Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops
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Occurrence and distribution of viral diseases on vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) in India
Get PDFSixty-five vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) plantations in 28 locations of Karnataka and Kerala were surveyed for the occurrence and distribution of viral diseases. Two viral diseases namely, mosaic and stem necrosis with an average incidence ranging from 0% to 5% and 0% to 10%, respectively, in various locations were noticed. The distribution of the diseases was random and not restricted to any particular region or locality. Electron microscopy of leaf dip preparations of the diseased plants showed three kinds of flexuous particles resembling Potexvirus, Potyvirus and Closterovirus, and an isometric particle.
 
'IISR Thevam', 'IISR Malabar Excel' and 'IISR Girimunda'- three new black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) clones
Get PDFBased on 7 years' performance at Valparai (Tamil Nadu) (3000 ft MSL), and 2 years' performance at Peruvannamuzhi (Kerala) and quality evaluation, three black pepper lines namely, Call. 1041, HP-813 and HP-I05 were superior and proposed for release as 'IISR Thevam', 'IISR Malabar Excel' and 'IISR Girimunda', respectively. These lines were superior to at least one of the controls for more than one character at one or both the locations. Trials laid out at farmers' fields in four northern districts of Kerala also indicated the superiority of these lines. Call. 1041 besides out-yielding control, exhibited a high degree of field tolerance to foot rot disease, whereas HP-813 had oleoresin content as high as 12%.
 
Analysis of genetic divergence in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Get PDFGenetic divergence among 22 genotypes of fenugreek (Trigon ella foenum-graecum) was estimated for 8 quantitative characters using Mahalanobis's D' statistic and the genotypes were grouped into 6 clusters. Cluster I consisted of maximum number of 13 genotypes followed by 4 and 2 genotypes in clusters II and III, respectively. Three clusters were monogenotypic. Clustering pattern of genotypes was not related to geographical differentiation. Inter-cluster distance was highest between clusters III and VI and lowest between clusters II and VI while, intra-cluster distance was highest in cluster III. Plant height, pods plant-1, days to flowering and test weight were the major forces for divergence.
 
Variability for growth, flowering and fruit set in seedling progenies of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Routt.)
Get PDFThe variability in growth, flowering and fruit set of 39 seedling progenies of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) was studied at Ratnagiri (Maharashtra). Growth was cyclic with two peaks, one in January-February and the second in May. Shoot elongation was rapid during lS0-270 days after shoot emergence during first peak. Considerable variation among the genotypes with respect to growth parameters was noticed. Duration of anthesis was short in female flowers and long in male flowers. Significant variations were noticed among genotypes for duration of anthesis and fruit set. Environmental coefficient of variation was very low for fruit set and duration of anthesis. Higher magnitudes of phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation indicated good amount of variation among the genotypes for these characters. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance for fruit set suggested that it is under the control of additive gene action.
 
Growth analysis in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under different weed control methods and nitrogen levels
Get PDFA field experiment was conducted at Jobner (Rajasthan) to evaluate the effect of weed control and nitrogen application on growth and yield of cumin (Cuminum cyminum). The study revealed that two hand weedings done at 25 and 50 days after sowing (DAS) yielded maximum seeds (5.50 q ha-1) which was 292.7% higher over control (with weeds). This treatment also attained maximum harvest index (40.7%), crop growth rate during 40-70 DAS and 70 DAS and relative growth rate during 40-70 DAS phase. Trifluralin @ 1.08 kg ha-1 (pre-plant incorporation) also increased seed yield by 252.9% which was the next superior herbicidal treatment with regard to yield and physiological parameters. Application of 45 kg N ha-1 was the most effective dose with regard to seed yield, crop growth rate and relative growth rate and was on par with 30 kg-N ha-1. Seed yield had a significant and positive association with growth, yield attributes and nutrient uptake by the crop.
 
Performance of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes under new alluvial zone of West Bengal
Get PDFEight fenugreek (Trigon ella foenum-graecum) genotypes namely, RMt-1, Rajendra Kranti, J. Fenu-195, HM-350, HM-346, Pusa Early Bunching, RMt-143 and UM-303 were evaluated against local cultivar for growth, yield and incidence.of root rot disease at Mondouri under the new alluvial zone of West Bengal. All characters, except primary branches planfl showed significant variation. Among the different genotypes, Rajendra Kranti exhibited superiority in terms of seed yield (10.67 q ha-1). Pusa Early Bunching was resistant to root rot disease.
 
Effect of zinc and iron on growth, oil yield and quality of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) in sandy loam soil
Get PDFThe results of a field experiment conducted at Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), to study the effect of different levels of zinc (Zn) (0, 7.5, 15.0 and 22.5 kg ha-1) and iron (Fe) (0, 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0 kg ha-1) on Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) revealed that fresh herbage, essential oil yield and growth parameters (plant height and leaf area index) increased significantly over control with application of Zn @ 7.5 kg ha-1 and Fe @ 10.0 kg ha-1. Further increase in their doses did not improve the herbage and oil yield. Essential oil concentration in green herbage and its quality of essential oil with respect to major chemical constituents of oil namely, menthol, menthane and menthyl acetate, did not change with application of Zn and Fe.
 
Intercropping of Indian basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) for enhancing resource utilization efficiency of aromatic grasses
Get PDFField trials on interctopping of Indian basil (Ocimum basilicum) with perennial aromatic grasses such as palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii), lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) were conducted at Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh). Indian basil was intercropped with aromatic grasses (spaced at 45 cm) during planting and establishment year of aromatic grasses. Intercropping with Indian basil did not affect the essential oil production of aromatic grasses; however oil yield of Indian basil were reduced by 60% and 24% with palmarosa and lemongrass, respectively, over monocropping. Intercropping however, improved the net economic returns of lemongrass, vetiver and palmarosa by 61 %, 140% and 65%, respectively, over their respective monocropping. Intercropping led to considerable improvement in land equivalent ratio 0.36-1.91), area time equivalent ratio (1.04-1.19), land use efficiency 020%-151 %) and money equivalent ratio 0.37-3.01).
 
Chemical composition of essential oil of nutmeg (Myristicafragrans Houtt.) accesc sions
Get PDFSixty-five nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) germplasm accessions from Indian Institute of Spices Research, Experimental Farm, Peruvannamuzhi (Kerala), were evaluated for chemical composition of essential oil of nJltmeg and mace and variability was observed among the accessions. The major constituents of significance in the essential oil were sabinene, safrole, myristicin and elemicin. Among the accessions, A9/71 and A9/95 had high sabinene and low hallucinogens namely, myristicin, elemicin and safrole, in both nutmeg and mace oils.
 
Influence of soil physico-chemical properties on productivity of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
Get PDFSoil surveys were conducted to study the physico-chemical characteristics of major black pepper (Piper nigrum) growing soils in Kerala and their relationship with black pepper productivity. Soil samples were collected from four major black pepper growing districts, namely, ldukki, Wayanad (high elevation), Kozhikode and Kannur (low elevation) and were classified based on yield as high, moderate and low yieJdinggardens. The relationships between elevations, physico-chemical properties and black pepper productivity were studied. The investigation revealed that soils of high yielding gardens were high in sand and low in clay fractions. These soils had high pH, base saturation, canon exchange capacity, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc status compared to low yielding gardens. These factors favoured good growth of black pepper vines with higher productivity.