Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops
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Enhancing shelf life of Trichoderma harzianum by conidial storage in sterile deionized water
Get PDFIn this study T. harzianum conidial suspension was made in different concentrations of cryoprotectants viz., glycerol, glucose, DMSO and deionized distilled water and stored at two different temperatures viz., 25± 1oC and 28-32ºC for more than 720 days for evaluating the shelf life in order to develop a ready to use liquid carrier formulation. The results showed that submerged conidia formulation in cryoprotectants like glycerol, glucose and DMSO preserved the viability for 75 days only when compared to the formulation in sterile deionized water which at 28-32°C retained the viability for 480 days with a viable count of loge= 6.671 (3.2 × 106) and for more than 720 days with a viable count of loge=5.54 (2 × 105) and in 480 days at 25±1°C with a viable count of loge=6.3911 (6.5 × 106) and with a viable count of loge =5.40 (2 × 105) for more than 720 days. The viability was tested in vitro by recovery in TSM and effectiveness was tested in vivo by drenching the suspension on plants and challenge inoculating with Phytophthora capsici after seven days. Challenge inoculation of black pepper plants with P. capsici after drenching with diluted stored suspension gave a disease reduction of 66.67%. Hence, sterile deionized water can be used as a liquid storage medium for the long term storage of T. harzianum culture without loosing the viability and effectiveness of the spores.
 
Cumin wilt management – a review
Get PDFCumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the oldest seed spice and an important production constraint is wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini Prasad and Patel (Foc) and crop losses could be up to 60%. Maximum population of Foc was estimated at 0-5 cm soil depth in the presence of crop, but the population density tended to decline progressively with distance from the surface. Resting structures of the Foc, the chlamydospores, survive in the soil for more than 10 years. The inoculum density in the soil increases with each year of cumin cultivation and is directly proportional to disease incidence in the field. In this review, an effort has been made to compile research findings generated during past four decades on symptomatology, ecology and management strategies. In the absence of resistant sources against Foc, to reduce population of pathogen below the economic threshold level, integration of cultural, chemical and biological control measures is the only effective way to manage this diesease.
 
Evaluating the taxonomic status of Solanum nigrum L. using flow cytometry and DNA barcoding technique
Get PDFSolanum nigrum L. is a widely distributed species whose taxonomic status remains controversial. The ploidy determination of all the accessions were done based on stomatal, pollen and some morphological characters but morphometry could not provide solution to distinguish these species. In this study, ploidy status of all the accessions were done using flow cytometry and DNA barcoding technique was also applied to identify and distinguish 13 distinct germplasm collections. DNA of all 13 accessions was isolated and sequenced. The sequence was aligned using DNASTAR offline Software. The DNA sequence was subjected to BLAST for identifying at species level. The intra specific variation between the species was calculated using MEGA 5.0. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that among the 13 accessions, six were identified as S. americanum Mill, three were identified as S. nigrum Linn. and four were identified as S. villosum Mill.
 
Standardization of soil-less nursery mixture for black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) multiplication using plug-trays
Get PDFAvailability of quality planting material of high yielding varieties is a major production constraint in all black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) growing countries, and hence there is a need for technology that boosts production of quality planting material. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of different combinations of soil-less coir pith based nursery mixtures on rooting and growth of black pepper cuttings in the nursery. Among the different nursery media combinations, coir pith with Trichoderma and vermicompost recorded significantly higher growth parameters. The study confirmed that composted coir pith with vermicompost and Trichoderma is an ideal potting medium for black pepper nursery. In the second experiment, among the single node cuttings with three different maturities (collected from the serpentine method runners), maximum nursery grwoth, was recorded in the terminal portion of the runners (11-15th nodes). Similarly, higher growth parameters were recorded in the cuttings planted with full leaf compared to halfleaf cuttings. The study indicated that the rooted cuttings with full leaf from middle and top portions recorded higher growth parameters. Use of Trichoderma and vermicompost enriched coir pith in black pepper nurseries minimizes chemical fungicides besides Trichoderma that colonizes the root system of seedlings will help in preventing the infection by pathogens in the main field. Since there is no high additional cost involved, the use of Trichoderma enriched coir pith can also be adopted by commercial nurseries.
 
Seed germination and seedling physiology of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) under chloride salinity
Get PDFSeed germination and seedling physiology of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) was investigated under salinity induced by NaCl. Five different salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mM) were used. The results revealed that seed germination and seedling growth were significantly retarded due to salinity. Significant accumulation of various osmolytes like reducing sugars and total sugars, proline, glycine betaine and total free amino acids was recorded with increasing salinity. The reduction in protein and starch content of seedlings under stress condition was concentration dependent. The studies suggested that ajowan is moderately tolerant to salt stress at seed germination stage.
 
