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Incidence of groin pain in football players and physiotherapy
No full textUvod: Preponska bol predstavlja značajan problem među nogometašima zbog visokih fizičkih
zahtjeva koje ovaj sport postavlja, uključujući nagle promjene smjera, sprintanje i kontaktne
situacije. Cilj rada je istražiti učestalost preponske boli među nogometašima, analizirati njezine
uzroke, te proučiti ulogu fizioterapije u liječenju i prevenciji tih ozljeda. Metode: Provedeno je
istraživanje među 57 nogometaša različitih natjecateljskih razina. Ispitanici su ispunili anketni
upitnik koji uključuje demografska pitanja i specifična pitanja vezana uz preponsku bol, koristeći
HAGOS (Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score) upitnik. Podaci su prikupljeni i analizirani
kako bi se utvrdila učestalost i karakteristike preponske boli. Rezultati: Rezultati su pokazali da je
preponska bol prisutna kod značajnog broja nogometaša, s varijacijama u učestalosti i intenzitetu
boli ovisno o dobi, trenažnom iskustvu i natjecateljskom rangu. Većina ispitanika prijavila je
povremenu nelagodu u području prepona, dok je manji broj prijavio ozbiljnije simptome.
Rasprava: Analizirani su glavni faktori rizika za nastanak preponske boli, uključujući
biomehaničke faktore, prenaprezanje i nedostatak adekvatne kondicijske pripreme. Fizioterapijski
pristupi, uključujući manualnu terapiju, vježbe istezanja i jačanja, te rehabilitacijske programe,
pokazali su se ključnima u liječenju i prevenciji preponske boli. Zaključak: Preponska bol je česta
među nogometašima, a pravilno strukturirana fizioterapija može značajno doprinijeti smanjenju
simptoma i prevenciji budućih ozljeda. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bi se optimizirali
protokoli rehabilitacije i smanjio rizik od ozljeda.Introduction: Groin pain is a significant problem among footballers due to the high physical
demands that this sport puts on it, including sudden changes of direction, sprinting and contact
situations. The aim of this paper is to investigate the frequency of inguinal pain among football
players, to analyze its causes, and to study the role of physiotherapy in the treatment and prevention
of these injuries. Methods: A study was conducted among 57 football players of different
competitive levels. Respondents completed a questionnaire that includes demographic questions
and specific questions related to groin pain, using the HAGOS (Copenhagen Hip and Groin
Outcome Score) questionnaire. Data were collected and analyzed to determine the frequency and
characteristics of inguinal pain. Results: The results showed that groin pain is present in a
significant number of football players, with variations in the frequency and intensity of pain
depending on age, training experience and competitive rank. The majority of participants reported
occasional discomfort in the groin area, while a smaller number reported more severe symptoms.
