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Horizontal and Vertical Scalability of Machine Learning Methods
No full textThe main stages of Machine Learning Pipelines are considered in the paper, such as: train data collection and storage, training and scoring. The effect of the Big Data phenomenon on each of the stages is discussed. Different approaches to efficient organization of computation are on each of the stage are evaluated. In the first part of the paper we introduce the notion of horizontal and vertical scalability together with corresponding cons and pros. We consider some limitations of scaling, such as Amdahl's law. In the second part of the paper we consider scalability of data storage routines. First we discuss relational databases and scalability limitations related to ACID guarantees, which such database satisfy. Then we consider horizontally scalable non-relational databases, so called NoSQL databases. We formulate CAP-theorem as a fundamental limitation of horizontally scalable databases. The third part of the paper is dedicated to scalability of computation based on the MapReduce programming model. We discuss some implementations of this programming model, such as Hadoop and Spark together with some basic principles which they are based on. In the fourth part of the article we consider various approaches towards scaling of Machine Learning methods. We give the general statement of Machine Learning problem. Then we show how MapReduce programming model can be applied for horizontal scaling of Machine Learning methods on the example of Bayessian pattern recognition procedure. On the example of Deep Neural Networks we discuss Machine Learning methods which are not horizontally scalable. Then we consider some approaches towards vertical scaling of such methods based on GPU’s and the TensorFlow programming model.
Problems of ontological analysis use for knowledge representation in Wiki-resources
No full textThe main direction of the Wiki-technologies use for development of information resources of large volume and complex structure, focused on functioning in the open Web environment is analyzed. We substantiate the demand for intellectualization of the Wiki technology and compare various approaches for its semantic expansion. Such evaluation shows the expediency of the Semantic MediaWiki use to obtain the necessary expressive power to represent the semantics of the main elements of a Wiki resource, their properties and the relations between them. The relations between the representation of knowledge in the Semantic MediaWiki and the standards of the Semantic Web, which are used for integration of the Web-oriented intelligent software and knowledge bases are considered. The examples deal with the online version of the Big Ukrainian Encyclopedia (e-VUE) demonstrate the feasibility of us of ontological analysis and development of ontological model for the formal and unambiguous representatio of the structure and content of the knowledge base of the complex Wiki-resource. Methods and means of application of this ontological model for development of e-VUE content and more efficient retrieval and navigation in this information resource are proposed.
The modification of the meta-language of normal forms of knowledge
No full textThe set of the relations of normal forms of knowledge (alternative, concatenation, negation and iteration) is expanded by the two new relations: commitment relation – non-zero number of repetitions of some structure, non-commitment relation of some structure and structure brackets. The introduction of new relations is implemented by describing their structures with the basic relations of the meta-language of normal forms of knowledge. The text and graphical descriptions of the meta-language of normal forms of knowledge are presented, extended by the stylistic relations of the information structure descriptions. The examples of graphical variants of representing the structures of new relations between terms, which are used to self-describe the modified meta-language of normal forms of knowledge are presented with the minimally required comments. Problems in programming 2019; 3: 03-1
50 years of software engineering
No full textThe article is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the key area of informatics today - software engineering. In October 2018, it was 50 years since the conference, at which the professional community of programmers and scientists put into circulation and justified the term software engineering. The article is based on the forty-five-year experience of the author in software engineering and the purposes of the article are two. In the first, to mark an important date for the main branch of the country - the software industry, and on the second, to give a complete picture of the state of affairs in software engineering, recalling those who made a system-making scientific contribution to the development of the industry. The article consists of three sections. In the first, outlines the origins and conditions that led to the emergence of software engineering. In the second, systematic results are given and the authors of these results are indicated. At the same time, such parts of software engineering are considered: programming in the aspect of the structured programming; modularization as a basis for software reuse and reuse; life cycle modeling, the importance of which is that it not only led to life cycle management, but also opened up new processes, identified new products and resources necessary for the implementation of these processes and made it possible to move on to “programming in large” that required the creation of new methods tools and professions; empirical software engineering, now, is a section of software engineering, represented by a large number and variety of metrics, tools and methods for measuring and analyzing results; a software culture that claims that only teams with a certain culture and maturity can create high-quality and reliable software; software economics and software cost estimation models; green information technologies and software, ecosystems. The third section deals with the formulation of education in software engineering, and in particular in Ukraine.Problems in programming 2018; 4: 30-44
Maximal time of pursuit for the strategy of parallel approach
No full textPrombles in programming 2014; 4: 78-9
Монументальна галявина державного дендрологічного парку “Тростянець” НАН України: особливості формування, тенденції змін композиційної структури, сучасний стан
No full textObjective – to set changes in the composition structure of the Monumental glade of state dendropark Trostjanets of the NAS of Ukraine for the last 60 and to give the estimation of her modern state.
Material and methods. An object of researches – landscape elements of the Monumental glade (decorative arboreal groups, copsy, single trees, edge of a forest). The changes of composition structure of the Monumental glade determined by comparison of the data driven to the publications of I.N. Gegelskiy (1958) and I.A. Kosarevskiy (1964) with the data got by us in 2017–2018. Determined change in quality and quantitative floristic composition of decorative registration of glade and her bordering, in configuration of both separate decorative groups and open-space and glade on the whole, in the system of prospects and road-net. For this purpose in 2017–2018 taking of inventory of planting of glade is conducted, measurements of separate decorative groups and lateral branches are produced.
