Journal of Global Ecology and Environment
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DIVERSITY OF WILD EDIBLE FRUIT BEARING WOODY SPECIES IN DIFFERENT LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN DANGUR DISTRICT, NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA
No full textWild edible fruit bearing woody species are widely used as supplementary food stuff and traditional medicinal plants in rural community of Ethiopia. However, the diversity of wild edible fruit bearing tree species is highly threatened due to deforestation, forest degradation, lack of management and population pressure. They are becoming a focus of research topics for many ethno botanists in recent decades to enhance their sustainable use and conservation. Adequate study on wild edible fruit bearing woody species has not been conducted in most parts of Ethiopian Forests. This study was conducted to analyze the diversity of wild edible fruit bearing woody species under different land use types and management system in dangur rural district, North West Ethiopia. Two types of land uses were used for data collection following the transect lines. A systematic sampling method was applied to locate the sample plots on transects to study the diversity wild edible fruit bearing woody species. For wood land use type a plot size of 20 m × 20 m were used to record all edible wild fruit bearing woody species, while plot size of 50 m × 100 m was used for parkland agroforestry. A total of 144 plots were used for collection of data for species diversity in park land agroforestry and woodland land use types. Result showed that a total of 34 wild edible fruit bearing woody species were recorded from parkland agroforestry and woodland land use types. The diversity measures of Shannon, richness and evenness 2.03±0.12, 8.83±1.0 and 0.89±0.01 for parkland agroforestry and 2.49±0.1, 15.16±1.49 and 0.82±0.02 for wood land use type were analyzed respectively. The most frequently retained species include Syzygium guineense, Ziziphus mauritiana. Ficus sur and Ficus sycomorus, Carissa spinarum, Balanites aegyptiaca and Gardenia ternifolia. Wild edible fruit bearing woody species are used for traditional medicine and supplemental food source in which the diversity is highly threatened due to deforestation and lack of proper management. Hence, conservation strategy is required both land use types in order to sustainably management the plant species. Findings of our study concluded that conservation and utilization strategy of wild edible fruit bearing woody species are important to maximize their economic, social and environmental benefits and apply appropriate management practices
CONCENTRATIONS AND POLLUTION ASSESSMENT INDICES OF HEAVY METALS IN CLAY SOILS OF ARA-EKITI AND KONO-BOUE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA
No full textClay soil samples used for pottery were collected at a depth of 0-30cm from Ara-Ekiti and Kono-Boue communities in Southern Nigeria between May and November 2020 to evaluate the concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cr, and Ni). The concentrations of the heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic Adsorption Spectrometer. The level of the studied heavy metals in the two communities were lower than the DPR background value. The results obtained showed that average concentrations of heavy metals in Ara-Ekiti were, Fe; 3094.73±6.29, Pb; 135.87±0.94, Cu; 17.79±0.14, Zn; 93.30±0.55, Mn; 418.51±0.81, Cd; 6.59±0.04, Cr; 69.10±0.83 and Ni; 76.95±0.11 mg/Kg, while that of Kono-Boue were Fe; 2048.99±35.67, Pb; 195.40±0.52, Cu; 31.04±0.17, Zn; 135.74±0.98, Mn; 135.74±0.98, Cd; 15.44±0.61, Cr; 71.17±1.27 and Ni; 98.66±0.94 mg/Kg. The results revealed also that heavy metals levels were more in Kono-Boue clay soils than Ara-Ekiti clay soils. Pollution assessment indices used for evaluation of the quality of the clay soil from Ara-Ekiti and Kono-Boue were: contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), contamination degree (CD), modified contamination degree (mCD), potential ecological risk coefficient (Eir), potential ecological risk index (RI), Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and anthropogenicity. The pollution indices values indicated that the clay soils of the two Nigerian communities were either contaminated or polluted by heavy metals. Although the concentrations obtained were lower than the DPR tolerable limits, yet there should be need for adequate monitoring of the clay products that come from these communities to avoid onward transmission of heavy metals to humans due to dangerous effects they pose to human health
USE OF PULVERIZED OYSTER AND SNAIL SHELLS IN THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATED SOILS
No full textOyster and Snail shells were used as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from an oil spill contaminated soil from Eneka Community in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used to determine heavy metals concentrations in each of the seven soil samples before and after treatment with the pulverized oyster and snail shells. Results of the heavy metals in soil samples (A, B and C) before treatment were: Ni: 2.27 – 4.53 mg/kg (control sample 3.75 mg/kg); Cr: 48.80 – 58.10 mg/kg (control sample 47.70 mg/kg); Zn: 13.40 – 19.40 mg/kg (control sample 17.34), after treatment with pulverized Oyster shells (A1, B1 and C1) were in the range Ni: 1.31 – 3.54 mg/kg; Cr: 36.3 – 48.40mg/kg; Zn: 9.87 – 12.60mg/kg. Results of samples D, E and F before treatment with pulverized snail shell were: Ni: 1.70 – 3.97 mg/kg (control sample 3.61 kg/kg); Cr: 50.70 – 57.40 mg/kg (control sample 48.60 mg/kg); Zn: 10.90 – 20.10 mg/kg (control sample 17.50 mg/kg); after treatment with pulverized snail shell D1, E1 and F1 showed results as Ni: 1.05 – 3.59 mg/kg; Cr: 