Discussion: The main risk factors for ingroin pain are analyzed, including biomechanical factors,
overexertion and lack of adequate conditioning. Physiotherapy approaches, including manual
therapy, stretching and strengthening exercises, and rehabilitation programs, have proven to be
crucial in the treatment and prevention of ingroin pain. Conclusion: Groin pain is common among
football players, and properly structured physiotherapy can significantly contribute to reducing
symptoms and preventing future injuries. Further research is needed to optimize rehabilitation
protocols and reduce the risk of injury
Physiotherapy approach to people with jumper's knee
No full textSindromi prenaprezanja česta su pojava u sportaša i rekreativaca, a lokalizirani su na tetivama mišića. Koljeno je najveći i najkompleksniji zglob u ljudskom tijelu, te je najviše izložen raznim ozljedama. Jedna od takvih ozljeda je sindrom skakačkog koljena ili patelarni tendinitis. On nastaje degenerativnim promjenama, naglim pojačanjem intenziteta vježbanja i gomilanjem mikrotrauma. Javlja se s jakom boli na vrhu ivera ili na hrapavosti goljenične kosti koja smanjuje funkcionalnost, bavljenje sportom ili svakodnevne aktivnosti. Fizioterapijski pristup obuhvaća prekid aktivnosti, primjenu RICE metoda liječenja (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) i elektroterapijskih procedura, primjenu vježbi za jačanje m. quadriceps, ekscentrične vježbe, udarni val itd. Ukoliko se konzervativnim putem ne povrati funkcionalnost koljena, pristupa se operativnom liječenju. Skakačko koljeno može uzrokovati dugotrajne probleme. Samo dugotrajno sjedenje postaje nelagodno i bolno, a bavljenje sportom nezamislivo. Kako bi se na vrijeme reagiralo potrebna je detaljna klinička slika zato što se sindrom lako zamjeni s drugim dijagnozama, kao što su bursitis, ozljeda meniska, subluksacija ivera i dr. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati osnovnu patofiziologiju ozljede i simptome, te opisati metode fizioterapijske procjene i intervencije kojima se nastoji poboljšati kvaliteta života osoba sa skakačkim koljenomOverexertion syndromes are a common occurrence in athletes and recreationists, and are localized on muscle tendons. The knee is the largest and most complex joint in the human body, and is the most exposed to various injuries. One of them is the jumping knee syndrome or patellar tendinitis. It is caused by degenerative changes, a sudden increase in the intensity of exercise and the accumulation of microtraumas. It occurs with severe pain on the top of the splinter or on the roughness of the tibia, which reduces functionality, playing sports or daily activities. The physiotherapy approach includes vigorous activity, the RICE method of treatment (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) is applied, electrotherapy procedures, exercises to strengthen the quadriceps muscle, eccentric exercises, shock wave, etc. If the functionality of the knee is not restored by conservative methods, operative treatment is used. Jumper's knee can cause long-term problems. Just sitting for a long time becomes uncomfortable and painful, and playing sports is unthinkable. In order to react in time, a detailed clinical picture is necessary because the syndrome is easily replaced by other diagnoses, such as bursitis, meniscus injury, subluxation of the sliver, etc. The aim of this paper is to show the basic pathophysiology of the injury symptoms, and to describe the methods of physiotherapeutic assessment and interventions aimed at improving the quality of life of a person with jumper's knee
Quality of life of people on the hemodialysis program
No full textUvod: Liječenje procesom hemodijalize odrađuje se filtracija otpadnih tvari i vode iz krvotoka. U pacijenata sa dijagnosticiranom kroničnom bubrežnom bolesti, postupkom hemodijalize nadomješta se smanjena ili izgubljena bubrežna funkcija. Tijek hemodijalize obuhvaća izvantjelesnu cirkulaciju krvi, gdje krv prolazi kroz krvne linije i dijalizator gdje se događa filtracija otpadnih tvari i vode van iz organizma. Početak liječenja hemodijalizom napravi preokret u pacijentovom životu. Nameću se različita ograničenja koji utječu na kvalitetu života pacijenta. Utjecajem brojnih čimbenika dolazi do pogoršanja kvalitete života kod pacijenata na hemodijalizi. Sustavnim promatranjem i procjenom potrebno je poboljšati kvalitetu života pacijenta na hemodijalizi. Hemodijaliza je način liječenja koji mijenja i spašava život, ali i mijenja kvalitetu života pacijenta. Tijek liječenja obuhvaća veći dio pozornosti, dok se zanemaruju prioriteti i kvaliteta života pacijenta. Kvaliteta života označava stanje potpunog tjelesnog, mentalno i socijalnog blagostanja.
Cilj rada: Istražiti pojavnost problematike koja utječe na svakodnevno funkcioniranje u životu prije i poslije tretmana hemodijalize. Utvrditi mišljenje i stav o vlastitoj kvaliteti života, prisutnim znakovima koji smanjuju pacijentovu kvalitetu života te prepoznavanje i suzbijanje loših navika koje utječu na kvalitetu života.
