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Морфологічні особливості квітки видів роду Symphoricarpos (Caprifoliaceae), інтродукованих в Україні
No full textWith the help of light and scanning electron microscopy, the features of inflorescences and flowers of six species of the genus Symphoricarpos introduced to Ukraine were studied, and the peculiarities of their structure were specified. Morphological peculiarities of the calyx, corolla, stamens, and style, differentiating S. albus (including S. racemosus and S. rivularis), S. hesperius, S. mollis, S. occidentalis, S. orbiculatus, and S. oreophilus var. utahensis, were determined. The obtained data are important for identification of the species and taxonomy of the genus Symphoricarpos. In particular, the results of our study showed that flowers of S. racemosus, S. rivularis, and S. albus share common features and this supports their synonymy under the name S. albus. Other five Symphoricarpos species showed differences in their floral morphology.Among the important features for identification of Symphoricarpos species introduced to Ukraine, which were not mentioned in available literature sources we can list: the number of flowers in the inflorescence, features of pedicels, shape and features of bracts pubescence, shape of calyx teeth and their pubescence, presence or absence of corolla tube convexity, presence of ovoid projection of anther’s connective, and size of all the floral elements.Symphoricarpos oreophilus var. utahensis has unique features of floral morphology. Its single flowers located in the axis of the leaves on the pendent pubescent pedicels; the calyx is elongated, fusiform; the corolla is narrowly tubular, without a convex at the base; the stamens are shorter than the corolla tubule or rarely of the same length, with a clear ovoid projection on the apex
In memoriam – Степан Стойко
No full textOn October 22 of this year, professor Stepan Stoyko – a prominent Ukrainian scientist and nature conservationist, died at the age of 100. Until his last days, he had a clear mind, was active in nature conservation, and continued working on academic publications. His last research article was published in September 2020, approximately one month before his death. For decades he was a principal investigator and head of a department in the State Museum of Natural History and the Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians. Stepan Stoyko created many protected areas, including the Carpathian State Reserve (Carpathian Biosphere Reserve), Roztochya Nature Reserve, and Carpathian, Yavorivskyi, Shatsky, Uzhansky, Skole Beskids, and Synevyr national nature parks. After the catastrophic floods in Transcarpathia in 1998, and 2001, he brought attention to clear-cutting, including the Carpathian forests’ illegal cutting. In his late 90s, Stepan Stoyko supported the initiative group Free Svydovets that protected one of the most important biodiversity islands in the Ukrainian Carpathians – Svydovets mountain range. His support was crucial to prevent building the largest Carpathian ski resort and conserve unique mountain old-growth forests, sub-alpine, and alpine grasslands. I knew Stepan Stoyko for over 20 years since I was 15 years old. Here I would like to share my perspective on his contribution to nature conservation and environmental science. To commemorate his scientific life and contributions, the Ukrainian community of botanists and ecologists Dovkolabotanika established Stepan Stoyko Award in the fields of nature conservation and environmental science for undergraduate, graduate, and PhD students
Карпологічні особливості деяких представників роду Artemisіa, поширених в Україні
No full textThe achenes’ micromorphological structure of six Artemisia species (A. absinthium, A. annua, A. argyi, A. dracunculus, A. marschalliana, and A. vulgaris) distributed in Ukraine was investigated with the aim to identify taxonomically significant carpological features for the studied species.Fruits were collected from wild plants growing in the recreation areas of Kyiv and from the plants hosted in the living collection of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine. Macromorphological features were studied with a binocular microscope Stemi 2000 Carl Zeiss. The ultrastructure of the surface was studied using a scanning electron microscope JSM-6700F JEOL, in the mode of secondary electron emission. Carbon spraying was performed using vacuum thermal evaporation of the vacuum universal post VUP-5M SELMI; platinum spraying was performed with an ion-plasma etching device JFC-1600 JEOL.All investigated species have a well-expressed, true, multicellular, symmetrical, multi-row carpopodium but differ by its shape. The surface of A. annua achenes is reticulate-pitted due to the specific structure of the exocarp and the exotests located below it. Species with lobed and continuous apical rim and species without a rim around the place of attachment of the corolla were found. It was established that the primary ultrastructure of investigated fruits is caused by the shape and character of mucous cell arrangement; epidermal cells of the exocarp are mostly compressed, without clear boundaries. Mostly a thin and inconspicuous cuticle, sometimes wrinkled, with layers and small outgrowths, causes the secondary ultrastructure of these fruits. We believe that the mentioned carpological features may be used as additional criteria in combination with other features to identify studied species
Application of machine learning to improving numerical weather prediction
