Asian Research Journal of Agriculture
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Studies on Marketing of Selective Herbicide in Kurukshetra District of Haryana, India
No full textAn herbicide is a type of pesticide used to control or eliminate unwanted plants, commonly known as weeds. Antibiotics work by interfering with various physiological processes in plants, including photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and cell division. One of the main benefits of herbicides is their impact on weed control and crop yield. Calaris Xtra\u27s business in the Kurukshetra district of Haryana includes two business channels where channel 2 (manufacturer-product-retailer-consumer) precedes channel 1 (manufacturing wholesaler-consumer). Finally, the price of Calaris will provide customers with an additional profit of Rs. 1300/700ml bottle. Finally, channel 1\u27s total business profit is Rs 250, business price is Rs 54 and business efficiency is 4.27%. Channel I\u27s spread is Rs 104, channel 2\u27s total market cap is Rs 71 and channel 2\u27s total market cap is Rs. 283 business efficiency is 3.89% with a spread of Rs 184 on channel 2. The limiting factor in the Calaris Xtra herbicide business is the high shipping cost, with 30 respondents responding to level 1, followed by storage issues, 20 responding as level II, followed by storage issues 18 high value participants, level III; followed by famine. level IV with 16 market participants; slow sales followed, with 11 participants responding to grade V; price volatility comes next and 5 participants answer level VI
Comparison of Some In-vitro Antioxidant Properties of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida Fruit Testas
No full textTestas of Cola fruit are usually considered as agricultural waste by many farmers as their focus is always on the seed because of its economic importance. This study therefore aimed at evaluating and comparing the antioxidant potentials of C. acuminata and C. nitida fruit testas. The methanol extract of the fruit testas of C. acuminata and C. nitida were evaluated and compared for their antioxidant properties such as: their scavenging abilities on hydroxyl radicals, ABTS (2, 2– Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic Acid), DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide. Also their ferric reducing ability and total antioxidant were investigated. In all the antioxidant parameters assayed, the fruit testas of C. acuminata and C. nitida compared favorably well with the standard (Butylated Hydroxytoluene) as they both showed positive correlation with the standard. The antioxidant ability of the methanol extract of C. nitida was significantly lower compared with that of C. acuminata in all the parameters tested. This can be attributed to the hydrogen atom donating potentials of the testas which can be as a result presence of vital secondary metabolites in therapeutic mopping up of free radicals in form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
Problem Analysis of Garlic Cultivation in Major Production Areas in Luzon, Philippines
No full textUsing the problem analysis framework, this research analyzed the current situations in the garlic-producing areas in Luzon, Philippines, and identified the possible reasons for the decrease in the volume and total area of production. A total of 111 garlic farmers from 25 municipalities and cities in the Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, CALABARZON, and MIMAROPA were included in the study. Results showed that extreme weather conditions such as heat, drought, excessive rains, insect pest and disease occurrences, and inaccessibility to market with high pricing for locally produced garlic are the most encountered problems by garlic farmers across the regions. Continuous heavy rainfall during the planting season caused extreme damage to the crop, in which 41% of the respondents mentioned this as a major concern. The presence of different field and storage insect pests and diseases of garlic resulting in lower yield was also cited by 32% of the respondents. Furthermore, the market for native garlic is less competitive due to the cheaper cost of imported garlic varieties, which leads to a significantly reduced market for the produce. The conditions led to the production of other crops such as squash and sweet potato, or in some cases, the selling of chives as they require fewer inputs, thus making it more profitable in a shorter period than producing bulbs
Risk Preference Responses to Fertilizer Expenditures: A Case of Maize Smallholder Farmers in Iringa and Arusha Regions in Tanzania