Metoda: Istraživanje se provelo u Općoj bolnici Varaždin u Centru za hemodijalizu u trajanju od 30. kolovoza do 06. rujna 2024. godine. Provedba istraživanja zahtijevala je odobrenje etičkog povjerenstva Opće bolnice Varaždin. Provela sa anonimna anketa koja se sadržavala 19 pitanja, od kojih je prvih četiri pitanja bilo u vezi sociodemografskih obilježja, a ostalih 15 u vezi ispitivanja stavova i mišljenja o kvaliteti života. U ispitivanju je sudjelovalo 76 pacijenata od ukupno njih 87 na kroničnom programu hemodijalize. Dobiveni podatci obrađeni su putem Microsoft Excela i prikazani putem grafova i tablice.
Rezultati: Analizom podataka utvrđeno je da u populaciji osoba starije životne dobi prevladava zadovoljstvo vlastitom kvalitetom života neovisno o prisutnim fizičkim i kognitivnim ograničenjima i/ili oštećenja. Usporedno, u mlađoj populaciji se javlja veće nezadovoljstvo vlastitom kvalitetom života.
Zaključak: Utjecajem mnogobrojnih čimbenika smanjuje se kvaliteta života pacijenata na hemodijalizi. Procjenom emocionalnog i tjelesnog stanja, medicinska sestra/tehničar u suradnji sa liječnikom nefrologom planira i provodi intervencije za poboljšanje kvalitete života pacijenata na kroničnom programu hemodijalize.Introduction: Hemodialysis treatment involves the filtration of waste materials and water from the bloodstream. In patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis replaces reduced or lost kidney function. The course of hemodialysis includes extracorporeal blood circulation, where the blood passes through the blood lines and the dialyzer, where waste substances and water are filtered out of the body. The start of hemodialysis treatment turns the patient's life around. Various restrictions are imposed that affect the patient's quality of life. Due to the influence of numerous factors, the quality of life of hemodialysis patients deteriorates. It is necessary to improve the quality of life of a hemodialysis patient through systematic observation and assessment. Hemodialysis is a treatment method that changes and saves life, but also changes the patient's quality of life. The course of treatment occupies most of the attention, while the patient's priorities and quality of life are neglected. Quality of life means a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
Research goals: To investigate the occurrence of problems that affect daily functioning in life before and after hemodialysis treatment. Determine the opinion and attitude about one's own quality of life, the present signs that reduce the patient's quality of life, and the recognition and suppression of bad habits that affect the quality of life.
Methods: The research was conducted at Varaždin General Hospital in the Hemodialysis Center from August 30 to September 6, 2024. The implementation of the research required the approval of the Ethics Committee of Varaždin General Hospital. An anonymous survey was conducted, which contained 19 questions, of which the first four questions were related to sociodemographic characteristics, and the other 15 were related to examining attitudes and opinions about the quality of life. 76 patients out of a total of 87 on a chronic hemodialysis program participated in the study. The obtained data were processed using Microsoft Excel and presented using graphs and tables.
Results: Data analysis revealed that in the population of elderly people, satisfaction with their own quality of life prevails, regardless of the presence of physical and cognitive limitations and/or impairments. Comparatively, the younger population is more dissatisfied with their own quality of life.
Conclusion: The quality of life of hemodialysis patients decreases due to the influence of numerous factors. By assessing the emotional and physical state, the nurse/technician in collaboration with the nephrologist plans and implements interventions to improve the quality of life of patients on a chronic hemodialysis program
Ankle joint injuries: review literature
No full textU ovom radu proveden je pregled literature ozljeda skočnog zgloba, analizirani su svi dostupni, besplatni i puni tekstovi, uključujući sve tipove članaka na temu ozljede gležnja, kod oba spola, svih dobnih skupina. Pretraživane su internetske baze podataka PubMed, Pedro i Scoupus, uzimajući u obzir studije koje su publicirane od 2019. do 2024. godine.