No full textIn this paper are presented a brief overview of trends in numerical weather prediction, difficulties and the nature of their occurrence, the existing and perspective ways to overcome them. The neural network architecture is proposed as a promising approach to increase the accuracy of the 2m temperature forecast by COSMO regional model. This architecture allows predicting errors of the atmospheric model forecasts with their further corrections. Experiments were conducted with different prehistories of regional model errors. The number of epochs was determined after which the increase of the so-called retraining of the network had place. It is shown that the proposed architecture makes it possible to achieve an improvement of 2m temperature forecast in approximately 50 % of cases.Problems in programming 2020; 2-3: 375-38
Algebraic patterns of binary code vulnerabilities
No full textDetection of software systems’ vulnerabilities is an actual problem in the IT industry nowadays. The approaches to the solution of this problem, based on the symbolic methods, became very popular and promising during the last decade. The article describes an approach to the vulnerabilities detection in the binary code, based on the formal methods of symbolic modeling and algebraic matching. In the article, the formalization of representation of binary code and vulnerabilities based on the behavior algebra, and the method of creation of formal patterns of vulnerabilities are proposed. The behavior algebra used for the representation of the formal binary code behavior, as well as for describing the vulnerabilities behavior. However, while the representation of the binary code in the terms of behavior algebra could be automated, creation of the vulnerabilities description requires development of the correct and effective methodology. Using the behavior algebra representation, the task of vulnerabilities detection can be solved in two steps – relatively fast algebraic matching, and the symbolic modeling itself, based on the data provided by the algebraic matcher. By the development of the vulnerabilities description in the terms of behavior algebra, and the algebraic matching algorithm the speed of detection of vulnerabilities in the binary code can be increased. The methodology of development of the vulnerabilities description in the terms of the behavior algebra has been proposed. The advantage of the algebraic approach is that the code vulnerabilities can be found more precisely, and the vulnerability description in the terms of behavior algebra can take in account different possible kinds of it. Also, the experiments with the implementation prototype shown that the “two-level” vulnerability detection system is faster than “pure” symbolic modeling: the fast matching step is executed first, and the slow modeling step is executed next on the results, provided by the matching step.Prombles in programming 2020; 1: 47-5
Description model of programming style ecosystem
No full textIn the process of developing and maintaining a software product, many things are created and used that are called software artefacts. Software artifacts are changed, reused, and change relationships in the development and maintenance processes of a software product. The complexity and variety of software artifact relationships require adequate means of description and management. They may be a software artifact ecosystem. In the article, for the first time, a concept of a software artifact ecosystem is proposed. The concept describes a generalized model of the software artifact ecosystem, which is the Cornerstone ecosystem type and consists of three actors – the platform, the software, and the artifact. The roles of actors in the ecosystem are indicated, the relationships between actors are described. As an example, based on the generalized model of the software artifact ecosystem, a declarative model of the programming style ecosystem has been developed.Problems in programming 2020; 2-3: 74-8
Біологічна секвестрація карбону: перспективи використання інтродукованих деревних рослин (на прикладі Quercus rubra L.)
Get PDFOne of the most important tasks of modern biogeochemistry is to decrease the concentration of carbon dioxide in troposphere. Biological carbon sequestration is widely used for this purpose as a simple and effective method; and sequestration efficiency is often described in terms of biological productivity. Hence, the most typical way to increase the rates of carbon sequestration is to increase the productivity of plant communities. In this study we suggest the opposite approach – to slow down decomposition of plant litter and detritus in forest ecosystems. For this purpose we suggest to disturb one or several segments of trophic chains and webs. Sixblock scheme of trophic transformations of organic matter was developed: which included: biomass, necromass, copromass (feces), liquid waste products, detritus and soil organic matter. These blocks significantly differ from each other in mean residence time of organic matter and thus can be used for modeling of organic matter dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. Litter of Quercus rubra L., as one of the most widespread introduced tree species, was used for case study. Decomposition rates of red oak and native species in temperate zone of East Europe were compared. Application of introduced tree species for biological carbon sequestration was shown to be reasonable and perspective for future studies
Життєздатність рослин тиса ягідного (Taxus baccata L.) в умовах Криворіжжя
Get PDFObjective – to estimate the viability of Taxus baccata L. by complex of indices in Kryvyi Rih area and the possibilities of its use to green the industrial cities of Right-Bank Steppe.
Material and methods. The investigation objects are the plantations of T. baccata in the territory of Kryvyi Rih city as well as in the arboretum of Kryvyi Rih Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine. These plantations were created over 30 years ago. Investigation methods: visual, morphometric, physiologic and biochemical, statistic.