No full textInitiatives have been tested to improve usage and expenditures on inorganic fertilizers; most did not yield the expected results, particularly in highly maize-growing highlands. This study evaluates the usage of inorganic fertilizers and the influence of maize farmers’ risk preferences on expenditure in inorganic fertilizers in the Iringa and Arusha regions. Data were adopted from an Agronomic Panel Survey (APS) from 129 maize farmers’ household heads (HHs), randomly selected within a spatial sampling frame in the maize-growing regions of the Southern and Northern highlands of Tanzania. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Tobit model. Results revealed that the majority of maize farmers (64%) did not apply inorganic fertilizers on maize plots. Results further showed statistical significance for the Arusha region (p<0.001), non-schooling (p<0.05), primary education (0.01), ordinary secondary education (p<0.05), number of plots (p<0.05) and size of the maize plot (p<0.001) in predicting inorganic fertilizer expenditures when Tobit model was estimated. Nevertheless, risk-preferred maize farmers statistically influenced fertilizer expenditure when both highlands were included. The study recommends a model comprising risk preferences, geographical factors, and household characteristics in studying farmers’ decisions on expenditure of inorganic fertilizers in respective regions and districts to uncover the location specificity and improve maize production
Comparative Efficacy of Cypermethrin and Plant Extract in the Control of Cucumber Pests in Ado Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria
No full textCucumber (Cucumis Sativus) is widely cultivated and consumed in the tropics as a source of fruit vegetable for man due to its numerous health benefits. Attainable yield in the farmers farm is considerably low due to the problem of insect pest attack. Based on the above, experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of cypermethrin and three plant extracts (Datura stramonium, Ricinus communis and Sida acuta) in the control of insect pest associated with cucumber. Cucumber variety Cu 999 was planted on a 2 x 2 m at a spacing of 40cm x 40cm. three concentrations of the extracts was used in the control of the pest and cypermethrin insecticide was used as a standard check. The control plot in each case was sprayed with distilled water. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using least significant different at (p ≤ 0.05). Result from the study shows statistically significant variations. Eight insect pests belonging to different families were frequently observed on the cucumber. Incidence of normal fruits were generally higher than abnormal fruits at all the tested concentrations. At 65 % concentration with extracts of D. stranmonium, incidence of normal fruit (80.3 %) was not significantly different from that of cypermethrin insecticide (82.6 %). Yield of cucumber sprayer with 65% concentration of D. stramonium (250 kg/ha) was not significantly different from that of cypermethrin insecticide (254 kg/ha). The study concluded that extracts of the three plants can replace the synthetic insecticide in the management of the insect plant of cucumber with corresponding yield
Performance of Potato Genotypes at Farmer’s Field in Jumla, Nepal
No full textOn-farm varietal trial was carried out to evaluate promising genotypes of potato received from International Potato Centre (CIP), Lima, Peru through National Potato Research Program (NPRP), Khumaltar at Guthichaur Rural Municipality in the high hills of Jumla during two consecutive years 2017 and 2018. Five promising potato genotypes and two check cultivars i.e. Desiree and Jumli Local were tested in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments were replicated three times. Compost was used at the rate of 20 t/ha. Well sprouted tubers of 25-50 g were planted at 60cm x 25cm spacing. Observations were recorded on vegetative parameters and yield attributes. Tested genotypes differed significantly for emergence percentage at 30 days after planting, uniformity, ground coverage, plant height, number of main stems, total number of tubers and tuber yield per hectare. The highest tuber yield (26.14 t/ha) was recorded in CIP393073.179 followed by CIP 395112.32 (24.56 t/ha) and CIP 390478.9 (23.12 t/ha). The average results of both years showed that potato genotypes CIP393073.179, CIP 395112.32 and CIP 390478.9 were promising for commercial cultivation in Jumla and in the similar agro-ecological domains of Karnali province
Biochemical Characterization and Responses of Two Contrasting Genotypes of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. to Salinity in a Hydroponic System
No full textChenopodium quinoa is a promising species for future food security and combating climate change due to its nutritional content and halophytic nature. This study focuses on the temporal differential responses of the salt-tolerant (Chadmo) and the salt-sensitive (Kankolla) under control (CK) and 400 mM NaCl arranged under the randomised block designed (RBD). Biochemical features assessed and results indicate a significant difference (p<0.05) being identified by ANOVA and Tukey analyses in total chlorophyll (CHL), carotenoids (CAR), proline, glycine betaine (GB), soluble sugars, K+, Na+, K+/Na+ ratio, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in both genotypes between the CK and 400 mM NaCl. Na+ increased while K+ and the bivalent ions Mg2+ and Ca2+ decreased progressively with time points (CK and 24 h) in both genotypes but more pronounced in Kankolla. Proline increased by 24.45 and 18.63% between the CK and 24 h after exposure to 400 mM NaCl in Chadmo and Kankolla, respectively. Similarly, significant increases were observed in ABA, glycine betaine and soluble sugars from the CK to 24 h after exposure to 400 mM NaCl in both genotypes. Using these biochemical responses to salinity, Chadmo proved to be the better-performing genotype when exposed to 400 mM NaCl and hence identified as the salt-tolerant genotype