Uganuće skočnog zgloba je dijagnoza koja se najčešće viđa kod sportaša, kako kod amatera, tako i kod profesionalaca. Dešava se, naravno, i osobama koje nisu pretjerano tjelesni aktivne, ali u manjem postotku.
Kada dođe do ozljede bitno je uzeti anamnezu, utvrditi trenutno stanje ozlijeđenog i odrediti prioritet zbrinjavanja i pregledati ostale ekstremitete. Prijelom karakterizira: bol, deformacija, patološka pokretljivost, krckanje, gubitak funkcije. U slučaju sumnje na bilo koju vrstu teže ozljede potrebno je učiniti sljedeće: držati ozlijeđeni gležanj u povišenom položaju, staviti hladni oblog i obaviti transport u zdravstvenu ustanovu.
Ciljevi rehabilitacije su prevencija edema, prevencija komplikacija, poticanje stvaranja kalusa, uspostavljanje funkcije. Obavezno što prije krenuti s mobilizacijom i opterećenjem, opterećenje postupno, razmišljati o komplikacijama i trajanju liječenja.In this paper, a literature review of ankle joint injuries was conducted, all available, free and full texts were analyzed, including all types of articles on the topic of ankle injuries, in both sexes, of all age groups. Internet databases PubMed, Pedro and Scoupus were searched, taking into account studies published from 2019 to 2024.
Sprained ankle joint is a diagnosis that is most often seen in athletes, both amateurs and professionals. It happens, of course, to people who are not excessively physically active, but in a smaller percentage.
When an injury occurs, it is important to take an anamnesis, determine the current condition of the injured person and determine the priority of treatment, examine the other extremities and perform laboratory tests. A fracture is characterized by: pain, deformation, pathological mobility, crunching, loss of function. In case of any suspicion of any type of serious injury, the following should be done: transport to a health facility, radiographic findings.
The goals of rehabilitation are prevention of edema, prevention of complications, stimulation of callus formation, restoration of function. It is mandatory to start with mobilization and loading as soon as possible, loading gradually, without passive exercises if possible, thinking about complications and duration of treatment
Professional supervision on the project of construction of a type transformer station
No full textOvaj rad analizira trenutni status procesa inženjerskog nadzora u građevinskim i
infrastrukturnim projektima izgradnje transformatorskih stanica s priključnim kabelskim vodom.
U radu se donosi opći opis projekta tipske trafostanice i priključnog kabelskog voda, kao i
sudionika u procesu izgradnje istog. Ukazuje se na odredbe zakonskih i podzakonskih akata,
alate za praćenje razvoja procesa izgradnje kao i na ključne elemente i kritične točke procesa
provedbe stručnog nadzora nad izgradnjom transformatorske stanice s priključnim kabelskim
vodom. Prikaz postupka provedbe stručnog nadzora donesen je na temelju opsežnog istraživanja
literature i prikupljanja informacija od stručnjaka kroz stvarne procese u elektroprivrednoj
industriji. Na taj je način ostvarena precizno opisana kontrola gradnje u skladu s glavnim
projektom i programom kontrole i osiguranja kvalitete. Sustavom provedbe stručnog nadzora,
prikazanim u ovom radu, zadovoljavaju se visoki standardi osiguranja kvalitete i sigurnosti,
neophodni za ispravno izvođenje projekta trafostanice s priključnim kabelskim vodom.This paper analyzes the current status of the process of engineering supervision in
construction and infrastructure projects of the construction of transformer stations with
connecting cable lines. The paper provides a general description of the project of the type
substation and the connecting cable line, as well as the participants in the process of its
construction The provisions of legal and by-laws, tools for monitoring the development of the
construction process, as well as the key elements and critical points of the process of
implementing expert supervision over the construction of a transformer station with a connecting
cable line are pointed out. The depiction of the engineering supervision process is based on the
extensive literature research and information gathered from experts through real processes in the
electrical industry. In this way, precisely described construction control was achieved in
accordance with the main project and the quality control and assurance program. The engineering
supervision system presented in this paper meets the high standards of quality and safety
necessary for the correct execution of the transformer station project with connecting cable lines
Quality assurance during commissioning of solar power plants
No full textU vremenu kada svijet iz dana u dan postaje zagađeniji, sve više ljudi počinje razmišljati o korištenju obnovljivih izvora energije. Na čelu različitih obnovljivih izvora energije, predvodi solarna energija zbog svoje ekološke i cjenovne prihvatljivosti, dugoročne održivosti i efikasnosti. Postavljanjem solarnih elektrana na krovove zgrada, kuća, poslovnih objekata ili livada, dobivamo električnu energiju bez ispuštanja štetnih plinova. Paneli postaju ekonomičniji, učinkovitiji i dugotrajniji, a sami korisnici energetski neovisniji.
