Asian Research Journal of Agriculture
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Analysis of Business Sales of Ready-To-Cook Vegetable Products in Samarinda City
No full textThe business of selling ready-to-cook vegetables is a venture that provides pre-prepared vegetables, allowing consumers to cook them immediately without much preparation. These ready-to-cook vegetables are a combination of various types of fresh vegetables that have been prepared and packaged in styrofoam containers and airtight transparent plastic bags, ensuring long-lasting freshness. This study aims to identify the types of vegetables used in the ready-to-cook vegetable packages, the costs involved in the production process, revenue, and profits, as well as the challenges faced in the ready-to-cook vegetable business. This research was conducted at Sayuryuk.com, located in Samarinda City, from March to May 2024. The sample was taken using the random sampling method with the respondent being the owner of Sayuryuk.com. Data analysis used methods of cost analysis, revenue, income, and R/C ratio. The research results show that the raw materials for 12 ready-to-cook vegetable packages consist of 52 types of vegetables used in these packages. The average monthly production cost is IDR 8,597,083.18 per month, the production revenue is IDR 10,598,250.00 per month, and the profit earned by Sayuryuk.com is IDR 2,001,166.82 per month, with an R/C ratio of 1.2. These results indicate that the business of selling ready-to-cook vegetables at Sayuryuk.com is feasible and profitable because the value is more than 1. The challenges in the ready-to-cook vegetable sales business at Sayuryuk.com include a lack of labor, limited raw materials, and a short shelf life of pre-cut raw materials
Enhancing Wheat Germination and Seedling Growth through Hydro and Osmo-Priming with Polyethylene Glycol
No full textSeed priming is a controlled hydration process followed by re-drying that allows the seed to imbibe water and begin internal biological processes necessary for germination, but does not allow the seed to germinate. The current study was conducted during 2024 season to elucidate the effect of seed priming techniques (hydropriming and osmo-priming with polyethylene glycol (PEG) at different concentrations) on seed germination and seedling growth of two wheat varieties. A factorial experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was used to conduct this experiment. Two varieties of wheat (Sakha 95 and Gemmiza 12) were examined under five priming treatments (distilled water, 4% PEG, 8% PEG, 12% PEG and 16% PEG solution). Seeds without priming were used as a control. The findings revealed that the variety (Sakha 95) with hydro and 12% PEG concentration was superior in germination percentage (100%). The variety (Sakha 95) was superior in all studied traits (Germination %, shoot length , root length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigor index, seedling length, seedling growth rate, germination index and germination coefficient) whereas, (Gemmiza 12) gave the lowest values in the same traits. Hydropriming had a positive effect on germination and seedling growth. Osmo-priming with 12% PEG was the best in most studied traits compared with all the other treatments. Therefore, results suggested that osmo-priming with 12% PEG was a useful technique to enhance germination and seedling growth of wheat. It was concluded that hydro and osmo-priming with PEG helps to enhance germination and seedling growth of wheat varieties
The History, Current Status and Political Suggestions of Soybean Cultivation in Korea
No full textSoybean (Glycine max L.) is a high-protein and high-lipid crop widely cultivated around the world and utilized in various forms, including food products, vegetable oil, animal feed, and functional food ingredients. In Korea, soybeans are closely linked to traditional food culture and are consumed in diverse forms such as fermented soybean products, tofu, namul (seasoned vegetables), and multigrain rice. Accordingly, soybean varieties have diversified based on their intended uses. Recently, interest in bioactive compounds such as isoflavones has increased, further highlighting the value of soybeans as a source of functional foods. However, soybean is highly sensitive to both biotic and abiotic stressors, with yield and quality heavily influenced by water stress in particular. Extreme weather events such as droughts and heavy rainfall—exacerbated by climate change—pose a serious threat to stable soybean production. Moreover, complex issues such as rural aging, technological disparities, and unstable market prices have led to a decline in self-sufficiency rates and increased reliance on imports. In light of these challenges, this study aims to review the history and current status of soybean cultivation in Korea and to propose strategies for stabilizing production and improving self-sufficiency. In particular, it seeks to explore strategic directions for enhancing the sustainability of Korea’s soybean industry and strengthening national food security through the development of climate-resilient varieties, improvement of cultivation techniques, establishment of effective technology dissemination systems, and expansion of policy support
Capacity Assessment of the Santo Niño–Palma Gil Rice Farmers’ Association (SPRFA) in Talaingod, Davao Del Norte, Philippines
