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Насіннєва продуктивність та особливості розмноження Schisandra chinensis в умовах Національного ботанічного саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України
No full textData on seed productivity and peculiarities of reproduction of Schisandra chinensis under the conditions of introduction at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG) are discussed. The study was carried out in 2016–2018 on experimental fields and in the NBG laboratory using plants and seeds of Ukrainian selection S. chinensis ‘Sadovyi-1’. Sections were examined with the microscope Carl Zeiss STEMI 2000-S. Qualitative and quantitative composition of higher fatty acids has been identified by НР-6890 chromatograph. It was found that S. chinensis of local reproduction have a much lower percentage of the seeds without embryo (about 10 %) compared to those of natural origin (30–90 %). Because of long-term storage of S. chinensis seeds the biochemical transformations take place: the content of fats and proteins decreased from 37.5 to 28.0 %, and from 19.7 to 11.2 %, respectively, the acid number of oil increased from 2.42 to 5.70 mg KOH/g, and its iodine value decreased from 32.5 to 30.3 g І2 / 100 g after storage of seeds during ten months. Fatty oil of S. chinensis seeds has a high linoleic acid content, which reaches 80–81.1 % of the total content of fatty acids. The storage of seeds under different illumination and temperature conditions resulted in minor changes in the acid number of the oil and the quantitative content of fatty acids. The optimal storage conditions of seeds (without access to light and at the temperature of +4 °С) were determined. Such storage conditions reduce the intensity of oxidative processes in the seeds, ensuring the highest germination rate. The optimal ways of S. chinensis reproduction by seeds are the spring sowing of stratified seeds and autumn sowing of freshly reaped seeds, which gain natural stratification. Using these ways resulted in 65 % and 63 % of seeds germination, respectively
Формування інтродукційної ценопопуляції Crocus reticulatus на ботаніко-географічній ділянці “Степи України” Національного ботанічного саду імені М. М. Гришка НАН України
No full textThe research was carried out during Crocus reticulatus flowering time in 2002–2020 at the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). Crocus reticulatus was introduced to the NBG from the natural habitats in 2002–2003. Ten generative individuals were planted in an area of 2 m2. The area of coenopopulation and the number of individuals increased gradually until 2018. In 2019–2020, there was a rapid increase in the covered area and number of individuals. However, the average density of individuals decreased. The percentage of pregenerative plants (juvenile, immature, and virginal) increased, and the percentage of generative individuals decreased. As of 2020, the area of introduced coenopopulation of C. reticulatus at the NBG reached 195 m2. It consists of 175 individuals (38 juvenile, 21 immature, 23 virginal, and 93 generative). The average density is 0.9 individuals per 1 m2. The spatial distribution of individuals is characterized as random and in groups. This is due to the predominance of the myrmecochoric and barochoric propagation. Indicators of the area, number, and average density of the introduced coenopopulation are within the normal ranges of the natural populations; however, they are smaller than those in maternal populations. The number of individuals of different age states and the number of individuals with one and two or three flowers in the introduced coenopopulation is close to such parameters of the natural population from Kyiv Plateau. Flowers of different colors were observed both in the introduced coenopopulation and in natural populations of C. reticulatus. As of 2020, the introduced coenopopulation of C. reticulatus is in the phase of logistic growth
Automated design of programs for .NET platform using Task Parallel Library
No full textThe necessity to improve the performance of software solving labour-intensive tasks, on the one hand, and new capabilities provided by multicore architecture of contemporary microprocessors, on the other, encourages the development of specialized software tools for automated development of parallel programs for such architectures. Further progress in improving the efficiency of multithreaded programs on .NET platform is using the task parallel library TPL. The paper proposes the further development of previously developed algebra-algorithmic tools in the direction of formalized design and synthesis of C# programs using TPL. The library raises the labour productivity of developers by simplifying the procedure of adding parallelism to a program and dynamically scales parallelism level to use all available processors in the most efficient way. The proposed approach uses high-level language based on Glushkov’s system of algorithmic algebra and the method of designing syntactically correct programs that excludes the possibility of appearance of syntactic errors during scheme design. The results of the experiment consisting in executing examples of generated parallel programs on a multicore processor are given.Problems in programming 2020; 1: 17-2
Developing a semantic image model using machine learning based on convolutional neural networks
No full textThis paper describes the main areas of research in the field of developing computer models for the automatization of digital image recognition. The concept of the semantic image model is introduced and the implementation of the machine learning model for solving the problem of automatic construction of such a model is described. The semantic model consists of a list of objects represented in the image and their relationships. The developed model was compared to other solutions and showed better results in all but one case. The performance of the model is justified by the use of the latest achievements of machine learning, including ZNM, TL, Faster R-CNN, and VGG16. Much of the links represented in the image are spatial links, so for the model to work better, you need to use that fact in designing it, which was done.Problems in programming 2020; 2-3: 352-36
Recognition of emotional expressions using the grouping crowdings of characteristic mimic states
No full textThe characteristic forms of facial expressions of the emotional states of a person are typical of a rather large degree of generalization on the basis of common physiological structures and the location of the muscles that form the human face. This circumstance is one of the main reasons for the commonality of human manifestations of emotions that are reflected in the face. By the nature and form of facial expressions on the face with high probability, it is possible to determine the emotional state of a person with some correction on the part of the cultural characteristics and traditions of certain groups. In accordance with the existence of common mimic forms of emotional manifestations, an approach is proposed to create a model of recognition of emotional manifestations on the face of a person with relatively low requirements for the means of photo, video-fixation and acceptable speed in the video stream. The creation of the model is based on the implementation of the hyperplane classification of mimic manifestations of major emotional states. One of the main advantages of the proposed approach is the small computational complexity that allows realizing the recognition of the changes in people’s emotional state without any special equipment (for low-resolution or long-distance video cameras). In addition, the model developed on the basis of the proposed approach allows obtaining proper recognition accuracy with low requirements for quality image characteristics, which allows extending the scope of practical application to a great extent. One example of practical application is control over the drivers in the process of driving the vehicle, complex production operators, and other automated visual surveillance systems. The set of detected emotional states is formed in accordance with the set tasks and gives the opportunity to focus on the recognition of mimic forms and group characteristic structural manifestations based on the set of distinguished characteristic features.Problems in programming 2020; 2-3: 173-181
Просторовий аналіз та моделювання поширення Aconitum moldavicum в Українських Карпатах та на прилеглих територіях з наголосом на використані алгоритми
No full textThe paper aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of all available sources (including herbarium vouchers, publications, and datasets) on the exact distribution of Aconitum moldavicum in the Ukrainian Carpathians to build the maps modeling the species distribution in this region and adjacent territories.
Aconitum moldavicum is a Pancarpathian subendemic distributed widely along the Carpathian Mountain range and scattered out to some of the adjacent lowland territories. Surprisingly, A. moldavicum was found to be quite rare for the Transcarpathian Lowland, where it is represented only by A. moldavicum subsp. hosteanum. Just near the border with Slovakia, A. moldavicum subsp. moldavicum occurs in the Vygorlat Mts., while along with all other parts of the Vygorlat-Gutyn Carpathians it does not appear. However, both taxa, A. moldavicum subsp. moldavicum and A. moldavicum subsp. hosteanum, quite frequently appear in the Ciscarpathia and Volhynia-Podilia Highland together with their hybrid A. moldavicum nothosubsp. confusum.
Aconitum moldavicum nothosubsp. porcii and nothosubsp. simonkaianum occur exclusively in the Marmarosh region of the Ukrainian Carpathians, and probably A. moldavicum nothosubsp. porcii can also be re-find in the Chornohora. Presence of A. moldavicum nothosubsp. simonkaianum in the Volhynia-Podilia Highland seems to be doubtful because there are no other pieces of evidence despite the only voucher hosted at GJO herbarium. Moreover, other vouchers collected by B. Błocki from the same region were identified as belonging to A. moldavicum nothosubsp. hosteanum.
We used different algorithms of SDM (MaXent, BioClim, GARP, EnvDist, TIN, and IDW) to check the most sufficient and most closely representing a real distribution of A. moldavicum in the area studied. BioClim correctly pointed to the geographic centers of the species in the Carpathians, Volhynia-Podilia Highland, and in Polish Uplands. Traditionally applied algorithm MaxEnt underestimates the probability of occurrence of species in the area of confirmed presence and, at the same time, overestimates it in the area beyond the known extent of species occurrence. IDW algorithm showed similar results with MaxEnt and confirmed its potential suitability for SDM purposes
Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі
No full textThe objective of this study was to analyze the morphological structure and to reveal common and distinguishing features of the fruit in rare steppe species Iris halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica introduced in conditions of meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG).