Tijekom projektiranja solarnih elektrana važno je osiguranje kvalitete kako bi cijeli sustav bio što učinkovitiji i dugotrajniji, a ujedno i sigurniji za ljude i okoliš. Kroz ključne aspekte i metode osigurava se dugoročna pouzdanost solarnih sustava. Različite norme i propisi pridonose sigurnosti svih korisnika, ali i montera solarnih elektrana. Valja ukazati i na nužnost održavanja visoke razine kvalitete u svim etapama instaliranja solarnih elektrana. Neke od bitnijih etapa su planiranje, izbor opreme, izgradnja, puštanje u pogon te održavanje. Svaka od tih etapa izgradnje ima svoje kritične točke. Kako bi se te kritične točke otklonile, ključno je poštivati norme, izabrati kvalitetnu opremu te angažirati certificirane izvođače.
Ovim se radom propituju i istražuju potrebne mjere osiguranja kvalitete, nužne za postizanje sigurnog rada solarnih elektrana, uključujući i odabir primjerene opreme i montaže. Analizirani su tehnički normativi da bi sustav bio usklađen s najvišim kriterijima. U radu se velika pozornost pridaje puštanju solarnih elektrana u pogon. Pri puštanju u pogon, važno je obratiti pozornost na konzistentnost sa zakonima, električna ispitivanja, zaštitu radnika te izradu izvještaja. Također, dio završnoga rada dotiče se i održavanja solarnih elektrana čime se osigurava njihova dugotrajnost i efikasnost te izbor kvalitetne opreme.At a time when the world is becoming more polluted day by day, more and more people are starting using renewable energy sources. At the forefront of various renewable energy sources is solar energy, due to its environmental and price acceptability, long-term sustainability and very good efficiency. By placing solar power plants on the roofs of buildings, houses, business buildings or meadows, we obtain electricity without releasing harmful gases. Panels become more economical, efficient and long-lasting, and the users themselves become more energy independent.
During the design of solar power plants, quality assurance is important so that the entire system is as efficient as possible, long-lasting, and safer for people and the environment. Long-term reliability of solar systems is ensured through key aspects and methods. Various norms and regulations greatly contribute to the safety of all users, as well as installers of solar power plants. It should also be pointed out the necessity of maintaining a high level of quality in all stages of installing solar power plants. Some of the more important stages are planning, equipment selection, construction, commissioning and maintenance. Each of these construction stages has its own critical points. In order to eliminate these critical points, it is essential to respect the norms, choose quality equipment and involve certified contractors in all this work.