No full textRice farming continues to be a critical livelihood for smallholder farmers in the Philippines, yet farmer associations face persistent challenges related to technical capacity, collaboration, strategic engagement, and enabling environments. This study assessed the organizational capacities of the Santo Niño–Palma Gil Rice Farmers’ Association (SPRFA) in Talaingod, Davao del Norte, to identify strengths and areas for improvement. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 70 rice farmers through a structured and validated survey questionnaire. The instrument measured respondents’ demographic characteristics and their perceived capacities across six domains: navigating complexity, collaboration, reflection and learning, engagement in strategic and political processes, technical skills, and enabling environment. Findings reveal that while the association demonstrates strengths in mobilizing resources, problem-solving, leadership, and openness to training, it is constrained by weak technical foundations, limited external linkages, and underdeveloped long-term planning capacities. Technical skills scored the lowest overall (2.77), highlighting a pressing need for training in crop management, pest control, and postharvest handling. External engagement also showed modest results, with low scores in communication channels and policy influence. Furthermore, the enabling environment posed systemic barriers, particularly in market access, registration, and certification processes. The synthesis suggests that the partnership is functional internally but remains externally constrained. To enhance resilience and competitiveness, interventions should focus on technical training, stronger institutional linkages, improved communication and advocacy, and supportive policies that reduce systemic barriers. The results provide evidence-based insights to guide policymakers, development practitioners, and local institutions in strengthening farmer organizations for sustainable agricultural development
An Overview of Green Manuring Crops for Their Potential Impacts in Arable Crops Production
No full textThe green manuring (GM) crops are highlighted for their role in impacting nutrition to different arable crops (rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, cotton, etc.). With increase in nutrient requirement in arable crop production, it will be essential to found more and more valid alternative sources of crop nutrition beside regular inorganic fertilizers and organic manure. The GM crops are group of crops being investigated to a great extent for their impact on growth and yield of cereals and pulses; while their investigation on other different properties yet to be investigated with increase in interest in organic and natural farming. The major GM crops are Sesbania, Dhaincha, sunhemp, cowpea, green gram and cluster bean being used as in-situ green manuring; while gliricidia, neem, Pogamia, Gulmohar and Peltophorum being used as green leaf manuring in India. The article review GM crops for their potential and prospects to be a part of organic and natural farming, as a seed crop and their impact on soil biological properties. The GM crops will fit well in present concept of natural farming due its multiple role such as providing mulch materials, acting as fodder, suitable restorative crop for crop diversification/ rotation and it significant impact on soil biodiversity. As a seed crop, this cultivation of GM crops are profitable with possibility to increase net returns with increase in demand of quality seed due to increase in area under organic and natural farming. The biological properties of soil were reported to be significantly and positively affected by GM crops with improvement in soil organic carbon, soil available nitrogen and more root-rhizosphere microbes’ interactions. Considering these three things, it will be worthy to investigate GM crops in different perspective along with its effect on crop growth and development
Impact of Co-operative Agricultural Credit on Borrower Farmers in Kerala, India
No full textIntroduction: Access to institutional credit is essential for improving agricultural productivity, reducing financial vulnerability and enabling timely investment in farm operations. Co-operative credit institutions play a key role in this process, particularly for small and marginal farmers who face limited access to formal banking channels.
Aim: This study examined the impact of co-operative agricultural credit on borrower households and assessed the extent of loan utilisation in Kerala.
Place and Duration of Study: A cross-sectional analytical design was adopted, and primary data was collected from 160 co-operative loan borrower farmers from four representative districts of Kerala namely Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha, Palakkad and Malappuram during the 2024-25 agricultural year.
Methodology: Two blocks were selected from each district based on the presence and activity level of co-operative lending institutions. From each selected block, 20 borrower households were chosen through simple random sampling, resulting in a final sample size of 160 respondents. Primary data was collected using a structured interview schedule that captured socio-economic characteristics, landholding, cropping pattern, loan amount, loan utilisation behaviour and income details. Two Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) log-linear regression models were employed for analysing the data. The first model examined the factors influencing the amount of co-operative credit borrowed, using demographic, farm-level and financial variables as predictors. Second model examined the factors affecting farm income and loan utilization pattern was analysed using percentage analysis.
Results: Findings showed variation in loan utilisation across respondents, with a considerable share of loans diverted towards non-agricultural purposes. Results from an Ordinary Least Squares log-linear regression model indicated that the loan size was influenced mainly by collateral availability and outstanding loans. A second model examining determinants of borrowing showed that the amount of credit borrowed did not have a significant effect on farm income, while factors such as cultivated area, age and production-related expenses were more strongly associated with income levels.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that although co-operative credit remains an important financial source for rural households, its effect on income enhancement is limited due to diversion. Strengthening utilisation monitoring and promoting investment-oriented lending may improve the developmental effectiveness of co-operative credit in Kerala
Effect of Weed Management on Weed Dynamics and Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Late Sown Condition
No full textAims: This study evaluated chemical and cultural weed management strategies for late-sown wheat in the Indo-Gangetic plains, quantifying effects on weed flora, crop growth, yield, nutrient dynamics, soil fertility, and economics.
