Asian Research Journal of Agriculture
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Cost and Return Analysis of Domestic and Export-Oriented Rice Varieties during the Monsoon and Summer Seasons in Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar
No full textRice is essential to the livelihoods of farmers in Myanmar. Rice producers experience varying benefits depending on their techniques and rice varieties. While summer rice yields are generally higher than those of monsoon rice, only a limited number of farmers cultivate summer rice. This paper aims to analyze the costs and returns associated with rice production among selected farmers, focusing on domestic and export-marketed rice varieties in Nay Pyi Taw. Data was collected in June 2024 through face-to-face questionnaires employing a purposive sampling method. Descriptive and cost and return analyses were used to achieve the research objectives. Of the 180 selected rice farmers, all grew in monsoon rice, but only 68 grew summer rice. During the monsoon season, all selected farmers grew ten domestic-marketed rice varieties (DMM) and seven export-marketed rice varieties (EMM) were grown. The 68 summer rice farmers grew four domestic marketed rice varieties (DMS) and five export-marketed rice varieties (EMS). The selected farmers allocated the largest share of average production to marketed surplus in both seasons. According to the benefit-cost ratios, the highest return was from EMS (2.24), followed by EMM (2.15), DMS (2.08) and DMM (1.99). Farmers growing EMS reported higher profits than those growing other varieties. Therefore, farmers are encouraged to expand summer rice cultivation. The public sector should support this increase by ensuring a sufficient supply of irrigation water, agricultural infrastructure and equipment. By enhancing summer rice cultivation, overall rice production can increase facilitate trade for both domestic consumption and the export market, and boost foreign income
Molecular Identification of Blast Resistance Gene in Some Elite Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Land Races and Varieties
No full textBackground: The greatest challenge facing rice productivity in rice producing regions of the World is the occurrence of blast diseases cause by Piricularia Oryzae. In reaction, affected plants develop disease resistance strategies one of which is the expression of resistance genes by systemic defence.
Aim: To identify resistance controlling gene (piz-6) against blast disease in two conventional cultivars (faro 67 and 44) and three elite landraces (CHI, IRON and C-Price). T
Study Design: The study involved laboratory experiment using PCR technique.
Place and Duration of Study: Two varieties of upland rice faro 44 and faro 67 were sourced from National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Niger State, Nigeria while the three landraces (C-price, CHl and IRON) were obtained from Abakiliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria bet July, 2024 to October 2024.
Methodology: Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh plant tissue using the Quick-DNA™ Plant/Seed Miniprep Kit (Inqaba, US) following the manufacturer’s protocol.DNA purity and concentration were determined using NanoDrop Spectrophotometer 2000C while PCR amplification of the rice genomes was carried out using the PCR master mix, OneTaq Quick-Load 2X Master Mix (New England Biolabs, US) with specific Primer, RM8225.
Results: DNA concentration ranged from 74.1 to 126.9ng/µl with a purity index (absorbance ratio) ranging from 1.73 to 1.79. The study detected blast resistance gene in one conventional variety; faro 44 and one landrace; CHI. A distribution frequency of 40% of the resistance gene was obtained in the entire varieties studied. The sequences of the two varieties revealed the presence of the allele for the resistance gene (piz-6).
Conclusion: The findings of this study have revealed that both conventional and landrace rice cultivars harbour blast resistance gene. However, there need for identification of more blast resistance genes in other varieties especially in our landraces and even the weedy relatives. The exploitation and utilization of new resistance genes in addition to the monitoring of virulence genes of blast fungus will better Aid understanding of resistance in rice defense mechanisms
Impact of Integrated Farming System on Traditional Farming Practices in Redwa Village of Akola District, Maharashtra, India
No full textResearch and developmental initiatives under Rainfed Integrated Farming System Project implemented by AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, District-Akola are adopted in village Redwa, Taluka-Barshitakli of Akola district in Maharashtra state are reported in the present study. The study analyzed 20 rainfed and 8 partially irrigated farmers who have adopted different integrated farming systems approach (viz: Crop + Large ruminants and Crop + Large ruminants + Small ruminants). Crop interventions such as; intercropping of soybean + pigeonpea (6:1) as against farmer practice of no intercropping, opening of furrows in each row at 30-35 days after sowing for in-situ moisture conservation, foliar spray of 19:19:19 mix fertilizer to cope up with dry spells and high intensity rainfall events and protective irrigation (for farmers having partially irrigated situation) resulted in higher equivalent yield of crops. Implementation of livestock interventions such as, vaccination and feeding of green foliage of lucerne/ berseem/minerals and concentrates resulted in higher milk yield in large ruminants (i.e cow and buffalo) with good health, higher man days in case of bullock pair and higher meat returns and better weight gain in small ruminants (i.e; goat) as compared to farmers practice. In farmers practice vaccination and feeding with green foliage of lucerne/ berseem/minerals and concentrates is not followed which has been followed through incorporation of interventions under RIFS Project adopted farmers. In rainfed situation, the integrated farming system have recorded 38.8% higher equivalent yield in rainfed marginal category with crop+large ruminant, 28.09% increase in equivalent yield in rainfed marginal category with