. Static tensile testing was performed using the Inspekt Blue 20 tensile tester, which allows
precise measurement of the forces required to stretch the test specimens until they break. The test
results provided a comparison of the mechanical properties of specimens made of different
materials, which provides a detailed insight into their strength and resistance to deformation. The
conclusion of the research emphasizes the significant influence of the type of material and 3D
printing parameters on the mechanical characteristics of the tested specimens, which is of
particular importance for the industrial application of 3D printed parts
Comparison of structural element resistance calculations using analytical and FEM methods using the example of a steel girder
No full textOvaj završni rad detaljno obrađuje analizu i dimenzioniranje čeličnog nosača za podizanje valovitih stranica primjenom dvaju suvremenih inženjerskih pristupa: analitičkog proračuna prema Eurokod normama i metode konačnih elemenata (MKE). U uvodnom dijelu izložene su temeljne značajke materijala, modeli ponašanja i osnovni principi otpornosti materijala, uključujući razradu unutarnjih i vanjskih sila, aksijalnih naprezanja te naprezanja na savijanje. Posebno su obrađeni kriteriji nosivosti, sigurnosti i dimenzioniranja svih ključnih dijelova nosača (kuka, ušica, grede, varovi), uz provedene provjere naprezanja i ispunjenosti uvjeta čvrstoće za svaku komponentu. Praktična primjena Eurokoda 1 i 3 detaljno je prikazana kroz proračune statičkih i dinamičkih opterećenja, kao i kroz dimenzioniranje zavarenih spojeva prema važećim normama. Drugi dio rada posvećen je metodi konačnih elemenata, gdje su najprije objašnjene teorijske osnove MKE, a potom prikazana praktična primjena u inženjerskoj analizi. U tu svrhu izrađen je primjer kontaktne analize između kuke i vijka u ANSYS programu, gdje su analizirani raspodjela naprezanja, plastične deformacije i kontaktni tlakovi u kritičnim zonama spoja. Uz to, u radu je proveden i proračun kompletnog nosača metodom konačnih elemenata u ANSYS-u, čime je omogućena detaljna procjena ponašanja konstrukcije pod realnim opterećenjima, uključujući analizu svih ključnih dijelova konstrukcije. Na kraju rada napravljena je usporedba rezultata dobivenih analitičkim proračunom i numeričkom analizom u ANSYS-u, čime su prikazane sličnosti i razlike između tradicionalnog pristupa proračunu i suvremenih numeričkih metoda, te mogućnosti njihove primjene u inženjerskoj praksi.This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis and design of a steel lifting beam for corrugated panel handling, employing two contemporary engineering approaches: analytical calculation according to Eurocode standards and the finite element method (FEM). The introductory section presents the fundamental material properties, behavioral models, and basic principles of strength of materials, including the analysis of internal and external forces, axial stresses, and bending stresses. Special attention is given to the load-bearing capacity, safety, and dimensioning criteria for all key beam components (hook, lug, beam, welds), with stress checks and strength verifications for each part. The practical application of Eurocode 1 and 3 is demonstrated through detailed calculations of static and dynamic loads, as well as the dimensioning of welded joints in accordance with current standards. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the finite element method, first explaining its theoretical background and then illustrating its practical application in engineering analysis. For this purpose, an example of contact analysis between the hook and the bolt in ANSYS software is provided, including the evaluation of stress distribution, plastic deformations, and contact pressures in critical joint zones. Additionally, the thesis includes a complete FEM calculation of the lifting beam in ANSYS, enabling a detailed assessment of the structure’s behavior under real loads, with analysis of all key structural elements. At the end of the thesis, a comparison of results obtained by analytical calculation and numerical analysis in ANSYS is presented, highlighting the similarities and differences between the traditional calculation approach and modern numerical methods, as well as their applicability in engineering practice
The influence of breathing on the quality of singing
No full textZavršni rad obrađuje temu disanja kao faktora koji utječe na kvalitetu pjevanja s posebnim naglaskom na fiziološke, tehničke i vokalne aspekte pravilnog disanja pri pjevanju. Disanje, iako fiziološki proces, u pjevanju postaje svjesna radnja koja utječe na ton, izdržljivost i izražajnost glasa. Analizom anatomije respiratornog sustava objašnjava se uloga pojedinih struktura, kao što su fonatorni organi, dijafragma, međurebreni mišići i pluća u procesu pjevanja s ciljem pojašnjavanja činjenice da kvalitetno pjevanje nije moguće bez pravilne koordinacije disanja i glasa.
U srednjem dijelu rada detaljno su obrađene različite vrste disanja: klavikularno, kostalno, abdominalno, te posebno kosto-abdominalno disanje, koje se smatra najučinkovitijom metodom za vokalne profesionalce. Takav način disanja aktivira sve ključne mišiće, omogućavajući maksimalnu iskoristivost pluća i stabilnu fonaciju. Naglašava se da pravilno disanje poboljšava podršku glasu, jača kontrolu izdaha, produžava trajanje tona i smanjuje napetost u vratu i grkljanu.
Uz navedeno, rad analizira razliku između govornog i pjevačkog disanja, naglašavajući da pjevanje zahtjeva bolju kontrolu, dubinu i ekonomičnost daha koji je potreban za izvođenje pjevačke fraze. Glas je alat kojim se izražavaju emocije, karakter i interpretacija vokalnog profesionalca. Poseban naglasak se stavlja na važnost svjesne kontrole disanja, koja ne nastaje sama od sebe, nego učenjem, praksom i vježbom. U završnom dijelu rada navedene su korisne vježbe disanja, koje su usmjerene na unapređenje vokalne tehnike, jačanje dijafragme i učinkovito produljenje faze izdaha.
Zaključno, disanje nije samo proces koji se odvija u tijelu, već temelj svakog vokalnog izraza. Ono nije samo tehnička osnova, već i pokretač pjevačkog izraza. Ispravno disanje omogućuje pjevaču tehničku sigurnost, izražavanje emocija i dugoročno očuvanje glasa. Pravilnim disanjem vokalni profesionalac dobiva sigurnost, slobodu i mogućnost optimalne uporabe glasa.This final paper explores the topic of breathing as a factor influencing the quality of singing, with special emphasis on the physiological, technical, and vocal aspects of proper breathing during singing. Although breathing is a physiological process, in singing it becomes a conscious action that affects tone, endurance, and vocal expressiveness. By analyzing the anatomy of the respiratory system, the paper explains the roles of specific structures such as the phonatory organs, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and lungs in the singing process, aiming to clarify that quality singing is not possible without proper coordination of breathing and voice.
The central part of the paper provides a detailed examination of different types of breathing: clavicular, costal, abdominal, and especially costo-abdominal breathing, which is considered the most effective method for vocal professionals. This type of breathing activates all key muscles, enabling maximum lung capacity and stable phonation. It is emphasized that proper breathing improves vocal support, strengthens exhalation control, extends tone duration, and reduces tension in the neck and larynx.
Additionally, the paper analyzes the difference between speech and singing breathing, highlighting that singing requires better control, depth, and economical use of breath necessary for performing vocal phrases. The voice is a tool for expressing emotion, character, and interpretation by a vocal professional. Special attention is given to the importance of conscious breath control, which does not develop on its own but through learning, practice, and exercise. In the final part of the paper, useful breathing exercises are presented, aimed at improving vocal technique, strengthening the diaphragm, and effectively extending the exhalation phase.