Results. For the last many trees fell out 60, that resulted in the noticeable rarity of both base-line arrays and decorative groups or to their complete destruction and to the changes in configuration and sizes of glade. The system of prospects of glade was formed by the division of her spacious territory and different geometrical form copsy by arboreal groups and separate trees on more shallow areas. The landscape of glade are organically tied up with arboreal groups and arrays that is located outside a glade and, bordering her, also participate in the construction of prospects. Certain changes happened in the system of prospects of the Monumental glade: the area of free space increased notedly; a glade became more transparent and exposed, that increased the exit of many prospects after her.
Conclusions. Both the analysis of dynamics of specific composition of the landscape planting tetifies, in time in him there are substantial changes both on natural reason (age-old aspects, interspecific competition, individual features of plants etc.) and because of anthropogenic influence. Principal reason of noticeable of the exotic trees used for decorative registration of the Monumental glade is an achievement by them the age-related border in the conditions of dendrology park. For maintenance of high-decorativeness of planting realization of the permanent monitoring of their state and change of orientation of transformation changes are needed toward a improvement. To that end it is necessary constantly to conduct the certain complex of optimization measures. Renewal of decorative groups of glade is impossible without moving away of local kinds that took the place of exotic plants. Realization of deckhouses of care limits now
Спонтанна флора Національного ботанічного саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України (м. Київ). Повідомлення 4. Адвентивні види: ксенофіти
No full textObjective — to study the species composition and structure of spontaneous flora in M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv); to summarize the information on the size and structure of the spontaneous flora of the introductory institutions of Ukraine.
Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2010–2018 on the territory of the M.M. Gryshko Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine.
Results. The list contains 123 taxa xenophytes, which is 18.9 % of the total spontaneous flora of M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine. Probably, for the first time, 3 species of alien plants are presented for the urban flora of Kyiv: Acalypha australis, Anthriscus caucalis, Erysimum cuspidatum. Comparison of spontaneous flora of botanical gardens and arboretums of Ukraine is carried out.
Conclusions. The entire xenophytes group in the botanical garden has an agricultural character. Colonies of new plants in Kyiv are now isolated, but with the preservation of existing conditions their populations will increase, while Anthriscus caucalis has a preconditions for further expansion. It is established that the dependence of the wealth of spontaneous flora of botanical gardens and arboretums on their area is not linear, but much more complex. The factors contributing to the large floristic diversity of such territories are highlighted. It is noted that in Ukraine there are no unified methodological approaches to studying the structure of spontaneous flora of botanical gardens and arboretums
Екстракти листків деяких культурних рослин як потенційне джерело антиоксидантів
No full textObjective — to evaluate the antioxidant potential of leaves extracts of four selected forage plants in conditions of M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine.
Material and methods. In this study used dried raw of Brassica campestris L. f. annua DC., cv. Chanita (Brassicaceae Burnett), Desmodium canadensis DC. (Fabaceae Lindl.), Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin. (Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl.), Sinapis alba L. cv. Karolina (Brassicaceae Burnett) harvested from collections of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine. 0.2 g of dried plant raw material was extracted with 20 mL of 80 % ethanol for 2 hours. The total polyphenol content of extracts was measured by the method described by Singleton and Rossi (1965) using Folin–Chiocalteu reagent and results were expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalent per one gram of dry matter (mg GAE/g). Determination of total flavonoids content was conducted using the modified method described in Shafii et al. (2017) and results expressed in mg quercetin equivalent per one gram of dry matter (mg QE/g). Detection of total phenolic acids content of extracts was carried out using the method described in Farmakopea Polska (1999) and results expressed in mg caffeic acid per one gram of dry matter (mg CAE/g). The antioxidant activity of samples was measured using 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH method) according to Sanchez-Moreno et al. (1998). Also, the antioxidant activity of extracts was determined by the phosphomolybdenum method described by Prieto et al. (1999) with slight modifications. Results of these parameters expressed in mg Trolox equivalent per one gram of dry matter (mg TE/g). Experimental data were evaluated by using Excel 2010.
Results. Total content of polyphenol compounds of investigated leaves extracts was from 32.43 to 73.58 mg GAE/g, total content of phenolic acids – from 4.87 to 9.15 mg CAE/g, total content of flavonoids – from 10.16 to 92.61 mg QE/g. Determination of antioxidant activity by DPPH method demonstrated results from 7.15 to 9.00 mg TE/g and by phosphomolybdenum method – from 77.87 to 190.64 mg TE/g.
Conclusions. Investigation of ethanol leaves extracts of four forage plants identified high content of polyphenol compounds and flavonoids what characterizes these plants as a valuable source of biologically active compounds. Obtained results can be of interest for deep pharmacological investigations
Особливості росту та розвитку Paeonia tenuifolia L. на північній межі Лісостепу України
Get PDFObjective – to analyze the peculiarities of ontomorphogenesis P. tenuifolia on the northern border of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, to establish diagnostic signs of age stages and the sequence of their passage in M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine.
Material and methods. We studied P. tenuifolia in artificially created phytocoenoses and culture. Observations were conduct for 5 years (from 2013 to 2018). We studied ontomorphogenesis by generally accepted methods.
Results. Diagnostic features of age stages of individuals in latent, pregenerative, generative and senile periods of ontogenesis are established. Detailed morphological descriptions of plants in different age stages and the sequence of their passing by individuals are shown.
Conclusions. The peculiarities of the growth and development of P. tenuifolia on the northern border of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe are manifested in the multivariate ontomorphogenesis. Established that is difficult to distinguish the immature plants from the subsenile ones on the aboveground part of plants only. In the reproductive period is not possible to determine a degree disintegration of the rhizome and calculate the number of individuals. Estimating the age range in populations (both natural and artificial), it is only possible to identify the number of aboveground shoots of different age states and the presence of generative reproduction in plants. P. tenuifolia can be grown in the culture and artificially created phytocoenoses of the on the northern border of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine