Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research
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Controlling Diseases in Porang Plants (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Using Endophytic Fungi In vitro
No full textPorang is a bulbous plant which has great development prospect in Indonesia. Porang bulbs has huge potential product, however it hasn’t managed well and optimal. Nowadays Porang bulbs are widely used as raw material for making mannan flour which has high economic value and widely used in the food sector. The Sampling is taking location at trial garden of Teluk Dalam Agriculture Faculty of Mulawarman University, in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province.
This research aims to identify key diseases affecting the Porang plants, investigate their causes, and evaluate the potential of endophytic fungi as biological control agents. Laboratory activities involve isolating and identifying endophytic fungi from healthy Porang plants and pathogenic fungi from diseased ones. The study employs a Completely Randomized Design for testing antagonistic properties.
The result shows that the endophytic fungi which was isolated on porang plants from research location in trial garden of Teluk Dalam Agriculture Faculty of Mulawarman University, in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. There are three types of endophytic fungi, namely: Gliocladium sp., Trichoderma, and Aspergillus flavus, whereas pathogen fungi which has been found attack Porang plants is Fusarium sp. and Colletotrichum sp. Those three endophytic fungi against two pathogenic fungi have a resistance level of Fusarium sp x endophytic fungi with an average of 42.58% and the magnitude of resistance is Colletotrichum sp x endophytic fungi with average of 40.05%
Effect of Varying Level of Nitrogen and Spacing on the Yield of Boro Rice Cv. BRRI Dhan47
No full textAn experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from November 2008 to April 2009 to study the effect of nitrogen and spacing on the yield of Boro rice cv. BRRI dhan47. The experiment consisted of four levels of nitrogen, viz. 0, 80, 100, and 120 kg N ha-1, and four spacings, viz. 25 cm × 10 cm, 25 cm × 15 cm, 25 cm × 20 cm, and 25 cm × 25 cm. The experiment was laid out in a randomized, complete block design with three replications. The interaction between different levels of N and spacing significantly influenced most of the studied characters. The highest number of total tillers hill-1 (14.67), number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (4.80 sterile spikelets panicle-1 (20.97), spikelts panicle-1 (165.55), and straw yield (7.07 t ha-1) were obtained from the interaction of 120 kg N ha-1 with 25 cm × 25 cm spacing. The uppermost number of effective tillers hill-1 (11.67), grain yield (5.86 t ha-1), biological yield (12.62 t ha-1), and harvest index (46.42%) were obtained from the interaction of 100 kg N ha-1 with 25 cm × 15 cm. The control nitrogen with 25 cm × 10 cm spacing and 25 cm × 15 cm spacing gave the worst combined result in most of the cases. Overall, the treatment combination of 100 kg N ha-1 with 25 cm × 15 cm spacing gave the best desirable output, hence it should be recommended for field application
Optimization, Characterization, & In vitro Evaluation of Spent Mushroom-Based Bio-fungicide for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) Disease Management
No full textAims: This study evaluated the potential of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as an organic bio-fungicide for managing tomato diseases effectively while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Study Design: Optimization tests utilized ANOVA (p < 0.05) to assess the effects of fermentation periods and SMS-to-water ratios on the bio-fungicide's effectiveness. Significant differences among treatments were analyzed using LSD, identifying optimal preparation conditions. A T-test compared the physico-chemical properties of fermented and non-fermented SMS-based bio-fungicides. Additionally, In vitro efficacy against various fungal diseases of tomato was evaluated using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test for precise treatment comparisons.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Mushroom and Crop Protection Laboratory, Surigao del Norte State University (SNSU) – Mainit Campus, Magpayang, Mainit, Surigao del Norte, Philippines.
Methodology: Fermentation periods (2, 4, and 7 days) and SMS-to-water ratios (0.5 kg, 1.0 kg, and 2.0 kg per 20 L) were evaluated to optimize beneficial microbial growth. Physico-chemical properties of both fermented and non-fermented SMS-based bio-fungicides were analyzed to determine nutrient composition and microbial activity. In vitro efficacy trials assessed the bio-fungicide’s ability to control soil-borne, foliar, and post-harvest tomato diseases.
Results: ANOVA and LSD analyses identified 1.0 kg SMS per 20 L water fermented for 7 days as the optimal formulation, achieving the highest microbial population (41,666.67 CFU/mL) dominated by Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., actinomycetes, and Bacillus spp. Fermentation significantly enhanced the nutrient profile, increasing levels of P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu, while reducing N, Zn, and Mn, thereby optimizing microbial activity and nutrient availability. In vitro assays demonstrated superior efficacy of fermented SMS bio-fungicides at 20 mL/100 mL water in managing tomato diseases, significantly outperforming non-fermented formulations.
