Journal of Global Ecology and Environment
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SEASONAL VARIATION IN PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN CALABAR RIVER PORT CALABAR, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
No full textA water sample from Calabar River port terminals was evaluated with the aim of determining physicochemical parameters and seasonal distribution of phytoplankton. Water samples were collected from three stations. Samples were subjected to standard procedure for determining physicochemical parameters. Phytoplankton was filtered using plankton net with 55µ mesh size and identified using keys from literature. Result showed significant variations (p<0.05) in some parameters (Dissolved Oxygen, Electrical Conductivity, Salinity, Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate) while no significant variations (p>0.05) was observed in others (pH, Total dissolved solid, Ammonium, Phosphate and turbidity). A total of 54 of phytoplankton individuals was identified in the water sample comprising of 4 classes, this include Bacillariophyceae (56.4%) Chlorophceae (19.6%), Xanthophyceae (14.5%) Cyanophyceae (7.4%) and Euglenodea (2.0%). There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the seasonal distribution of plankton between the wet (71.9%) and dry season (28.10). The study suggests a continuous audit of water in the river to ensure stability in the ecosystem
MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND VINE DEVELOPMENT, FLOWERING AND SEX EXPRESSION OF WATERMELON PLANTS GROWN IN WINTER SEASON UNDER LOW-TECH GREENHOUSE
No full textAlthough a few works have been conducted on low-tech greenhouse (LTG) for growing horticultural crops in Bangladesh but the cultivation of watermelon in winter season is unexplored. Therefore a study was conducted from late autumn to winter season of 2015/2016 to evaluate the production potentials of four varieties of watermelon viz. Sonya, Black Dorin, Badsha and Dragon. Three LTGs each represents a replication were erected where four pits were prepared under each LTG and four watermelon varieties were separately grown in separate pits. The variation in temperature between the LTG and those at outside was observed larger at around middle of the day and maximum variations were noticed in air and soil temperatures as much as 9 and 2oC, respectively around the noon time. Phenological development like days to first leaf, first vine and first male flower appearance was hastened due to high temperature by 2, 9 and 8 days, respectively. Vine growth in terms of number and length of vine, vine diameter, node number and internode length, leaf size etc. was found significantly greater in the plants grown with LTG than that found in the plants grown outside. Low-tech plants produced thinner leaves (i.e. higher specific leaf area) than that at outside indicate that leaf lamina expanded rapidly under high temperature. The higher vine growth under LTG can be ascribed due to the higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates as much as 3.5-fold (than that at outside) as favoured by high temperature. However, such excessive vine growth under LTG seriously hampered the development of female flower although a plenty of male flower production was observed. Thus it is concluded that watermelon fruit cannot be produced in winter (off-season) by using low-tech greenhouse without taking the other scientific measures for blooming the female flowers.  
BACTERIOLOGICAL AND PARASITOLOGICAL QUALITY OF READY-TO-EAT RAW FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (4TH RANGE PRODUCTS) SOLD IN THE STREETS OF BAFOUSSAM CITY, WEST CAMEROON
No full textWater-borne diseases are endemic in the city of Bafoussam, and there is a question as to whether fourth range products might play a role. The objective of this study was to determine the health risk associated with the consumption of these products by determining their bacteriological and parasito logical quality. Ninety samples were collected in the town of Bafoussam and subjected to bacteriological and parasitological analyses using standard methods. Salmonella spp. were detected on these foods with loads exceeding the EU standard by 1 to 13804 times, Escherichia. coli by 1 to 79433 times, faecal coliforms by 1 to 1698 times, Shigella spp. by 1 to 1698 times and faecal streptococci by 1 to 338 times. Protozoa cysts were detected on these foods; aubergines were the most contaminated (80%), followed respectively by carrots (50%), tiger nuts (70%), coconuts (50%), watermelons (30%), pineapples (20%), oranges (40%) and papayas (20%). No parasitic elements were found on apples. The consumption of these foods constitutes a real parsitological and bacteriological risk for consumers. The consumption of these foods constitutes a real health risk for consumers. In order to protect consumers, the public authorities should raise awareness among producers, sellers and consumers of these products
IMPACT OF SALINITY ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE COASTAL PEOPLE IN BANGLADESH: AN ASSESSMENT ON POST AMPHAN SITUATION
No full textClimate change induced salinity and seasonal (October to May) intrusion of saline water in addition to the severe cyclone that originated from the Bay of Bengal has penetrated to the people, livelihoods, flood plains of the south and south-western part of Bangladesh. Nowadays this brackish condition to the land the lower delta is continually increasing its territory to south-eastern and northern part as well. This paper is mainly focused on the assessment relating to the impact factors by saline water of the post condition of devastating cyclone Sidr, Aila and especially super cyclone Amphan which was occurred on 20 May 2020 on Jammu Island in West Bengal, India and crossed Bangladesh on 20-21 May. The most awful blow was experienced in the district of Satkhira and Khulna in Bangladesh, where the storm speed was recorded between 60-90 kmph with high tidal inundation. This study rather than diagnostic reflects of impact factors refers in relation with the livelihoods, irrigations, biodiversity, hygiene and reproductive health hazards to the women and adolescent girls of the tidal flats of Koyra and Shymnagar adjacent to the Sundarban in Bangladesh. Methodological application both in qualitative and quantitative techniques are used for analyzing of the collecting data. This paper justifies that it was difficult to understand for the people of the impacts of saline water which had snowed under on the day of Amphan. But aftermath of the cyclone it had become one of the most causes of sufferings to them. Besides this, human creating salinity mainly the stagnation of saline water in the cultivable land by the influential of that locality causes hamper to produce crops for shrimp cultivation. So, this paper recommends, it is very difficult to protect the displacement of livelihoods, decreasing the fertility of the cultivable land and creating health effects to the women and adolescents in the low landscape of Koyra and Shymnagar whether it would not possible to reduce the stagnation of saline water for a long run