Investigating the Effects of Drought on Anacardium occidentale L. (Cashew) and Adaptation Options to Climate Change in Burkina Faso (West Africa): A Review
No full textThe objective of this review was to investigate the effects of drought on cashew and to identify options for cashew adaptation to drought in the aim to maintain and/or improve its productivity in plantation and in agroforestry under climate change in Burkina Faso. The methodology used was the review of the scientific literature through the analyse of the findings of 51 studies to explore the effects of drought on the cashew. Drought is a major factor causing land degradation and limiting crop productivity in the Sahel and particularly in Burkina Faso. The cashew contributes in creating jobs and generating revenues mainly for women employed in the cashew nuts processing units established in Burkina Faso. The cashew sensitivity to drought was reported through changes in some physiological parameters under water stress conditions. In order to maintain and/or improve cashew productivity in plantations and in agroforestry systems and the rural households socio-economic conditions under drought with climate change, it is urgent to develop and implement cashew adaptation options. This manuscript recommended adaptation actions to reduce the vulnerability of the effect of cashew to drought under climate change
Landscape Planning and Design Approaches for Ecologically Sustainable Cities
No full textRapidly increasing urbanization trends at the global level increase the interest in sustainable urban life, while also revealing their effects on ecological balance more clearly. In particular, increasing urban areas create negative effects on ecosystems and quality of life through factors such as increasing air temperatures and changing precipitation patterns. This rapid urbanization process negatively affects the natural ecosystems in urban areas, ecosystems are fragmented, deteriorated and even face the danger of complete extinction. For this reason, the development of planning methods to preserve ecological balance has become a great necessity. These planning approaches are seen as the cornerstones of building sustainable cities. Factors such as spatial diversity and temperature variations play a vital role in understanding ecological processes. In this context, although studies on the design and maintenance of sustainable urban landscapes continue, more effective strategies are needed to ensure the sustainability of these landscapes in the long term. Many innovative ideas regarding urban landscape planning and design have been developed in recent years. However, there has been limited success in applicability of these ideas from a sustainability perspective. Sustainable landscape planning and design helps improve environmental quality and multiply social benefits through the integration of various materials and methods in the creation, construction and management of urban areas. Sustainability-focused approaches to landscape planning and design include restoration and enhancement of natural systems, sustainable management of resources, efficient use of water and energy, and protection of external environmental quality. The aim of this study is to discuss new strategies at the urban level. In this way, it is aimed to take ecosystem protection measures in urban areas, create livable environments and achieve sustainability goals more effectively
Influence of 2,4-dichloro Phenoxy Acetic Acid on Seeds Germination and Early Growth of Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora Swarz) DC Seedlings
No full textThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acidic acid (2,4-D) on seed germination and the early growth of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) seedlings. The three sizes of mesquite at the flowering stage (small, medium, and large) were treated with 2,4-D at different rates (0, 6×103, 12×103, 18×103 and 24×103 mg a.i. / L) dissolved in two solvents (diesel or water), the application method basal bark treatment was used in the two different seasons. The results showed that: the three factors (2,4-D rates, tree sizes, and solvent types) significantly decreased germination percentage with the increase of 2,4-D rate dissolved in diesel with all sizes of trees, while the emergence percentage, radical length, and shoot height were significantly decreased as 2,4-D rate increase dissolved in diesel or water. In the winter season, the root length of seedlings raised from seeds collected from the three tree sizes treated with 2,4-D dissolved in water was significantly decreased as a 2,4-D rate increased, while in the rainy season, the root length was affected with 2,4-D dissolved in diesel. In addition, the effect of 2,4-D rates and solvent types was evaluated for all parameters, the results found that: 2,4-D dissolved in diesel significantly decreased germination percent than the corresponding rates dissolved in water. Emergence percentage and shoot height and radical length were significantly decreased with 2,4-D dissolved in diesel or water compared to their control. In the winter season, the root length is affected by 2,4-D dissolved in water, while in the rainy season affected by 2,4-D dissolved in diesel