crop+large ruminant+small ruminant system, 50.26% higher equivalent yield in small category with crop+large ruminant and 48.58% rise in equivalent in small category farmers with crop+large+small ruminants as compared to farmers practice i.e without integrated farming system and no interventions. Whereas, in partially irrigated situation 32.20% increase in crop equivalent yield is recorded with marginal crop+large ruminant category and 57.76% increase is recorded with small category farmers having crop+large ruminants over traditional farmers practice. Farming system in dry land area is characterized by low and unpredictable yield due to inefficient use of rain and soil, rare use of fertilizers, high yielding varieties and improved soil conservation measures. Therefore, IFS is a multidisciplinary whole farm approach and very effective in solving the problems of small and marginal farmers which aims at increasing income and employment from small-holding by integrating various farm enterprises. Integrated Farming System is a combination of crop and livestock enterprises which consider the concepts of minimizing risk, increasing total production and profits by lowering external inputs through recycling and improving the utilization of organic wastes and crop residues which are effective tools for addressing various issues of rainfed farmers
Effect of Phosphorus and Vermicompost on Growth and Productivity of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)
No full textA field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2023–24 at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan. The study evaluated the effect of phosphorus and vermicompost on the growth and productivity of black gram (variety Pratap Urd-1). The result revealed that the maximum plant height (50.25 cm), dry matter accumulation (13.25/plant), number of nodules per plant (40.15), fresh weight of nodules per plant (71.02 mg/plant), dry weight of nodules per plant (51.02 mg/plant), leaf area index (3.52) and yield parameter such as number of pods per plant (35.15), number of seed per pod (7.15), grain yield (11.85 q/ha), straw yield (22.45 q/ha) and biological yield (34.30 q/ha) with application of T9-40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 2.5 t vermicompost ha-1. Also, maximum net return (59501/ha) and B:C ratio (1.89) were recorded with T9-40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 2.5 t vermicompost ha-1
Tokenization of Agricultural Assets: Strengthening Blockchain Security in Agri-finance and Investment Models Against Fraud and Cyber Risks
No full textBlockchain-based tokenization is transforming agricultural finance by enhancing efficiency, transparency, and security. This study focuses on small farmers and agribusinesses, evaluating the role of blockchain in mitigating fraud and cyber risks while improving financial accessibility. Using datasets from the World Bank Global Findex (measuring financial inclusion in agriculture), Ethereum blockchain transaction records (analyzing tokenized asset security and fraud detection), and FAO Agristats (assessing financial efficiency in agricultural markets), the study provides an empirical assessment of tokenization\u27s impact. Methodologically, logistic regression is employed to predict fraud risk based on financial accessibility and regulatory strength, while anomaly detection using Z-scores identifies irregular blockchain transactions. Additionally, a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) regression model evaluates financial efficiency improvements, measuring the impact of tokenization on loan disbursement times, transaction costs, and transparency. The findings indicate that tokenization reduces loan disbursement times by 31.3%, lowers transaction costs by 37.3%, and increases financial transparency by 40%. Fraud occurrences were 15% lower in blockchain-enabled transactions, with a weak correlation (r = -0.064) between digital finance adoption and fraud rates, suggesting that governance weaknesses rather than digitalization alone influence fraud risks. The study recommends advanced smart contract security, decentralized identity verification, regulatory oversight, and oracle network integration to enhance blockchain security in agricultural finance. These insights underscore the importance of multi-layered cybersecurity strategies in securing tokenized agricultural investments, benefiting farmers, agribusinesses, and financial institutions while fostering a more transparent and efficient agri-finance ecosystem
Growth Performance of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Seedlings as Affected by Organic Fertilizer Under Nursery Condition
No full textMoringa is a plant of great importance because of its industrial, medicinal and food uses. The leaves, pods, flowers, fruits, roots, bark, and seeds of Moringa oleifera can be used to treat water, as a nutritional supplement and as an extract to treat bacterial or fungal skin problems. The plant is not very demanding in terms of fertilizer, but a minimal intake improves its yield. During the nursery stage, the nutrient content of the soil should be high enough to sustain the plant\u27s life cycle. This study was conducted to assess the growth response of Moringa oleifera to different rates of organic fertilizer, with the objective of determining the rate that supports optimum plant growth under nursery condition. Varying rates of poultry manure compost (0 g, 100 g, 200 g and 300 g) were added in a treatment pot at 14 and 30 days after transplant. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Growth parameters measured include plant height, stem girth, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves, stem and root. The results revealed that seedling height at 8th weeks after transplant showed a significant difference between the organic treatment and the control. The highest plant height was obtained from the treatment applied with 200 g organic fertilizer (123.25 cm), followed by 300 g (122.10 cm) and 100 g (115.35 cm). The fertilizer treatments also significantly affected the stem girth with the highest value for 200 g organic fertilizer (1.44 cm) and the control having the lowest value of 0.94 cm. The leaf area was significantly affected by organic fertilizer; however, there was no significant difference (P< 0.05) between 200 g and 300 g of organic fertilizer. Other than that, 300 g of organic fertilizer recorded the highest value of fresh and dry weight of leaves and stem but no significant difference with the 200 g. The result revealed that organic fertilizer appeared as an effective amendment to enhance the growth and vigour of Moringa oleifera in the nursery. This study concluded that the growth of Moringa oleifera was maximized using 300 g of organic fertilizer which is statistically significant (P<0.05) as compared to other treatments, but as increases from 200 to 300 g were small, 200 g may be optimal
