Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops
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Comparative gene expression study between two turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivars
Get PDFTwo turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivars differing in curcumin content viz GNT-2 (4.6 % curcumin) and NDH-98 (1.6% curcumin) were selected for comparative gene expression study in association with total curcumin contents. Sampling was done at six months after planting in open field condition. Differential gene expression patterns were observed between two cultivars by reverse transcription quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and total curcumin contents were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Low curcumin yielding cultivar, NDH-98, exhibited higher expression of DCS and CURS3 whereas lower expression of CURS1 and CURS2. However, opposite pattern was observed in a high curcumin yielding cultivar, GNT-2, where DCS and CURS3 expressions were lower but CURS1 and CURS2 expressions were higher. CURS3 showed similar expression between both cultivars. CURS1 and CURS2 expression patterns showed more closer association than DCS and CURS3 gene expression patterns with each other. Differential gene expression patterns could be predictively associated with differential curcuminoids concentrations in turmeric cultivars
Intercropping summer moong (Vigna radiata) in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) -a feasibility study at Punjab
Get PDFOn farm trial on the effect of intercropping of summer moong (Vigna radiata) on growth, yield, and economics of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) was conducted at farmer’s fields in adopted villages of Krishi Vigyan Kendra viz., Kandola Kalan, Kaimwala, Mehsampur and Fatehpur in Jalandhar district during 2012 and 2013. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments. The treatments were T1 - sole turmeric flat (30 cm x 20 cm), T2 - sole turmeric ridge (45 x 15 cm), T3 - sole turmeric ridge (60 x 10 cm), T4 - sole turmeric bed (67.5 cm), T5 - turmeric : summer moong (1:1) flat, T6 -turmeric : summer moong (1:1) ridge 45 x 20 cm, T7 - turmeric :summer moong (1:1) ridge 60 x 20 cm, T8 -turmeric : summer moong (2:1) bed 67.5 cm and T9 - turmeric : summer moong (2:2) bed 67.5 cm. In intercropping treatments, the planting of turmeric was done on the top of ridge and bed and summer moong was sown in furrows. The data on emergence count (30 and 60 DAS), plant height, tillers plant-1 (No.), dry matter accumulation, number of rhizomes (mother, primary, secondary), total rhizomes plant-1, rhizome yield (q ha-1) (fresh, dry and processed) were recorded. The treatments T8 and T9 where turmeric was planted on bed with summer moong in the furrow were found to be better for all the characters under study. The highest net returns of Rs 2.27 x 105 ha-1 with B : C ratio 4.89 was obtained in T9 -turmeric : summer moong (2:2) bed 67.5 cm followed by T8 -turmeric : summer moong (2:1) bed 67.5 cm and recorded lowest net returns of Rs 1.58 x 105 ha-1 with benefit: cost ratio 3.51 in T5 - turmeric : summer moong (1:1) flat. The study revealed that summer moong can be a better option as intercrop in turmeric than the sole turmeric crop for proper utilization of all resources
Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality attributes of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) var. Rajendra Shyama grown under terai region of West Bengal
Get PDFA field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2014–15 and 2015–16 to study the effects of various combination of different levels of inorganic, organic and bio-fertilizers (Azophos) on the vegetative growth, yield contributing attributes and quality of seeds of black cumin. The results showed that the combination of 100% RDF (Recommended Dose of Fertilizer) + 15 t ha-1 FYM (Farm Yard Manure) + 4 kg ha-1 Azophos significantly improved most of the parameters related to growth of plant, seed yield and net returns. However, for production of seed oil, 75% RDF of chemical fertilizers + FYM + bio-fertilizer was recorded was the best. Most of the soil properties were improved by application of 100% RDF + FYM. Therefore from the results, it could be suggested that inclusion of organic manure and bio-fertilizer along with 100% (RDF) is the best combination for seed production of black cumin whereas for better quality seed oil 25% RDF can be substituted with FYM and biofertilizer (Azophos) in terai region of West Bengal
Effect of biocontrol agents on production of rooted back pepper cutting in serpentine method