35.80 – 53.91 mg/kg; Zn: 8.43 – 16.44 mg/kg. However, the concentrations of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Vanadium in the contaminated soil samples were below the equipment detection limit. The percentage reduction of metals in samples A, B and C treated with pulverized Oyster shells were: Ni: 42.29%, 33.55%, 21.85%; Cr: 37.52%, 19.06%, 5.47%; Zinc: 49.12%, 23.88%, 18.18% respectively. While the percentage reduction in concentration of metals in soil treated with pulverized snail shell D, E, F were: Ni: 38.24%, 21.11%, 9.57%; Cr: 29.39%, 12.72%, 6.08%, Zn: 31.84%, 22.66%, 15.69% respectively. Generally, the pulverized oyster shells showed a better percentage reduction than pulverized snail shells. The results also confirmed that both the pulverized oyster and snail shells can be employed for remediation of heavy metals in hydrocarbon contaminated soils
REMEDIATION OF HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATED SOILS USING PULVERIZED OYSTER AND SNAIL SHELLS
No full textHydrocarbon contaminated soil were collected and treated with pulverized oyster and snail shells which served as adsorbents for remediation of the impacted sites. Gas Chromatography flame ionization detector was used to determine the Total petroleum hydrocarbon of the seven soil samples. Results obtained showed the concentrations of Total hydrocarbon for samples 1, 2 and 3 before treatment were 14655.00 mg/kg, 12412.00 mg/kg and 14906 mg/kg respectively. The hydrocarbon impacted soil samples were treated with pulverized oyster shell and after thirty days, results were 6188.00mg/kg; 8543.00 mg/kg and 12612.00 mg/kg respectively. Similarly samples 4, 5 and 6 showed the following results before treatment: 11295.00 mg/kg; 9456.00 mg/kg and 12246 mg/kg respectively. The soil samples were treated with pulverized snail shell and after thirty days, the results were: 5924.00 mg/kg; 6918.00 mg/kg and 10532 mg/kg. The result of the control sample which was not treated was 13641.00 mg/kg. The calculated percentage reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons in samples 1, 2 and 3 treated with pulverized oyster shells were: 57.78 %, 31.17 % and 15.36 % and those of samples 4, 5 and 6 treated with pulverized snail shell were: 47.55 %, 26.86 % and 14.00 % respectively. Generally, the oyster shells showed a better percentage reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons than snail shells. The results also confirmed that pulverized oyster and pulverized snail shells can be employed for remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils
Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch MERELY AN ESCAPE OR WILD IN NANDA DEVI NATIONAL PARK
No full textThe present study deals with the naturalization of wild population of a threatened and critically endangered Himalayan medicinal plant i.e. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. The population of S. costus has been recorded at three different places during the scientific expedition (2015). It has always been argued that the individuals found earlier at one place can never be considered as the species has naturalized itself in Nanda Devi National Park and thought to be an escape from cultivation. However, during the scientific expedition 2015, it has been reported from two more places which were very far from their previous location. The naturalized proliferation of the species have provided a base for long term study.  
DESCRIPTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF A RECENTLY DISCOVERED STEINKERN FRAGMENT OF A MARINE TURTLE FROM THE NORTH BOHEMIAN SAXON CRETACEOUS BASIN, CZECH REPUBLIC, (CENTRAL EUROPE)
No full textHere we discovered, identified and described a Steinkern fragment of a Marine turtle from the North Bohemian Saxon cretaceous basin, Czech Republic, Central Europe from the Upper cretaceous period. That Steinkern fragment of a proximal part of a left anterior phalanx IV1 of a large Upper Cretaceous marine turtle, which was discovered from the Stráž plateau northeast area of Smržice in Moravia (Czech Republic) in central Europe on 24th July, 2021. Further investigation and illustration are needed to find the correct species identification and Phylogeny of this Steinkern fragment. The exact species identification is not possible due to the limited fragment material, but placement of this fossil record to the genus Desmatochelys seems quite possible due to some morphological characteristics and paleogeographic background. This newly discovered material is closest to that of Desmatochelys carusianus on the basis of geographically and stratigraphically position. Without a fossil’s skull or any of the rest of the skeleton, we don’t really know much about this species
LEGISLATIVE, REGULATORY AND TECHNOLOGIES UTILISED FOR BROWNFIELD REHABILITATION FOR RESIDENTIAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
No full textRapid industrialization and technological advances made a huge change in the infrastructure setups and construction model. On the one hand, there is an urgent need for transformation and upgrading in some places with high levels of urbanization, while land resources are exceedingly scarce. The urban environment, on the other hand, is overburdened. The human settlement environment is relatively high, and the construction land used for urban redevelopment has hidden environmental dangers influences. Soil contamination may be more harmful to human health, and it has become one of the most visible flaws in the development of a prosperous society. Many countries have developed legislation and governance mechanisms to address issues related to the quality of building land, including pollution of construction land. This study summarizes the research state of domestic and foreign policies and technology in the treatment of land-use pollution.