Results. We ascertained that T. baccata occurs in Kryvyi Rih in the form of curtains or individual plants near administrative buildings, in parks or linear plantings along the highways at a distance of 5–10 m. In the arboretum of Kryvyi Rih Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine, five decorative forms of this species grow successfully: ‘Aurea variegata’ (2 samples), ‘Dovastonii’ (2 s.), ‘Fastigiata’ (1 s.), ‘Globosa’ (2 s.), ‘Hibernica’ (3 s.). They were planted in 1980s. In 13 investigated city plantings, except of one, the form ‘Fastigiata’ occurs as bushes with 2–17 skeletal branches; the diameter of these branches near their bases is 3.39–11.6 cm. The height of the plants varies 1.3–5.0 m, crown diameter – 1.21–5.07 m. Crown needles are welldeveloped, and the proportion of the damaged needles is low. The annual growth rate was 22.2–38.5 cm, and the length, width and thickness of needles changed as follows: 21.3–29.4, 2.3–3.0 and 0.5–1.0 mm. The vital state of the vast majority of plants is good, as well as their decorativeness. The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in needles of five forms of T. baccata from the arboretum of the Kryvyi Rih Botanical Garden in November varied within the limits: 1.48–2.83 and 0.54–0.92 mg/g of raw matter respectively, and in plants growing in the city: 1.69–2.81 and 0.61–0.89 mg/g of raw matter. The water content in needles was 52.2–60.8 %.
Conclusions. T. baccata in the conditions of a large industrial city of the steppe zone of Ukraine is characterized by high viability and decorativeness. It needs to be used much more widely in landscaping of cities of the Right-Bank Dnieper area
Оцінка успішності інтродукції рідкісних видів рослин у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі
Get PDFObjective – to assess the success of the introduction of rare plant species in the meadow-steppe culturphytocenosis on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” in M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine; to establish the ability of rare plant species in the meadow-steppe culturphytocenoses to introduce flowering, fruiting, reproduction and the formation of introduction populations.
Material and methods. Evaluation of the success of the introduction of 40 rare plant species was carried out in 2015–2019 on the Wulfe–Bazilevskaya scale.
Results. It established that I degree of success of the introduction have 16 (40.0 %) species, II degree – 16 (40.0 %), III degree – 3 (7.5 %), IV degree – 4 (10.0 %), V degree – 1 (2.5 %). Species with I–II degree (80 %) formed stable homeostatic introduction coenopopulations, species with III–V degree (20 %) did not form coenopopulations.
Conclusions. By assessing the success of the introduction of 40 rare plant species in the meadow-steppe culturphytocenosis, 32 of them (80 %) were able to form stable homeostatic introduction cenopopulations. This indicates a strong phytocenotic position of rare species and efficiency of their conservation and ex situ protection
Моніторинг стану вікової діброви дендрологічного парку “Олександрія” НАН України. Повідомлення І. Санітарний стан
Get PDFObjective – to determine of the modern sanitary condition of the natural ageold oak wood of dendrological park Olexandria and to analyse of its dynamics for the period 2008–2017.
Material and Methods. The sanitary condition of the natural oak wood was investigated in dendrological park Olexandria within its 16 sections; oak trees in technogenically polluted ecotops and ecotones; single-growing ageold oaks outside the oak wood. The sanitary condition of the trees was determined by the “Sanitary Rules in the Forests of Ukraine” (1995). The estimation of the condition of individual plantations was given through the planting stock index. The obtained data were compared with similar data from the results of the previous survey as in 2012.
Results. In the oak wood dominate (49.1 %) weakened trees (III class), trees without signs of defeat – 16.3 %, with minor damage – 32.6 %, dying trees – 0.9 %, dried trees – 0.7 %. There are no healthy plantations in any section, weakened trees grow on most landscape areas, medium weakened – in degraded, technogenically polluted ecotopes, with a high anthropogenic load, they are strongly weakened on some of last. During the last 5 years the sanitary condition of the oak wood in general, has not changed significantly, on many landscapes, including in unfavorable ecotops, it even improved (0.1–0.4 points). The sanitary condition was deteriorated (0.11 points) on the two areas of the 6th section with recultivation works.
Conclusions. The vitality spectra of the age-old oak were determined by the ecological characteristics of the ecotope and were characterized by the predominance of weakened and insignificant proportions of healthy oak trees. In most sections of the oak groves, weakly weeded oak plantations grow, medium and strongly weakened grow in places with tense conditions. During the 5-year period there was a certain stabilization of the sanitary condition of the oak wood, with the exception of two plots in technogenically polluted ecotops