This paper explores the necessary quality assurance measures that are inevitable to achieve the safe operation of solar power plants. The paper is based on the processes and norms that are applied during the installation of photovoltaic systems, including the selection of appropriate equipment and assembly. The technical standards analyzed are important to make the system compliant with the highest criteria. In this paper, great attention is drawn to the commissioning of solar power plants. During commissioning, it is important to pay attention to compliance with laws, electrical tests, worker protection and reporting. Likewise, part of the paper focuses on the maintenance of solar power plants, which ensures their longevity and efficiency, as well as the choice of quality equipment
The making of a video feature for Croatian radio-television
No full textOvaj završni rad bavi se procesom izrade videopriloga za Hrvatsku radioteleviziju
(HRT). Rad istražuje sve ključne faze produkcije, počevši od inicijalnog istraživanja i idejnog
koncepta, zatim pisanja scenarija, snimanja i montaže. Cilj je pružiti cjelovitu sliku o koracima i
tehnikama potrebnim za stvaranje profesionalnog televizijskog sadržaja. Kroz teorijski okvir i
praktične primjere, rad analizira specifične zahtjeve i standarde HRT-a.This final undergraduate thesis deals with the process of creating video attachments for
Croatian Radio and Television (HRT). The work explores all the key stages of production,
starting with the initial research and idea concept, then writing the script, shooting and editing.
The goal is to provide a complete picture of the steps and techniques required to create
professional television content. Through the theoretical framework and practical examples, the
paper analyzes the specific requirements and standards of HRT
Impact of video streaming subscription services on consumer behavior
No full textVideo streaming pretplatničke usluge transformiraju način na koji potrošači pristupaju
proizvodima i uslugama (video sadržaju), što značajno utječe na njihove potrošačke navike i
odluke. Zbog te dinamike, precizno procjenjivanje utjecaja ovih modela na ponašanje
potrošača postaje izazovno. Ovo istraživanje analizira različite aspekte korištenja video
streaming pretplatničkih platformi, uključujući percepciju potrošača, njihovu sklonost prema
određenim platformama, faktore koji utječu na korisničko zadovoljstvo te moguće razlike u
ponašanju potrošača među različitim sektorima pretplatničkih usluga. Ciljevi istraživanja su
ispitati percepciju korisnika o streaming platformama, analizirati utjecaj tih usluga na
potrošačke navike, identificirati ključne čimbenike koji oblikuju potrošačke odluke te istražiti
razlike u ponašanju potrošača na različitim platformama.
Hipoteze istraživanja usmjerene su na razumijevanje kako pretplatnički modeli poslovanja,
posebno u kontekstu digitalnih video platformi, utječu na potrošačko ponašanje i odluke. Kroz
analizu aspekata kao što su percepcija korisnika, preferencije prema različitim platformama,
ključni čimbenici zadovoljstva te razlike u ponašanju potrošača, rad će se baviti detaljnim
ispitivanjem uloge pretplatničkih usluga na suvremenom tržištu. Posebna pažnja bit će
posvećena razumijevanju faktora koji oblikuju odluke korisnika, uključujući cjenovnu
osjetljivost, fleksibilnost u korištenju usluga i vrijednost koju korisnici daju određenim
sadržajima.
Istraživanjem će se obuhvatiti analize percepcije potrošača o video streaming uslugama,
utjecaja tih usluga na potrošačke navike, te razmatranje različitih strategija koje platforme
mogu primijeniti kako bi zadržale korisnike u dinamičnom digitalnom okruženju. Analiza će
također uključiti razmatranje personalizacije ponude i kvalitete sadržaja, koji su ključni
čimbenici u donošenju odluka o pretplati.
Kroz sve ove aspekte, rad nastoji pružiti sveobuhvatan uvid u interakciju između digitalnih
usluga, potrošačkih preferencija i poslovnih strategija, te njihov utjecaj na tržište. Očekuje se
da će rezultati istraživanja ponuditi praktične smjernice za platforme koje žele optimizirati
svoju ponudu i privući širu bazu korisnika, doprinoseći boljem razumijevanju trendova i
inovacija u pretplatničkim modelima poslovanja.Video streaming subscription services are transforming the way consumers access products
and services (video content), which significantly affects their consumer habits and decisions.
Because of these dynamics, accurately assessing the impact of these models on consumer
behavior becomes challenging. This research analyzes various aspects of the use of video
streaming subscription platforms, including consumer perception, their preference for certain
platforms, factors influencing user satisfaction, and possible differences in consumer behavior
among different subscription service sectors. The goals of the research are to examine users'
perception of streaming platforms, analyze the impact of these services on consumer habits,
identify key factors that shape consumer decisions, and investigate differences in consumer
behavior on different platforms.
The research hypotheses are aimed at understanding how subscription business models,
especially in the context of digital video platforms, influence consumer behavior and
decisions. Through the analysis of aspects such as user perception, preferences for different
platforms, key satisfaction factors and differences in consumer behavior, the paper will deal
with a detailed examination of the role of subscription services in the modern market. Special
attention will be paid to understanding the factors that shape users' decisions, including price
sensitivity, flexibility in using services, and the value that users attach to certain content.
The research will include analyzes of consumer perception of video streaming services, the
impact of these services on consumer habits, and consideration of different strategies that
platforms can apply to retain users in a dynamic digital environment. The analysis will also
include consideration of offer personalization and content quality, which are key factors in
subscription decisions.
Through all these aspects, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the
interaction between digital services, consumer preferences and business strategies, and their
impact on the market. The results of the research are expected to offer practical guidance for
platforms that want to optimize their offer and attract a wider user base, contributing to a
better understanding of trends and innovations in subscription business models
Management of the brain-dead organ donor
No full textSmrt se može definirati kao trajni prestanak svih vitalnih funkcija organizma. U medicini postoje dvije glavne vrste smrti: klinička smrt, koja označava privremeni prestanak srčane aktivnosti i disanja, te biološka smrt, koja predstavlja nepovratni prestanak svih vitalnih funkcija, uključujući moždanu smrt, odnosno trajni prestanak funkcija mozga. Moždana smrt je ireverzibilni prekid funkcija velikog mozga, malog mozga i moždanog debla. Tri ključna nalaza za utvrđivanje moždane smrti su koma, odsutnost refleksa moždanog debla i apneja test. Utvrđivanje moždane smrti zahtijeva stroge medicinske kriterije. Proces se sastoji od tri koraka: provjera preduvjeta, klinički pregled i, prema potrebi, paraklinički testovi za potvrdu dijagnoze. Donorstvo je dobrovoljno davanje organa, krvi ili tkiva. Donori moraju biti zdravi, a proces je strogo reguliran radi sigurnosti. Transplantacija je uspješna metoda liječenja i produljenja života. Transplantiraju se i bubrezi, koža, rožnice, kosti te matične stanice. Dok presađivanje nekih organa spašava živote, druge transplantacije poboljšavaju kvalitetu života. Donorstvo je human čin, reguliran zakonima kako bi se zaštitili svi sudionici. Organi se mogu donirati od živih ili preminulih osoba, uz medicinsku procjenu kompatibilnosti i očuvanja organa. Uloga medicinske sestre/brata u utvrđivanju moždane smrti uključuje asistenciju pri testovima, uzimanje uzoraka krvi, održavanje venskog pristupa i praćenje monitora. U eksplantaciji organa, medicinska sestra/brat osigurava održavanje donora, prati vitalne funkcije, sprječava infekcije i dokumentira sve postupke.
