Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops
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Phenolic profiling of Piper species by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Get PDFIn the present study, phenolic compounds from four Piper species viz., P. nigrum (Black pepper), P. longum, P. chaba and P. colubrinum were identified by LC-MS analysis. The identified phenolic compounds mainly include phenolic acids and flavonoids. Thirteen compounds were identified in black pepper which mainly included hydroxybenzoic acids (syringic acid, protocatechuic acid etc.), hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid and 4-coumaric acid) and flavonoids (luteolin-8-C-glucoside and apigenin). Among the six compounds identified in P. longum, three belonged to hydroxybenzoic acid and the other three belonged to hydroxycinnamic acid category. Seven compounds were identified from P. chaba which comprised of hydroxybenzoic acids, phenolic aldehydes and hydroxycinnamic acids. In P. colubrinum, ten compounds were identified and majority were flavonoids like kaempferol-5-glucoside and apigenin-7-galactoside. Hydroxybenzoic acids like protocatechuic acid and phenolic aldehyde like vanillin were also identified in P. colubrinum. Salicylic acid, a monohydroxybenzoic acid was identified in all the four species.
 
Performance of improved varieties and technological interventions at farmers’ fields for cumin cultivation
Get PDFFront line demonstrations on cumin consisting of two improved varieties (GC-4 and RZ-209) with scientific interventions viz., seed treatment (Bavistin @2.5 g kg-1 seed and Trichoderma viride @4 g kg-1 seed), and pre-emergence application of oxadiragil (Raft) @75 g a.i. ha-1 for effective weed management and application of recommended doses of nutrients (40:40:0 kg ha-1 NPK) for balanced nutrition and appropriate plant protection schedule [(Two sprays of malathion (0.2%), two sprays of Dithan M-45 (0.2%) and one spray of karathan (0.1%) for the control of aphids, blight and powdery mildew, respectively)] were carried out at farmers’ fields in two villages (Kajipura and Bhadal) of Jaipur and one village (Karad) of Sikar district of Rajasthan during Rabi season of 2011–12 and 2012–13. Study revealed that overall yield was increased by 21.09% over farmers’ practice due to the technological interventions with average yield of 536.50 kg ha-1. Overall extension gap of 112.50 kg ha-1 and technical gap of 463.50 kg ha-1 were recorded in the study with 46.35% technology index. Maximum additional return (Rs. 15,875 ha-1) with highest effective gain (Rs. 10,775 ha-1) and incremental B: C ratio (3.11) were obtained in the year 2011–12. However, the overall average additional return was Rs. 14601 ha-1 with effective gain of Rs. 9,401 ha-1 and incremental B: C ratio of 2.81.
 
Effect of pre-harvest sprays of growth regulators and chemicals on storage life of garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Get PDFThe effect of pre-harvest treatments involving combinations of different chemicals and growth regulators viz., maleic hydrazide (MH), MH + carbendazim, MH + dithane M-45, cycocel (CCC), CCC + carbendazim, CCC + dithane M- 45, borax, borax + carbendazim on storage life of garlic was studied. Among the treatments, minimum physiological loss in weight (30.67%) was recorded with the pre-harvest spray of MH (2500 ppm) + carbendazim (1000 ppm), three weeks prior to harvest followed by MH (2500 ppm) three weeks prior to harvest. Application of CCC (1000) ppm + dithane M- 45 (1000 ppm) showed maximum recovery of healthy cloves (41.04%) at the end of 180 days of storage.
 
Influence of gibberellic acid on growth and quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Get PDFGibberellic acid (GA3) at 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm and 125 ppm was sprayed to fenugreek at 40 and 60 days after sowing. GA3 @ 100 ppm promoted growth and produced highest yield (12.60 q ha-1), followed by GA3 @ 75 ppm (12.05 q ha-1) which, however, was at par with GA3 @ 100 ppm. Among quality parameters, carbohydrate was highest (45%) with GA3 @ 125 ppm whereas, crude protein content was highest (29.33%) with GA3 @ 75 ppm. The highest oleoresin content (0.3%) and highest essential oil content (2.8%) was recorded with GA3 @ 100 ppm.
 
Evaluation of strobilurin fungicides Ergon 44.3% (w/w) [Kresoxim methyl 500 g L-1 SC] and RIL-070/FI (72WP) against Phytophthora capsici infection in black pepper
Get PDFTwo new strobilurin fungicides viz., Ergon 44.3% (w/w) [Kresoxim methyl 500 g L-1 SC] and RIL-070/FI (72WP) were evaluated in vitro and in planta against Phytophthora capsici causing foot rot disease of black pepper and ED50 and ED90 values were calculated based on the in vitro efficacy. The chemicals were tested in planta using the maximum concentration found effective in vitro. Ergon when tested from 10-6000 ppm of the product in vitro, showed complete inhibition of mycelial growth and sporulation at 6000 ppm. But the zoospore germination was completely inhibited at 2000 ppm. The average ED50 and ED90 values of Ergon were 845.51 and 1740.71, respectively. Foliar spray of the chemical followed by challenge inoculation showed an overall reduction of lesion development by 44.83% over control and maximum inhibition (57.12%) was observed at five days after spraying at a concentration of 7000 ppm. Soil application of Ergon at different concentrations from 6000-8000 ppm showed no infection or mortality at 7000 ppm. RIL-070/FI at different concentrations from 10-500 ppm of the product when tested in vitro against P. capsici showed 100% mycelial inhibition at 50 ppm with ED50 and ED90 values of 22.85 and 45.71, respectively. For inhibition of sporulation, the maximum concentration required was 100 ppm. However, zoospore germination showed 100% reduction at 200 ppm. Foliar spraying of the RIL at concentrations from 100-600 ppm showed lesion development from 0.71 to 100%. When P. capsici was challenged five days after spraying of the chemical, 600 ppm showed 100% inhibition of lesion development.
 