Quality profile of ginger under different management systems
Get PDFField experiments were conducted to find out the variation in yield, and quality profile of ginger under organic, inorganic and integrated management systems for three consecutive years (2007–2009). Ginger varieties, IISR Varada, IISR Mahima and IISR Rejatha were used for the experiment. Results showed that among the treatments, the yield was on par in organic and integrated management system. The oil content was significantly higher in integrated and inorganic management systems and oleoresin in inorganic system. The essential oil constituents viz., zingiberene, farnesene, α-pinene, citral, 1, 8 cineole, z-citral and camphene contents were highest in integrated management system. β-Sesquiphellandrene content was highest under inorganic management and ar-curcumene content was highest under organic management system. Among the three varieties, IISR Mahima recorded significantly higher yield, oleoresin, β-Sesquiphellandrene and ar-curcumene contents. In the case of oil and zingiberene content, there was no significant difference among the varieties. IISR Varada recorded maximum oleoresin, α-pinene, citral, 1,8 cineole, z-citral and camphene content while IISR Rejatha recorded the highest farnesene and ar-curcumene content.
 
Effect of amount and time of potassium application on herbage yield, oil yield, oil content and quality of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) under semi arid tropical conditions
Get PDFA field experiment on lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) comprising 12 treatments of four levels of K2O (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha 1 year-1) and three time of applications (Full basal at the time of planting, ½ basal + ½ after six months and 1/3rd basal +1/3rd after six months and 1/3rd after first harvest) were tested during 2006–2008. Results showed that application of 40 kg K2O ha 1 year-1 in three splits i.e. 1/3rd basal +1/3rd after six months and 1/3rd after first harvest produced maximum herbage and oil yield which was at par with 80 kg K2O ha 1 year-1 applied as a basal.
 
Impact of technology transfer for fennel primary processing on income and employment opportunities for tribal women in district Sirohi (Rajasthan)
Get PDFKrishi Vigyan Kendra organized a set of need based skill oriented training programmes for selected 500 tribal women (fennel producers) in small groups (25-30 trainees) during last four years (2008 to 2012) with an aim to develop their skills regarding harvesting of umbel at post-mature stage, grading of produce (A, B, C & D grades), drying of fennel in modified shade house made up of local indigenous material, threshing on RCC floor or polyether sheet and packaging in polythene lined bags and marketing of the final produce. The skill oriented trainings had a positive impact on tribal women and about half of the total area (50%) has been transformed in primary processing. By primary processing of fennel, additional employment of about one lakh man days have been generated in district Sirohi. By this intervention, additional monetary returns of around Rs. 29.0 crores have been generated in the district. In the district, trained tribal women are getting Rs. 200-250 day-1 for harvesting and primary processing of fennel, whereas other unskilled women are getting only Rs. 100-150 day-1. This intervention has not only improved the living standards of the rural and tribal households but also increased the socio-economic status by providing self employment opportunities and livelihood security.
 
Management of purple blotch (Alternaria porri) disease of garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Get PDFField trials were conducted for the management of purple blotch disease of garlic during Rabi 2008–11. Six fungicides viz., tebuconazole @ 0.1%, azoxystrobin @ 0.1%, hexaconazole @ 0.1%, sectin (fenamidone + mancozeb) @ 0.2%, propineb @ 0.2% and mancozeb @ 0.25% and a control formed the treatments. The pooled data of three years indicated that purple blotch incidence ranged from 10% to 33.33% and intensity from 0.44% to 4.71%. Significantly lower incidence (21.11%) as well as intensity (1.78%) were recorded with spray of mancozeb @ 0.25% followed by tebuconazole @ 0.1% and azoxystrobin @ 0.1%. The highest gross yield (86.49 q ha-1) and marketable yield (86.07 q ha-1) were also recorded with spray of mancozeb @ 0.25% followed by azoxystrobin @ 0.1% and tebuconazole @ 0.1%. It was evident from the data that 1.73% intensity with 21.11% incidence of purple blotch at 45 days after planting (DAP) caused economic yield losses and it is considered as threshold value of purple blotch in garlic. The higher incidence (33.33%) and intensity (4.71%) of the disease as well as lowest gross yield (62.18 q ha-1) and marketable yield (61.87 q ha-1) were recorded in untreated control. The present study revealed that contact fungicide mancozeb and systemic fungicides namely tebuconazole and azoxystrobin spray after 30 DAP and subsequent sprays at fortnightly intervals were ideal for the management of purple blotch disease and increased garlic yield.
 
Reaction of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes and hybrids against Fusarium wilt (Fusarium solani)
Get PDFField experiment was conducted to evaluate chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes and hybrids against Fusarium solani. About 56 restorer lines and 38 F1 hybrids were evaluated for resistance to Fusarium solani under laboratory conditions. Among the 56 genotypes, none of them were immune or resistant. However, only one genotype viz., P3 was found moderately resistant in both seed inoculation and rapid root dip transplanting techniques. However, out of 38, two hybrids, viz., JNA2 × ACB1 × 9608D and Rajaput × P3 showed resistance under sick pot culture condition.