Cilj ovog rada je pružiti sveobuhvatan pregled koncepta moždane smrti, analizirati postojeće kriterije i metode za njeno utvrđivanje, te istražiti etičke i medicinske aspekte povezane s donorstvom organa. Osim toga, rad će se osvrnuti na praksu donorstva u Republici Hrvatskoj, kako bi se razumjeli specifični izazovi i pristupi u lokalnom kontekstu. Svi podatci korišteni u završnom radu uzeti su iz stručnih knjiga i stručnih radova te stručnih članaka. Rad je podijeljen u osam poglavlja, uključujući zaključak, popis literature, popis slika i popis grafičkih prikaza te priloga.Death can be defined as the permanent cessation of all vital functions of the organism. In medicine, there are two main types of death: clinical death, which means the temporary cessation of heart activity and breathing, and biological death, which represents the irreversible cessation of all vital functions, including brain death, i.e. the permanent cessation of brain functions. Brain death is an irreversible interruption of the functions of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. The three key findings for determining brain death are coma, absence of brainstem reflexes, and the apnea test. Determining brain death requires strict medical criteria. The process consists of three steps: checking prerequisites, clinical examination and, if necessary, paraclinical tests to confirm the diagnosis. Donation is the voluntary donation of organs, blood or tissue. Donors must be healthy and the process is strictly regulated for safety. Transplantation is a successful method of treatment and life extension. Kidneys, skin, corneas, bones and stem cells are also transplanted. While some organ transplants save lives, other transplants improve quality of life. Donation is a humane act, regulated by laws to protect all participants. Organs can be donated from living or deceased persons, subject to a medical assessment of organ compatibility and preservation. The role of the nurse/brother in determining brain death includes assisting with tests, taking blood samples, maintaining venous access and monitoring monitors. In organ explantation, the nurse/brother ensures the maintenance of the donor, monitors vital functions, prevents infections and documents all procedures.
The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the concept of brain death, to analyze the existing criteria and methods for its determination, and to investigate ethical and medical aspects related to organ donation. In addition, the paper will look at the practice of donation in the Republic of Croatia, in order to understand the specific challenges and approaches in the local context. All data used in the final paper were taken from professional books and professional works and professional articles. The paper is divided into eight chapters, including a conclusion, a list of references, a list of pictures and a list of graphic representations and appendices
Analysis of the use of social networks in the young population
No full textRazvoj tehnologije i sveprisutna digitalizacija doveli su do pojave društvenih mreža kao glavnog sredstva komunikacije, posebice među mladima. Današnje mlade generacije koriste društvene mreže za učenje, razmjenu iskustava, zabavu, povezivanje s drugima, objavu sadržaja i slično. Studentska populacija je posebno zanimljiva jer je riječ o generaciji koja je odrasla uz društvene mreže i koja ih svakodnevno upotrebljava. Ovaj diplomski rad istražuje i analizira koje društvene mreže koriste studenti i mladi koji su tek završili fakultetsko obrazovanje, koliko često ih upotrebljavaju te u koje svrhe. Primarno istraživanje je provedeno pomoću anketnog upitnika na uzorku od 200 ispitanika s područja cijele Republike Hrvatske. Rezultati istraživanja prikazuju kako mladi, a posebno studenti, društvene mreže često koriste u edukativne svrhe, svakodnevno ih posjećuju, često provedu više od 2 ili 3 sata dnevno na mrežama te izgube pojam o vremenu dok ih koriste. Nerijetko su i svjedoci virtualnog nasilja na društvenim mrežama. U skladu s prethodnim istraživanjima iznesenima u radu, može se zaključiti kako mlada populacija prekomjerno koristi društvene mreže na dnevnoj bazi, pri čemu broj korisnika društvenih mreža sve više i više raste.The development of technology and ubiquitous digitization have led to the emergence of social networks as the main means of communication, especially among young people. Today's young generations use social networks to learn, share experiences, have fun, connect with others, publish content etc. The student population is particularly interesting because it is a generation that grew up with social networks and uses them every day. This thesis researches and analyzes which social networks are used by students and young people who have just finished their university education, how often they use them and for what purposes. The primary research was conducted using a survey questionnaire on a sample of 200 respondents from the entire Republic of Croatia. The results of the research show how young people, especially students, often use social networks for educational purposes, visit them every day, often spend more than 2 or 3 hours a day on the networks and lose track of time while using them. They are often witnesses of virtual violence on social networks. In accordance with the previous research presented in the paper, it can be concluded that the young population excessively uses social networks on a daily basis, with the number of social media users growing more and more