 
THE MAJOR FACTORS OF TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND GOVERNANCE OF CONSERVATION MEASURES: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
No full textThough there is a wealth of theoretical evidence supporting the economic and social drivers of biodiversity loss, empirical evidence for the majority of these relationships is limited, if not non-existent. The loss of living diversity is exacerbated by habitat loss, foreign species introduction, biodiversity resource over-harvesting, and species uniformity in agriculture. All of these variables have one thing in common: they are all driven by humans. In this area, more research is required. Existing biodiversity-conservation methods are also debated and questioned for their ability to successfully reverse the loss of biodiversity-related cultural values, biological species, and ecosystems caused by these key causes of biodiversity loss. This comprehensive study examines the economic and societal aspects that contribute to Ethiopia\u27s biodiversity loss, as well as potential opportunities. It also identifies potential roadblocks and future directions that should be pursued. To scale up biodiversity conservation loss, better promotion of practical conservation approaches, community-based management techniques, and sector-based conservation and integration should be adopted throughout the entire resource region. Better promotion of practical conservation measures, community-based management techniques, and sector-based conservation and integration should be applied throughout the resource region to scale up biodiversity conservation loss. The widely held belief is that institutional variety and multi-level governance are essential to institutionalize biodiversity protection because of the characteristics and functions of biodiversity as well as the characteristics of the participants. Institutional diversity, on the other hand, isn\u27t a panacea for successful biodiversity conservation, and it\u27s much less beneficial for determining where to start. The Ethiopian case demonstrates what happens when according to theory the government “steps aside” and the “market works its wonders”. The goal is to shape institutional diversity\u27s context-specific patterns by establishing actionable beginning points after recognizing its value. Guidance, mediation, and facilitation are all required
SEALING INDEX AND HYDRO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SHALE AND COASTAL PLAIN SAND UNDER MANAGED FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
No full textThe study was undertaken in two forest ecosystems in southern Nigeria to evaluate variability in soil sealing, water retention and structural properties of soils derived from Shale and Coastal plain sand (CPS) under Gmelina and rubber land use. Soil samples were collected at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths for measurements of particle-size distribution (PSD), pore-size distribution through water desorption procedure, and related hydro-physical properties. Results showed that silt + clay-size fraction was significantly (P=0.05) higher in Shale (>75%) than CPS (<35%). There was a low risk of soil sealing (6.1-6.4%) at 0-20 cm topsoil, and a high risk of sealing (1.4%) at 20-40 cm depth. There was no significant change in sealing index created by the wide contrast between the PSD of Shale and CPS. Water retention at high potentials (-10 to -1500 kPa) were low in CPS, reflecting the influence of a wide inter-particle pore spaces of CPS. Available water (AW), useful available water (UAW) and readily available water (RAW) were significantly higher in Shale than CPS at both 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths (P=0.05). About 24.42% and 53.7% of soil water were released in Shale and CPS, respectively, between saturation (0 kPa) and field capacity (-10 kPa). Aggregate ratio (AR) showed dominance of stable aggregates > 0.25 mm in Shale. There were positive correlation coefficient between mean weight diameter (MWD) and AW (r = 0.486, P=0.05), UAW (r = 0.524, P=0.05) and EAW (r = 0.0635, P=.01). Thus, organic litter from Gmelina and rubber trees can reduce the risk of soil sealing, while micro-porosity dominant in Shale tend to control water retention measurements
CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF OIL PALM YIELD IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA
No full textThe aim of this paper is to determine the climate change vulnerability of oil palm yield in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to sample six communities from two Local Government Areas (Ibesikpo Asun and Etim Ekpo) known for oil palm production in the study area. Probability Density Function (PDF), trend analysis, and change points analysis were used to show the changes in climate over time (1901 to 2019) in the study area. The study adapted two climate change forecasting scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5) for projection into what a changing climate could mean for oil palm yield in the future (2020 to 2050). The results revealed there is consistent decrease in mean annual rainfall amount in the last 100 years in the study area. Backward shifts in the rainfall are further observed in the pattern of PDF as seen in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 between the year 2020 and 2050. The study further revealed that there will be increase in oil palm yield in the study area from 2022 to 2050 using RCP 4.5 forecasting scenario compared to RCP 8.5. The study recommends that climate change policies to reduce the anthropogenic activities at household level, processing level and industrial level should be formulated. Again, oil palm farmers should be sensitized through workshops and training on the need to know the effect of climatic variables (Humidity, rainfall temperature) on oil palm yield. Finally, . the study will assist policy makers in formulating an efficient and effective policy to ensure the mitigation of effect of climate change on oil palm yield in the study area