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF Callinectes LARVAE (DECAPODA, CRUSTACEA, BRACHYURA, PORTUNIDAE) (DE ROCHEBURNE) IN THE AIR- WATER INTERFACE (MICRO-LAYER) OF THE CROSS RIVER ESTUARY, NIGERIA
No full textInvestigations were conducted to determine the seasonal occurrence, distribution and abundance of the larvae of Callinectes larvae in the micro layer (air-water interface) in the Cross River State Estuary, Nigeria from January to December 2015 at Parrot Island. Observations confirmed the presence of the larvae of the crabs in the micro layer in varying numerical and relative abundance from which recruitment into the adult standing stock may occur. larvae consisted mainly of zoeae. The peak of the distribution of the crab larvae were in May and June when 269(13.26%) and 267 (13.17%) of the larvae were collected. The least number of the crab larvae was collected in December with 117 individuals which formed 5.77% of the population of the crab larvae. The larval abundance ranged between 117 – 269 individuals (5.77 – 13.26%) with a mean of 193.0 ± 27.7 individuals (19.03 ± 8.72%). There was significant difference (P< 0.05) in the number of Callinectes larvae collected in relation to months of sampling
A BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF SACRED GROVES IN UDUNG UKO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA
No full textThis work is a Biogeographical analysis of sacred groves in Udung Uko Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design whereby questionnaires, field observation, and interviews enabled data collection and analysis in line with the study objectives. From the data gathered and analyzed, the study discovered that sacred groves maintain significant identity of location and composition. There were about 17 different plants which were numbered comprising of trees, shrubs, and herbs and were 888 species in their head count, the most dominant of all the species were vovaca pouse (8.5%), switeria mahogoni (6.7%), ipomota obscura (6.7%), urina lobofa (6.3%). Trees were more in the sacred groves. Using chi-square statistic, the hypothesis which stated that the ecological implication of sacred groves is not significant was confirmed, since p˂0.005, and the second which stated that the community-based management and conservation strategies of sacred groves is not significant was confirmed significant since p˂0.005. Although they are natural grounds for conservation of biodiversity, the threat of urbanization and development, human encroachment, population increase, western education, faiths and religious conflict is disadvantageous. The study found that indigenous and local based management with natural characteristics especially the wild nature of the forest and evil outcomes restrict access by many. The need for integrated resources management of sacred groves and proactive strategies with updated technology towards preservation of the quality of sacred groves and sustainable conservation
MODELLING NET IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS AND IRRIGATION SCHEDULING OF BORO RICE USING FAO-CROPWAT 8.0 AND CLIMWAT 2.0: A CASE STUDY OF RAJSHAHI REGIONS, BANGLADESH
No full textThe FAO-Penman-Montieth equation is commonly indicated as the standard way for calculating reference and crop evapotranspiration notwithstanding crop and irrigation water requirements using the FAO CROPWAT 8.0 and CLIMWAT 2.0 models, according to the findings of this study. The correct measurement of irrigation water demand trends has a substantial impact on water resource planning for agricultural development and expansion in Bangladesh\u27s northern areas. At the 5% level of significance, the net irrigation water requirement of boro rice shifted into an increasing pattern confined between 74.0 mm and 7.4 mm each year. In preference to temperature, the tendency shifted to an integrative impact of wind speed, relative humidity, rainfall, and Evapotranspiration (ET0). For boro rice, the monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated to be 3.69 mm/day. Within the month of April, the greatest crop water requirement (ETc) was 61.0 mm/dc, and the overall crop water requirement (ETc) was 586.0 mm/dc, including land preparation. In the month of March, the maximum irrigation demand was 52.0 mm/dec, with a total irrigation demand of 621.8 mm/dc for the entire crop season. Boro rice was irrigated, and the CROPWAT model estimated a net irrigation water requirement of 448.2 mm and a gross irrigation water requirement of 595.1 mm (with 70% field efficiency) for a successful harvest. These findings could be utilized to improve water efficiency and streamline boro rice production in northern region of Bangladesh\u27s Rajshahi region
ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION INTO THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF NIGERIA OF LEGAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISMS USED IN PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT
No full textA paramount issue in Nigeria is the concern about the protection of the environment with the necessary practice to initiate environmentally friendly programs for the needed nationwide development. The deterioration of the environment has continually generated dreadful challenges for well-being, agriculture, and the growth of the economy in Nigeria. In the world today, the basic structure on how to manage the various environmental problems is through relevant and applicable national laws and regulations. However, in Nigeria, the environmental policies and implementation structure have failed in producing the aspired positive outcome, both profitable and ecological wise. The Nigerian Federation has bureaucracies to protect the environment but despite putting in place these environmental legislations aimed at improving on the issues, Nigerian circumstances looks degenerating since the enforcement of these legislations are not adequate or compromised. Much strengthening is expected, in terms of enhancing capacity building, population control, and embracing economic development measures for the handling of ecological contamination and control issues. This research examines the legislation of Nigeria’s environment and its limitations concerning contamination and degradation issues in the federation and suggests strategies for effective environmental management and its adaptation in the federation
EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON FEMALE FLOWER DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY OF WATERMELON PLANTS GROWN DURING WINTER SEASON WITH LOW-TECH GREENHOUSE
No full textTemperature generally falls below the threshold limit of the watermelon plants during the winter which is a prime hindrance to cultivate it in this season in Bangladesh. Although low-tech greenhouse which made of bamboo or wooden structure and polyethylene film as a cladding material significantly increases temperature, but watermelon plants grown under low-tech could not initiate pistillate flowers rather than sufficient vegetative and male flower development were observed. The present study was carried out under the low-tech greenhouse from middle of October 2017 to middle of February 2018 in the Field Laboratory, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh to investigate whether the some plant growth regulators (PGRs) like ‘ethephon’ and ‘flora’ could develop the female flowers and fruit setting with fruit yield in four varieties of watermelon viz. Sonya, Black Dorin, Badsha and Dragon. The watermelon plants grown both in low-tech plants and that at outside were treated (sprayed) at earlier development stages with (i) no PGR (control), (ii) Flora, and (iii) Ethephon. Air and soil temperatures increased inside the low-tech than that aside outside which significantly hastened all the phenophase events like appearance of first vine, leaf, male and female flowers. Both the PGRs exerted the positive effect on the female flower development and fruit setting as well as yield components and fruit yield. However, the effect of ethephon was found as satisfactory. Therefore, it is concluded that spraying of ethephon at earlier growth stages could offer satisfactory fruit yield of watermelon under low-tech greenhouse during winter season in Bangladesh. The output is a combine effect where low-tech offers warmer microclimate for sufficient vine growth and development, and ethephon induces female flowering leading to get satisfactory fruit yield
CHALLENGES POSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE AND NON-CLIMATE FACTORS ON CONSERVATION OF EDIBLE ORCHID IN SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS OF TANZANIA: THE CASE OF MAKETE DISTRICT
No full textThere is sufficient evidence supporting the fact that climate change and variability are pervasive realities that are strongly impacting both human and natural systems, including conservation of edible orchids in Southern Highland of Tanzania. The focus of the study was to investigate the role of climate variability and/or climate change as well as underlying non-climate factors negatively affecting conservation of edible orchids, as well as exploring potential approaches and strategic interventions for enhancing conservation of these edible orchids in Makete district.
Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used to obtain data involving smallholder farmers as well as government officials and local communities. Primary data collection was undertaken in two phases, with phase one using participatory tools (e.g. focus group discussions, community mapping and transect walk, and historical timelines). Data collected include climatic and climatic information on farmers’ perceptions and adaptation strategies. Phase two involved detailed individual interviews (questionnaire surveys) and key informant interviews, to obtain in-depth information on issues of interest. Secondary data were collected from existing statistical sources, literature surveys in archives, libraries and documentation centers, and from government agencies (e.g. TMA and local government authorities). Results are presented in descriptive form: tables, figures and graphs. The data were analysed using SPSS and presented in tables, graphs and statistics while qualitative information is presented in quotations.
Results from selected meteorological station and community perceptions indicate that there has been an increase in average maximum temperatures, and both dry and wet years with varying magnitudes during the past four decades. Other climatic stresses include late onset and late cessation of rainfall in both short and long rain seasons. This study found that there are threats for extinction of edible orchid species due to climate change impacts i.e. increase of temperature and decline of rainfall challenging conservation of the orchids. In addition, the study identified several non-climate factors affecting the conservation of edible orchids including expansion of agriculture, population growth and deforestation. Through the findings, it is concluded that the conservation of edible orchid species is increasingly becoming a serious challenge and that both climate and non climate factors are exacerbating the challenge. To enhance sustainable conservation of the orchids, this study recommends promotion of conservation education and awareness creation. Likewise, domestication and restoration of edible orchids is recommended to reduce the risk of its extinction. Finally, promotion of alternative income generating activities in the area will be useful in reducing the pressure and demand of edible orchids in the study area.