In conclusion, breathing is not just a bodily process but the foundation of all vocal expression. It is not merely a technical basis but also a driving force behind vocal expression. Proper breathing provides singers with technical security, emotional expressiveness, and long-term vocal health. Through correct breathing, a vocal professional gains confidence, freedom, and the ability to use their voice to its fullest potential
Physiotherapy procedures in persons with Parkinson's disease
No full textParkinsonova bolest smatra se jednom od kroničnih bolesti središnjeg živčanog sustava koja zauzima vodeće mjesto. U svijetu, kao i kod nas događa se sve češća pojava novooboljelih slučajeva Parkinsonove bolesti. Različite su kliničke manifestacije bolesti kao i tijek i progresivnost bolesti. Iako je oboljenje od Parkinsonove bolesti karakteristično za osobe starije životne dobi, sve češće ljudi obolijevaju od nje, porastom incidencije i prevalencije bolesti, pojava novooboljelih u mlađoj životnoj dobi smatra se pod utjecajem genetske predispozicije. Kod Parkinsonove bolesti ima nekoliko glavnih simptoma koji se javljaju i napreduju, a to su: tremor, bradikinezija, rigor i posturalna nestabilnost. Kod svakog pacijenta simptomi različito napreduju i različiti je tijek progresivnosti bolesti, može dovesti do potpunog invaliditeta, a kod nekih osoba su samo blago vidljivi simptomi. Parkinsonova bolest javlja se kod svih etničkih skupina, rasa, većinom se javlja kod muške populacije, ali javlja se i kod ženske populacije u manjim postocima. Parkinsonova bolest ima više skupina po kojoj se manifestiraju određeni simptomi i tijek, a to su tremor dominantni tip, akinetički tip i mješoviti tip. Parkinsonova bolest utječe na središnji živčani sustav. Dijagnosticiranje još uvijek nije potvrđeno, a postoje i slične dijagnoze Parkinsonove bolesti zbog toga je izrazito bitno na pravilan način izraditi fizioterapijsku procjenu kako bi se postavila točna dijagnoza. Lijek za Parkinsonovu bolest još ne postoji, a medikamentoznom terapijom se utječe na smanjenje i regulaciju simptoma. Prije izrade plana terapije bitno je napraviti fizioterapijsku procjenu pacijenta i određene testove, kako bi se rehabilitacijom izradili kratkoročni i dugoročni ciljevi i odredili potrebni fizioterapijski postupci i terapijske vježbe. Glavni cilj je olakšati pacijentu svakodnevni život i svakodnevne aktivnost, vratiti koordinaciju, balans, ravnotežu, posturalnu stabilnost i poboljšati kvalitetu života pojedinca.Parkinson´s disease is considered one of the chronic diseases of the central nervous system, holding a leading position. Both globally and in our county, the occurrence of newly diagnosed cases of Parkinson´s disease is becoming increasingly common. The clinical manifestations of the disease, as well as it´s course and progression, vary. Although Parkinson´s disease typically affects older individuals, it is increasingly being diagnosed at a younger age. The rise in incidence and prevalence of the disease, along with the appearance of the new cases among younger individuales, is thought to be influenced by genetic predisposition. Parkinson´s disease includes several main symptoms that appear and progress over time. Those symptoms include tremor, bradykinesia, rigidy and postural instabilitiy. In each patient, the symptoms manifest and progress differently. The course of the disease can lead to complete disability, while in some cases only mild symptoms are present. Parkinson´s disease occurs in all ethnic groups and is more prevalent among the male population, but it is also increasingly seen in women, with a small percentage occurring in the younger population. Parkinson´s disease has two main types, the akinetic-rigid type and the tremor-dominant type. It primarily affects the central nervous system. Diagnosis is still not definitively confirmed, and due to the existence of similar diagnoses, it is extremely important to properly conduct a physiotherapeutic assessment in order to establish an accurate diagnosis. There is currently no cure for Parkinson´s disease, but through medication and therapy it is possible to reduce and manage the symptoms. Before creating a therapy plan, it is essential to perform a physiotherapeutic evaluation of the patient and specific tests, in order to set short-term and long-term goals and determine the necessary physiotherapeutic procedures and kinesiotherapeutic exercises. The main goal is to ease the patient´s daily life, restore coordination, balance, and stability and improve strength. For this reason, the most commonly used exercises are those aimed at improving strength, coordination, balance, breathing exercises, and relaxation. Among physiotherapy procedures, electrotherapy and massage are often used for relaxation and have a beneficial effect on symptoms