Study Design: Randomised Block Design.
Place and Duration of Study: Study conducted at research farm of C.C.R. P.G. College Muzaffarnagar, during Rabi season (winter cropping season) of 2022-23.
Methodology: Research was conducted on wheat variety DBW-90 with 12 treatments (combination of Chemical + Cultural) and 3 replications during Rabi 2022–23 at Muzaffarnagar, U.P.
Results: The weed flora comprised predominantly Phalaris minor and Avena ludoviciana among grasses, with Chenopodium album, Anagallis arvensis and Melilotus indica among broadleaf weeds, with grassy weeds dominating across 30, 60, and 90 Days After Sowing (DAS). The pre-emergence Pyroxasulfone 127 g a.i. ha−1 followed by post-emergence Mesosulfuron-methyl + Iodosulfuron-methyl sodium 30+6 g a.i. ha−1 consistently minimized total weed density and dry matter, achieved the highest weed control efficiency at 60 and 90 DAS, and maximized wheat growth and yield attributes among herbicidal treatments.
Conclusion: This regime enhanced NPK uptake by crop, reduced nutrient removal by weeds, improved post-harvest soil available NPK and organic carbon, and provided the highest net returns and B:C ratio among herbicidal options, making it the most effective and economical combination for late-sown wheat under the study conditions
Applications of Drone for Crop Disease Detection and Monitoring: A Review
No full textCrop diseases are one of the major threats to global food production. The different crop diseases result in significant yield losses, where their effective monitoring and accurate early identification techniques are considered crucial to ensure stable and reliable crop productivity and food security. Restricting and managing the disease\u27s spread and lowering the cost of pesticides require effective plant pathogen monitoring and detection. If not used in the early stages of pathogenesis, traditional techniques such as molecular and serological methods—which are frequently employed for plant disease detection—are frequently ineffective. Conversely, drone-based remote sensing methods are highly successful in quickly detecting plant diseases in their early stages. Recent advances in remote sensing technology and data processing have propelled unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into valuable tools for obtaining detailed data on plant diseases with high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. Drones have many potential uses in agriculture, including reducing manual labor and increasing productivity. Recent advances in drones and deep learning-based computer vision algorithms to identify crop diseases, providing early warning thereby allowing farmers to prevent costly crop failures and improve food production
Infestation of Mulberry Leaves by LEAF Roller/Webber- (Diaphania pulverulentalis) Hampson and (Glyphodes pyloalis) Walker and Its Management Strategies
No full textThe mulberry is a perennial, fast growing plant mainly cultivated worldwide for rearing of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori. The B. mori which is a monophagous insect feeds only on mulberry leaves for its proper growth and development. The mulberry plant during its growth is susceptible to various diseases viz., leaf spot, powdery mildew, leaf rust etc. and pests viz., leaf roller, Bihar hairy caterpillar, mealy bugs etc. in the field which deteriorates its leaf quality and quantity. Among these pests, defoliators attain significant importance as they cause damage up to 12-25% thereby making mulberry leaves unfit for silkworm rearing. The leaf rollers are major pests currently causing devastation to mulberry plants both in India and other parts of the world. Thus, in this review an attempt has been made regarding new insights about the leaf roller pests and devise more sustainable management of this pest through integrated pest management (IPM) strategy to control it, so that the overall cocoon crop production will be enhanced worldwide
Kerala’s Floral Exports: Insights on the Cut Flower Trade
No full textThis study undertakes a comprehensive examination of Kerala\u27s burgeoning floriculture sector, with a focused inquiry into the dynamics of cut flower production and export performance. Leveraging the region\u27s heterogeneous agro-climatic zones, the analysis documents a marked expansion in cultivation area, production output, and yield metrics from 2014 onward, signaling systemic growth within the industry. While Kerala has achieved significant market penetration in high-value destinations—including the United States, Canada, and Singapore—underscoring the international demand and quality compliance of its products, critical impediments persist. These include logistical inefficiencies in cold-chain management, insufficient governmental policy frameworks, and infrastructural gaps in transportation networks. Furthermore, financialization challenges, such as currency exchange volatility and inadequate insurance frameworks for perishable commodities, exacerbate export-related risks. The study posits that institutional interventions targeting pre- and post-shipment protocols—including streamlined export financing, risk mitigation strategies, and enhanced phytosanitary certification processes—are imperative to sustain competitive parity in global markets. Emphasizing the necessity of public-private partnerships, the analysis advocates for coordinated policy reforms to strengthen supply chain resilience and value-chain integration. By delineating these structural and operational dimensions, this research establishes a foundational framework for strategic policymaking aimed at consolidating Kerala’s foothold in the international floriculture trade while addressing systemic vulnerabilities