Material and methods. Fruits of I. halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica were collected on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of NBG during 2015–2019. Fruit parameters were measured using a regular ruler. Morphological terms are provided, according to Artyushenko & Fedorov (1986). Colors were determined by Bondartsev’s (1954) scale.
Results. In all analyzed species, the fruit is a trimeric and trilocular loculicidal capsule with multi-seeded locules. This capsule is erect, straight, leathery, glabrous, opening by dehiscence from top to bottom along the dorsal veins of carpels. The morphological peculiarities of the fruits, which may be additional diagnostic characters of these species, are established. In particular, in I. halophila capsule is cylindrical, with the upper part elongated into the apical spout (long, thin, bent to the side). The surface of I. halophila capsule is smooth, matte, six-ribbed. Ribs are located on both sides along each of the dorsal veins (i.e., along the dehiscence stria). The dehiscence is complete with diverging upper parts of the valves that remain connected just at the base. The capsule of I. pumila is ellipsoidal, with the upper part also elongated into the apical spout (short, thick, awl-shaped). The surface of I. pumila capsule is wrinkled, without ribs. Commissural (septal) suture and dorsal veins are protruding. The capsule dehisces completely by three slits, but the valves remain connected in the apical part and at the base. The capsule of I. hungarica is oblong-ellipsoidal, without apical spout. The surface is veined, grumous, with six grooves above the commissural sutures and dorsal veins, without ribs. The capsule of I. hungarica opens only partly toward the peduncle, leaving the lower part indehiscent. The upper parts of the valves diverge, while the lower part of the capsule remains unopened.
Conclusions. It was found that the shape of the capsule, in particular structure of its upper part, presence of ribs, and apical spout, as well as the surface features together with peculiarities of dehiscence, are constant parameters and can be used as diagnostic characters to distinguish these species. The size and color of the capsules, as well as the number of seeds per capsule of I. halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica varied, which should be analyzed precisely in future
Application of deep learning technology for creating intellectual autonomous machines
No full textOne of the most common tasks that arise in building intelligent machine vision systems for intellectually autonomous machines is the problems of classification and regression. Classification problems are used for the reflexive action of autonomous machines. Prediction tasks can be used to build machine vision systems to provide intelligent autonomous machines with environmental knowledge, which in turn is important for planned predictable movements. Defining a class of task instances is an important procedure for the effective design of deep learning systems. In this context, the possibility of using a multilayered neural network as a regressor to construct elementary functional mappings is explored for further prediction. The study outlines the peculiarities of functioning and configuration of a specialized robotics system, considered in this paper as an intelligent autonomous machine or physical agent, generates a set of data points for elementary functions, analytical modeling and modeling of training systems. Input graph was constructed, neural network architecture was defined, gradient descent algorithm was implemented, and output schedules were finally constructed: learning process, results prediction and comparative graph of predicted results superimposed on the input graph. As a result of the study, an assessment of the machine's intellectual ability to predict was made.Problems in programming 2020; 2-3: 407-41
About an optimal control for a "predator-prey" system
No full textWe consider the system of Lotka-Volterra differential equations with two control variables and describe an optimal control, which provides a transition to a stationary point in a minimum time. We also found an optimal control for the limit case, on condition that the phase trajectories are located near a stationary point. Optimal trajectories of motion in the phase space are constructed; they look like spirals.Problems in programming 2020; 2-3: 287-29
Model of information object for digital library and its verification
No full textAn approach for formal verification of UML 2.0 using mapping OWL-DL in UML 2.0 is proposed. As a result, an original approach for mapping OWL-DL to UML 2.0 through description logic has been proposed. The completeness of the mapping of UML-OWL through stereotypes and labeled UML 2.0 values at the level of M0, M1 of the MOF metamodel is provided. A model of the information object (IO) for the semantic electronic library, which is described by using the UML language, is proposed. The proposed IO model was also verified by mapping it into OWL and then validating the constructed ontology by using risoners.Problems in programming 2020; 2-3: 31-3