Conclusion: This study highlights SMS as a sustainable and eco-friendly bio-fungicide, aligning with circular economy principles in mushroom production. Its effectiveness in controlling tomato diseases underscores its potential as an innovative solution for sustainable agriculture. Further field validation and application to other crops are recommended to maximize its broader utility
Determining Factors for the Sustainability of Arabica Coffee-based Eco-farming in Sembalun, Indonesia
No full textThe sustainability of eco-farming based on Arabica coffee in Sembalun, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia is influenced by various environmental, economic, social, cultural, institutional, and technological factors. Arabica coffee, known for its high quality, has become an important commodity for farmers and the local economy. However, challenges in implementing sustainable agricultural practices, such as excessive pesticide use and limited knowledge, hinder the adoption of eco-farming. This research adopts a combined qualitative and quantitative approach to evaluate the factors affecting sustainability. The results indicate that improvements in land management and waste disposal, educational and social support for farmers, as well as the active role of women farmer groups and community organizations, are crucial for achieving effective sustainability. It is hoped that these findings will provide practical recommendations to enhance eco-farming systems and support sustainable development goals, as well as the welfare of farmers in Sembalun
Impact of Nitrogen and Spacing on Onion (Allium cepa L.) Growth in Southern Tigray, Ethiopia
No full textThe aim of the study was to evaluate the combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on the growth, yield, and yield components of onion. The study was carried out using a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. A field experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Alamata Agricultural Research Center kara Adishabo in 2020 with experimental treatments of Nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg N/ha) and intra-row spacing (5, 10, and 15 cm) with three replications. Results indicated that the interaction effect of nitrogen and intra-row spacing significantly swayed most of the yield and yield components of the onion where the highest maturity date was recorded from the 92 Kg N/ha and 15 cm (140 days) and 69 Kg N/ha and 10 cm (127 days) respectively. The highest (40.01t/ha) and lowest (15.03 t/ha) marketable yields were recorded from the treatment combinations of 69 kg N/ha and 5 cm and 0 kg N/ha and 15 cm respectively. Application of 69 Kg N/ha and 5 cm of intra-row spacing in the study area can lead to maximum yield
Optimizing Spacing and Nutrient Sources for Enhanced Yield and Quality of Summer Onion (Allium cepa L.)
No full textOnion (Allium cepa L.) is a crucial crop in Bangladesh, but current winter-only cultivation fails to meet national demand. This study aims to optimize summer onion production through proper plant spacing and nutrient management. The field experiment was conducted during the period from March to June 2016 in the Horticultural Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka to find out the effect of spacing and nutrient sources on yield of summer onion. The experiment consisted of two factors: Factor A: Three levels of spacing. Viz., S1: 10 cm x 15 cm, S2: 15 cm x 15 cm, and S3: 20 cm x 15 cm. Factor B: Four levels of nutrient sources. viz., F0: (control); F1: Vermicompost (7 t/ha); F2: Mustard oil cake (6 t/ha) and F3: Inorganic fertilizer (N-110 + P-50 + K-125 Kg/ha). There were 12 treatment combinations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results indicated that 15x15 cm spacing significantly enhanced plant height, bulb diameter, and yield, achieving 22.03 t/ha. Vermicompost (7 t/ha) yielded the highest plant height, bulb size, and overall yield (20.61 t/ha). Combined treatment of 15x15 cm spacing with vermicompost resulted in the highest yield (24.06 t/ha). These findings suggest that optimized spacing and organic nutrient application can significantly improve summer onion production, potentially reducing dependency on imports and enhancing food security in Bangladesh
Agronomic Advances and Challenges of Chia Production in Kenya: A Review
No full textChia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual tropical plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In Kenya, Chia has gained significant attention in recent years due to its nutritional benefits and increasing demand in the local and global market. This review aims to explore the potential of chia production in Kenya as a source of income for farmers. The review highlights the agronomic requirements of chia, including soil, water, and climate conditions, as well as practices necessary for successful cultivation. Chia production is becoming a favorite enterprise for most farmers in Kenya due to its ease of management and short growth period. However, a seamless production has been encountered by several challenges, including scarce information regarding its agronomic management practices, poor yielding varieties, emerging pests and diseases, and poor harvesting and post-harvesting techniques. The growing demand for chia globally presents an opportunity for Kenyan farmers to tap into this market and generate income through export. Chia, has the potential to become a new golden crop for Kenyan farmers, contributing to food security, poverty reduction, and sustainable development. However, to realize this potential, there is a need for investment in research, extension services, and market linkages to support chia production, improve agronomic practices, and create a sustainable market for the crop