Assessment of Compatibility of Trichoderma asperellum with Different Fungicides
No full textAn in vitro study was conducted at the Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Sharadchandra Pawar College of Agriculture, Baramati, during 2024–2025, using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to assess the compatibility of Trichoderma asperellum with seven fungicides at full and half recommended doses via the poison food technique. Fluxapyroxad 333 g/L FS and Kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC were found to be highly compatible, allowing over 90% radial growth of T. asperellum at both concentrations. Fosetyl-Al 80% WP showed moderate compatibility (65–75% growth), while Tebuconazole 25.9% EC, Difenoconazole 25% EC, Propiconazole 25% EC and Hexaconazole 5% EC were incompatible, significantly inhibiting fungal growth. The findings indicate that Fluxapyroxad and Kresoxim-methyl can be safely integrated with T. asperellum in disease management, whereas caution is needed with Fosetyl-Al and the remaining fungicides should be avoided. This study supports the selection of compatible chemical partners in integrated plant disease management programs involving biological control agents
Evaluation of Different Varieties of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus l.) in Konkan Region
No full textAn experiment was conducted at Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Horticulture, Dapoli, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during the year 2023-24. Eight treatments and three replications in Randomized Block Design viz. T1: Krishna, T2: Chirharit, T3: Nima, T4: Praman, T5: Cauveri, T6: CIM- Shikhar, T7: CKP- 25, T8: Local with the aim to investigate Evaluation of different varieties of lemongrass with respect to growth and economics in Konkan region. The highest plant height (210.60 cm), number of leaves (232.53), Number of tillers (57.33) and Longest Leaf Length (129.45cm) were recorded in treatment T1 i.e. Krishna variety of lemongrass at 180 days after planting while Longest Leaf Width (2.19 cm) were recorded in T8 i.e. Local Varity of lemongrass. Thus, from the results obtained it can be concluded that Krishna Variety of Lemongrass performs well in Konkan region
Enhancing Germination and Storability in Cordia myxa Linn.: Insights from Seed Carpology, Viability, Imbibition, Pre-treatment and Storage Behaviour
No full textA comprehensive investigation was carried out on the seed biology, viability, and storability of Cordia myxa Linn., a valuable wild fruit species of central India. Carpological analysis revealed globular to ovoid drupes containing wrinkled, ellipsoid seeds. Tetrazolium (TZ) viability testing highlighted that staining duration, particularly 24 hours, significantly influenced viability results (p < 0.001), while TZ concentration had negligible effect. Water imbibition studies demonstrated a slow and steady hydration process, with maximum water uptake (25.35%) observed at 27 hours. Among various pre-sowing treatments tested, hot water soaking (5 min) followed by 500 ppm GA₃ for 48 hours proved most effective, achieving the highest germination (70.70%), vigour index (1043.43), and a lower mean germination time (19.12 days). Acid scarification treatments, however, adversely affected germination. Seed storability trials confirmed the orthodox nature of C. myxa seeds, with enhanced germination after desiccation (5.05% moisture) and sustained viability (35.44%) following three months at –20°C. These findings provide vital inputs for improving seed viability testing, germination efficiency, and storage strategies for the propagation and conservation of Cordia myxa, thereby contributing to its effective propagation, conservation, and future utilization in afforestation and agroforestry programs
Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality in Nira Command Area of Baramati Tehsil, Maharashtra, India
No full textIn the Nira command area of Baramati tehsil, Maharashtra, increasing reliance on groundwater for irrigation has raised concerns about the quality and suitability of available water resources for sustainable crop production. The study assessed the quality of irrigation water in the Nira command area of Baramati tehsil in Maharashtra during April-May 2025, through a cross-sectional field sampling and laboratory analysis. A total of 105 water samples (53 from open wells and 52 from borewells) were collected from 15 villages and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺), anions (CO₃²⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻), boron and nitrate. The pH ranged from 6.93–8.10 (mean 7.41) in open wells and 7.05–8.30 (mean 7.61) in borewells, indicating neutral to moderately alkaline water. Electrical conductivity varied from 0.46–1.56 dS m⁻¹ (mean 0.99) in open wells and 0.56–2.63 dS m⁻¹ (mean 1.39) in borewells, suggesting higher salinity risk in borewells. Total cations were dominated by Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, with higher concentrations in borewells, while total anions were mainly HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻, again more pronounced in borewells. Boron concentrations ranged from 0.15–1.63 ppm, remaining within safe limits. Nitrate levels varied from 0.50–10.50 ppm (mean 4.33) in open wells and 1.03–13.40 ppm (mean 6.67) in borewells, with a few borewell samples exceeding the moderate threshold. Overall, the irrigation water was suitable, though borewells showed relatively higher salinity and ion concentrations