Get PDFAvailability of disease free quality planting material is a major limiting factor in black pepper cultivation. In order to meet the increasing demand and also to create awareness on good agricultural practices for healthy disease free planting material production to farmers, a nursery experiment was started with improved varieties of black pepper by adopting a non-chemical bio-intensive management strategy. Here solarization of potting mixture was the main concern followed my amending the solarized potting mixture with potential bioagents. The experiment was designed in a two factor CRD with four improved varieties and five treatments. Each treatment contains a combination of two bioagents with antifungal and nematicidal properties respectively. The common recommended fungicide Metalaxyl-Mancozeb (0.125%) and nematicide carbsosulfan (0.1%) was used as control. The treatments were incorporated individually into solarized potting mixture and planted with improved varieties used viz., IISR Girimunda, Malabar Excel, Shakti and Thevam, The plants in each treatment were kept for multiplication by serpentine method with proper irrigation and phytosanitation. The results of plant growth and establishment in different treatments, showed that fortification of solarized potting mixture with Trichoderma harzianum + Pochonia chlamydosporia combination or combination of Streptomyces strains (Act 2+9) are significantly superior (35.46% and 21% respectively) for the production of healthy rooted planting material. IISR Malabar Excel and IISR Thevam produced the maximum number of plants from a single node cutting in treatment with T. harzianum + P. chlamydosporia (T1) (59 nos. and 51 nos. respectively) followed by Malabar Excel with Act 2+9 and Act 5+9 (45 nos. each). So an average of 6-7 plants/month/cutting was produced in the potential treatment while it was only 3-4 plants in control. The advantage of the method is that, after solarization and fortification with respective bioagents, there is no need for further application of any fungicides, insecticides or any other nutrient spray as usually done. Thus the method of soil solarization followed by fortification of either T. harzianum+ P. chlamydosporia or combination of Streptomyces strains viz., Ketasatospora setae (Act 2) and S. tauricus (Act9) is found suitable for the production of healthy quality planting material of high yielding varieties to meet the increasing demand of planting material with a C:B ratio of 1:2
Current status of viral diseases affecting black pepper and cardamom
Get PDFBlack pepper and cardamom are the important spice crops grown in India and other countries. Viruses are one of the major yield limiting factors in both these spice crops. Viral diseases spread at a faster rate in these spices, as they are vegetatively propagated. Lack of sensitive detection methods has led to the widespread distribution of viral diseases in all black pepper and cardamom growing regions. The viruses infecting these two spice crops have now been identified; characterized and sensitive diagnostics have been developed. Integration of various approaches like use of resistant varieties, virus-free planting materials, vector control and cultural methods are required for the management of viral diseases. Rejuvenation of viral disease affected black pepper plantations through proper soil and plant health management were proved to be successful. The present review deals with characterization, diagnosis and management of viral diseases affecting black pepper and cardamom
Diversity in floral characters of monoecious nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
Get PDFFloral diversity in monoecious type nutmeg reveals three types of flowers namely; pistillate, staminate and hermaphrodite flowers. The structure of hermaphrodite flowers in nutmeg is reported for the first time. The flowers are borne on the leaf axil, flowering habit of the three types of flowers are seen in cymes as well solitary in the same tree. The gynoecium consists of single ovary with bifid stigma in the pistillate flowers and the androecium of staminate flowers has adnate 7-13 anthers. Intra flower variability is evident in case of hermaphrodite flowers. In hermaphrodite flower the androecium ranges with 1-4 anthers, in the form of fused filament or free filament or both; some anthers are fused with the gynoecium. Besides remnants of the stamen in the developed fruits of hermaphrodite flowers, staminodes are also observed in the flowers. Colour of all the three types of flowers are light creamy yellow, with thick gamosepalous perianth which bursts as bilobed, trilobed, tetralobed and pentalobed lobes during anthesis. Analysis of variance of trees for flower types and floral attributes like flower type, number of anthers, length of anthers, length of filaments and length of ovary are found to be highly significant. High coefficient of variation is recorded for hermaphrodite (183.84) and pistillate (171.71%) flowers. The pollen viability of the hermaphrodite flowers are found less as compared to the staminate flowers. The percentage of pollen viability is 79.74% and 90.77% in hermaphrodite and male flower respectively. In the population studied, the occurrence of hermaphrodite flower in monoecious tree ranged from 0 - 10%
Air layering in cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum L.) under wet humid tropical conditions
Get PDFCinnamon is a cross pollinated species and seed propagation has resulted in development of considerable variability in growth, yield and quality among the populations. Air layering has been considered as one of the efficient methods of multiplication in cinnamon. However, the success of layering varies greatly depending on the local environmental conditions. In the present investigation, air layering was performed at 20 days interval during rainy season (July 3rd to October 11th) of two consecutive years in Bay islands. Result revealed that first week of July was the most suitable time for air layering in cinnamon as it supported better rooting percentage (87.5%)
Annual and monthly rainfall trend in plantation and spice farming Western Ghats districts
Get PDFRainfall analysis of important plantation and spices producing districts such as The Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu), Kodagu (Karnataka) Idukki (Kerala) and Wayanad (Kerala) with 100 years data (1901 to 2000) obtained from the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Pune indicated that mean annual rainfall were 1839.7mm, 2715.7mm, 2979.4mm and 3381.0mm with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 16.0%, 17.0%, 25.8% and 19.6%, respectively. The contribution of southwest monsoon(June-September) to the annual rainfall in these districts were 80.3% (Wayanad), 78.9% (Kodagu), 65.2% (Idukki) and 56.3% (The Nilgiris) with corresponding CV of 24.1%, 20.6%, 32.5%, and 24.6%, respectively. The declining trend in mean annual rainfall was noticed for Idukki, Wayanad and The Nilgiris, whereas, for Kodagu, it was stable. The change was significant in Wayanad and The Nilgiris. Similar trend was also observed for the southwest monsoon rainfall. The maximum decline in annual and southwest monsoon rainfall was noticed in The Nilgiris followed by Wayanad. Pre and post monsoon rainfall receipts were comparatively less with high inter-annual variations. The pre-monsoon (March-May) receipt and its coefficient of variation (CV) was 252.4mm & 20.6% (Kodagu), 360.9mm & 36.5% (Idukki), 251.7mm & 36.6% (The Nilgiris) and 274.2mm & 54.2% (Wayanad). The post monsoon (October-December) rain was maximum in Idukki 548.1mm (CV 27.9%) followed by The Nilgiris 503.4mm(CV 31.3%), Wayanad, 333.1mm(CV 37.8%) and Kodagu 310.5mm (CV 32.7%). In all these districts there was a declining trend in the pre-monsoon rain with maximum decline in The Nilgiris. Similar declining trend was also observed in post-monsoon rain except for The Nilgiris, where the trend has been increasing. Overall, the study gives an indication that there was a spatial and temporal variation in rainfall amounts. The maximum decline in annual rainfall and the southwest monsoon was observed in The Nilgiris and Wayanad. July was the rainiest month in all the districts studied. Significant negative trend was asscoaited with The Nilgiris for January, May, June, July and August months. Whereas, in Kodagu, no significant trend was observed for mean monthly rainfall, except for August. In Idukki, significant negative changes were noticed for January, March, October and December rainfall. Monthly rainfall of January, March, April and July monthly rainfall were showed significant negative trend in Wayanad,. These negative trends across important plantation and spices producing districts of the Western Ghats would affect not only the agricultural economy of this sector but also water resources
Influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and quality of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Get PDFField experiments were carried out during Kharif season of 2015 and 2016 to study the influence of FYM, inorganic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers on fresh herbage yield, quantity and quality of essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Nine treatments with three replication were adopted in a randomized block design to find out the effect of different levels of N applied through FYM (100, 75 and 50% of the recommended N along with and without bio-fertilizers), recommended dose of NPK (160:80:80 kg ha-1), recommended FYM (10 t ha-1) + NPK (160:80:80 kg ha-1) and control (recommended FYM (10 t ha-1) on fresh herbage and oil yield, oil content and oil quality of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Pooled results revealed that application of recommended FYM (10 t ha-1) along with recommended NPK (160:80:80 kg ha-1) recorded the highest fresh herbage yield (39.95 and 19.37 t ha-1), essential oil content (0.48 and 0.45%) and essential oil yield (199.7 and 107.58 kg ha-1) in the main crop and ratoon, respectively. With respect to oil quality, bio-fertilizer has a good impact on oil quality, that highest percentage of Methyl chavicol was recorded with application of recommended FYM (10 t ha-1) + recommended N through FYM along with bio fertilizers in the main crop of 2016 (63.78%) and in the ratoon (59.39 and 59.67%) of 2015 and 2016, respectively
Stability analysis for seed yield and yield attributing traits in fennel (Foeniculum vulguare mill.)
Get PDFStudy was carried to evaluate phenotypic stability of 13 genotypes of fennel for seed yield and yield attributing traits. Out of 13 genotypes, three were checks (RF 205, RF 201 and local fennel) grown in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications in each year. The significant genotypic differences were observed for all the characters suggesting differential responses of genotypes to the environmental changes. The results showed that among 13 genotypes RF 205 and Local fennel were found stable for seed yield/ plant, FNL 69 for days to flower, FNL 70 and RF 101 for primary branches/ plant, FNL 74 for umbels/ umbellet and FNL 71 for umbels/ plant. The results revealed that some reliable predictions about G x E interaction as well as its unpredictable components contributed significantly in determining the stability of genotypes. The wider stability recorded by RF 205, RF 201 and local fennel during all the three years which will be useful for development of high yielding varieties of fennel