Effect of Seed Priming on Adaptive Morphological Traits of Anaerobic Germination Tolerant Upland Rice Genotypes
No full textThe experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Yezin Agricultural University (YAU), Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar from September to October 2023. The two experiments control (saturated) and anaerobic germination (flood 10 cm water depth immediately after seeding) were carried out separately and laid out factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design (RCB) with three replications for seed priming treatments: T1= non-priming, T2= hydro-priming, T3= on-farm priming and T4= osmo-priming as factor A and the newly selected AG tolerant upland rice genotypes (Pin To Yin, San Shwe Ni, Kha Lyein Khan-Lawe and Khao Mon Hom Kyae) and two check genotypes Khao Hlan On (tolerant) and Inpara-3 (susceptible) as factor B. The findings of the study indicated that different seed priming methods showed higher survival percent, days of leaf tip reached the flood water surface (DLTRS), shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight, seedling vigour index (SVI)-I and seedling vigour index (SVI)-II than non-priming. All four newly selected tolerant genotypes showed higher performance in most of the traits than tolerant check in AG condition. The maximum survival percent was observed in Pin To Yin with hydro-priming treatment under control condition and Pin To Yin with osmo-priming treatment under AG condition whereas the minimum survival percent was observed in Inpara-3 with non-priming treatment under both conditions
Strategies for Developing Hydroponic Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Agribusiness in Samarinda City, Indonesia
No full textThis research aims to determine the internal and external factors that can influence hydroponic lettuce agribusiness and to find strategies for developing hydroponic lettuce agribusiness in Samarinda City. This research was carried out in several hydroponic lettuce agribusiness locations in Samarinda City from December 2023 to February 2024. The data collection method was carried out by observation, direct interviews with respondents, and a literature study. The sampling method in this research was carried out by purposive sampling, namely, as many as 10 market-oriented business actors. Data analysis uses the SWOT analysis method and internal and external environmental analysis (IFAS and EFAS). Based on the SWOT analysis, it shows that the matrix calculation results are located in quadrant I, namely the S-O strategy or supporting aggressive strategies, namely business actors can explore various potentials, maintain vegetable quality, optimize cultivation experience, create loyalty programs, and complete facilities. 
Delving into Chemical Control Options for Bacterial Canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) in Tomatoes: An In-vitro Study
No full textThe 2022/2023 tomato crop witnessed the emergence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in a tomato field, leading to symptoms resembling bacterial canker. Identification of the suspected bacterium, C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, utilized specific primers (CMM5 and CMM6) for PCR reaction, resulting in a 614 bp fragment. Several fungicides and bactericides were tested for their ability to control bacterial growth in Petri dishes. Fungicides and bactericides that completely inhibit the bacterial growth in Petri dishes included benzalkonium chloride (250 mg a.i./L), copper oxychloride (1680 mg a.i./L with 1000 mg metallic copper/L), copper hydroxide (2764 mg a.i./L with 1800 mg metallic copper/L), fluazinam (500 µL a.i./L), difenoconazole + pidiflumetofen (200 + 120 µL a.i./L), cuprous oxide (1344 mg a.i./L with 1200 mg metallic copper /L), mancozeb + famoxadone (1000 + 100 mg a.i./L), mancozeb (4000 mg a.i./L) and metiram + pyraclostrobin (2200 + 200 mg a.i./L). The packaged dose of casugamycin (60 µL a.i./L) failed to completely inhibit C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis growth, necessitating doses exceeding 140 µL a.i./L for complete inhibition. Only at a dosage of 140 µL a.i./L was there no observable growth on the Petri dish containing YDC. Label doses of casugamycin did not prevent the growth of any bacteria, albeit partially controlling Clavibacter and Pectobacterium populations. At the dose of 140 µL a.i./L, the sole bacterium that proliferated was Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri. The other bacteria were included in this study focusing on Clavibacter solely to understand the effect of certain products on other important bacteria in tomato cultivation. The active ingredients, difenoconazole + pidiflumetofen (200 + 120 µL/L active ingredient) and fluazinam (500 µL/L active ingredient) effectively suppressed C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis growth. The study indicates that various tested fungicides and bactericides were effective in curbing C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis growth under laboratory conditions. Nonetheless, efficacy may fluctuate based on dose and specific product used. Further research, including field trials, is imperative to evaluate product efficacy under real-world conditions and devise comprehensive management strategies for tomato bacterial canker control