Effect of storage methods and seed rhizome treatment on the field performance of ginger
Get PDFAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different storage methods and seed rhizome treatment on the field performance of ginger var. Humnabad. Four storage methods were selected for the study viz., rhizomes kept in sand layers (indoor), 250 gauge polyethylene bag with 0.5% vents (indoor), Zero energy cool chamber (ZECC) either in open condition or in polyethylene bag with 0.5% vents. The seed rhizomes were treated with fungicide viz., Ridomil MZ (3 g L-1), bio-control agent Trichoderma harzianum (5 g kg-1 seed rhizome) and no seed treatment as the control. Highest germination (98.89%), plant height (52.3 cm), leaf area index (25.75), number of tillers clump-1 (19.7), pseudostem girth (3.41 cm) and fresh rhizome yield (22.35 t ha-1) were recorded in rhizome stored in ZECC treated with T. harzianum whereas, the rhizome stored in sand layer with no seed treatment recorded the lowest levels of germination (75.56%), plant height (33.6 cm), leaf area index (9.73), number of tillers clump-1 (12.6), pseudostem girth (2.32 cm) and fresh rhizome yield (11.84 t ha-1).
 
Studies on the performance of some garlic genotypes (Allium sativum L.) under subtropical conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Get PDFTwenty six genotypes of garlic collected from commercial garlic growing pockets of Himachal Pradesh were evaluated for two consecutive years. Observations were recorded on various horticultural traits. The analysis of data revealed that the germplasm differed significantly for morphological attributes, yield and storage performance. The height of the plants varied from 39.70 cm to 76.71 cm. Length and width of the individual bulb ranged from 3.69 cm to 4.96 cm and 4.00 cm to 5.33 cm, respectively. The number of cloves/bulb and individual bulb weight also varied significantly. Per hectare yield of garlic genotypes varied from 0.92 t ha-1 to 2.60 t ha-1, lowest yield was recorded in NG-12 and highest in Agrifound Parvati. NG-25 had minimum storage loss (5.79%) after three months of storage. Considering yield and other parameters, the lines NG-1, NG-11, NG-25 and Agrifound Parvati were found promising.
 
Thermal properties of cryo-ground fenugreek powder
Get PDFThermal properties, viz., specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of fenugreek (cv. AM-2) powder were determined. Specific heat increased from 295.9 to 5794.4 J kg-1 K-1 with increasing temperature from -150°C to 100°C and moisture content from 5.5% to 25.2% d.b. and exhibited second order polynomial relationship. Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity ranged from 0.140-0.186 W m-1 K-1 and 8.13 × 10-6-11.38 × 10-6 m2 s-1, respectively with increasing moisture content. Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity showed quadratic relationships with moisture content. Specific heat of fenugreek powder was significantly affected by moisture content and temperature (P<0.01), while thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were significantly affected by moisture content (P<0.01).
 
Dissipation of flubendiamide (480 SC) in cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]
Get PDFInsecticide flubendiamide was sprayed thrice at 21 days interval between December-February on cardamom at two concentrations, i.e. 0.72 g a.i. 10 L-1 (X), and 1.44 g a.i. 10 L-1 (2X). Samples of capsules were collected at regular intervals for 15 days after application of the insecticide for residue analysis. The initial deposit of flubendiamide in capsules was 0.42 and 0.60 mg kg-1 for X and 2X treatments, respectively that dissipated with a half-life of 1.25 and 2.53 days, respectively. No residue of des-iodo flubendiamide (the metabolite of flubendiamide) was detected in any of the samples up to 15 days. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 0.05 mg kg-1, for both flubendiamide and des-iodo flubendiamide.
 
Management of root rot disease of fenugreek
Get PDFField experiments were conducted for two years for the management of root rot of fenugreek and it was found that maximum reduction in disease incidence (14.52% and 11.4%, respectively) was observed in the treatment where seeds were treated with carbendazim (2 g kg-1) + spray at 45, 60 & 75 days after sowing during both the years. This treatment also registered maximum seed yield of 7.3 q ha-1 and 7.9 q ha-1, respectively during the two years. The next best treatment was seed treatment with hexaconazole (2 mL kg-1) + spray (0.2%) at 45, 60 & 75 DAS with disease incidence of 16.41% and 13.7%, respectively and yield of 6.8 and 7.5 q ha-1, respectively.