Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology
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MOLECULAR DETECTION OF SARS-COV-2 BY REAL-TIME RT-PCR AND THE ASSOCIATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS (IL-4 AND IL-6) WITH COVID-19 PATIENT GROUPS
Get PDFObjective: Coronaviruses (CoVs) refer to one of the RNA virus infections that can appear as diseases affecting humans. They're enveloped viruses with massive single-strand positive-sense RNA genomes that can infect humans, animals, birds, bats, mice, and a number of other wild creatures’ respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and central nervous systems. Method: Viral samples were collected from 90 patients through nasopharyngeal swabs. COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 serum patients’ cytokines were identified by ELISA, while SARS-CoV-2 IL-4 and IL-6 were recognized using the chemiluminescence method. Result: The S gene is generally present in the early stages of infection, with only a few extended periods of contamination, whereas the E gene appears in the later stages of disease—one to several weeks after the onset of infection—while the N gene appears to a lesser extent. With 90% amino acid homology and fewer modifications over time, the N gene is more regulated and stable. The (S and E gene) heterozygote shows a higher rate than the others. Novelty: This study highlights distinct gene expression patterns of SARS-CoV-2 during different stages of infection, revealing that the N gene exhibits greater stability and regulatory consistency, which could be significant for diagnostic and molecular surveillance applications
INCIDENCES OF ACUTE APPENDICITIS CAUSED BY VARIOUS PARASITES WITHIN KIRKUK PROVINCE, IRAQ
Get PDFObjective: Acute appendicitis (AA) may initiate due to various agents including bacteria, parasites, mainly Enterobius vermicularis and others meanwhile studies on its etiology are so rare in Iraq. Method: This research involves 50 specimen undergone appendectomies presented with clinical symptoms of AA investigated for various parasites. Results: Four different parasites with various proportions were detected in the 50 appendectomies patients. Almost 27(54%) of cases were diagnosed negative or non-parasitic infection while only 23(46%) were diagnosed infected with various parasites e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, with highest prevalence 12(24%); followed by Enterobius vermicularis with 8(16%); Blantidium coli 2(4%) and finally Ascaris lumbricus 1(2%). Novelty: The percentage of infection by E. vermicularis denotes the highest international record as the main cause of acute appendicitis worldwide which might be interpreted as a most pandemic parasite in poor food hygiene conditions in Iraq. Appendicitis displayed almost no impact on blood parameters. Extra parameters should be adopted to monitor the hygiene of Iraqi local restaurants or takeaways serve the exposed food for public consumption
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF FLAVONOIDS ISOLATED FROM SILYBUM MARIANUM ON LYMPHOCYTES OF ADULT FEMALE RATS AND THEIR FETUSES (MTT ASSAY)
Get PDFObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of flavonoids isolated from Silybum marianum (milk thistle) on the lymphocytes of adult female rats and their fetuses, focusing on cytotoxicity and compound characterization. Method: Fresh leaves collected from Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, in January 2025 were subjected to flavonoid extraction and analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) to identify phenolic compounds. Lymphocytes were isolated from rat blood samples via density gradient sedimentation, and MTT assays were performed to assess cell viability at different extract concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μg/ml). Results: HPLC analysis identified several flavonoids, with 4-hydroxyl benzoic acid (282.5 ppm) and catechol (233.1 ppm) being the most abundant. Cytotoxicity tests showed high lymphocyte viability for both adult females (92.34–81.35%) and fetuses (91.92–81.7%), with IC₅₀ values of 324.9 μg/ml and 347.3 μg/ml, respectively. Novelty: The study demonstrates that S. marianum leaf extracts are rich in bioactive flavonoids with low cytotoxic effects on lymphocytes, suggesting potential for safe therapeutic use in antioxidant or protective applications
METABOLIC REMODELING AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY IN IRAQ: BIOMARKER-LINKED OUTCOMES STRATIFIED BY NAFLD SEVERITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME AT 3 YEARS
Get PDFObjective: To complete 3 year prospective assessment of clinical and molecular outcomes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in Iraqi patients, respectively, with the express links between the weight loss curves, comorbidity improvement, and the serial profiling of the major metabolic biomarkers. Method: The present study was a multicenter prospective cohort study carried out between January 2020 and December 2023 in the Al-Zahraa and Al-Karama Teaching Hospitals in Wasit, Iraq. The number of patients (RYGB: n=120; SG: n=120) followed in the 36 months was 240. Primary outcomes: percent excess weight loss (%EWL), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; HbA1c <6.5% off medication) remission and improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (improvement in CAP score at least 30% by FibroScan). Secondary outcomes: postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification) and preoperative and 12 and 36 months serial quantification of biomarkers: leptin, total ghrelin, adiponectin, active GLP-1, HOMA-IR, and QUICKI. Statistical methods were done in SPSS v28 and R v4.3 with multivariate logistic regression and Pearson correlation. Results: RYGB showed much better percent EWL (77.1% +12.8 vs. 68.3% +14.5; p=0.004), T2DM remission (81.2 vs. 67.5; p=0.025), and NAFLD improvement (85.0 vs. 71.7; p=0.015) at 36 months. Biomarker examination showed that RYGB led to much more pronounced leptin (': -34.5 vs. -27.6 ng/mL; p=0.005) and adiponectin (': +5.5 vs. +3.4 0g/mL; p=0.003) and active GLP-1 (': +17.8 vs. +9.1 pmol/L; p<0.001) decreases. The remission of T2DM was independently predicted by preoperative adiponectin >5 μg/mL (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.366.1; p=0.007). RYGB offered more absolute metabolic benefit to patients with baseline MetS + (n=165). Patients who have severe NAFLD (CAP ≥310 dB/m) had a much greater improvement using RYGB compared to SG (62.9% vs. 40.5%; p=0.04). An index of composite adiponectin/HOMA-IR above 0.75 was a predictor of 90% remission following RYGB (AUC 0.86). Significant complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥III) were equal (RYGB 8.3% vs. SG 5.8%; p=0.45). Novelty: This is the inaugural Iraqi investigation to correlate length of surgical results with sequence serially of biomarkers to propose, albeit the constraints of its observational design, a platform of biomarker-managed, customized metabolic surgery in the area
REPURPOSING ORLISTAT AS A FATTY ACID SYNTHASE INHIBITOR IN BREAST CANCER: IN VITRO EFFICACY, MECHANISMS, AND SYNERGY WITH DOXORUBICIN
Get PDFObjective: This study investigates the therapeutic potential of repurposing Orlistat, a potent irreversible inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FASN), to enhance cytotoxic efficacy against breast cancer cells, both independently and in combination with doxorubicin. Method: Estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with Orlistat and doxorubicin individually and jointly, followed by assessments of cell viability (MTT), FASN expression (qRT-PCR and Western blot), apoptosis (Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry and cleaved caspase-3), and drug interactions using the Chou–Talalay combination index. Results: Orlistat monotherapy significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, induced G1 arrest and apoptosis, and suppressed FASN expression and lipid accumulation, confirming metabolic targeting. Doxorubicin alone produced expected cytotoxicity, whereas the Orlistat–doxorubicin combination yielded synergistic inhibition (CI < 1) with markedly enhanced apoptotic signaling. Novelty: This work demonstrates, for the first time, a robust synergistic interaction between Orlistat and doxorubicin through coordinated disruption of lipid metabolism and heightened apoptotic induction, highlighting Orlistat’s promise as a metabolic adjuvant to improve breast cancer chemotherapeutic responses
MULTIFORM EXUDATIVE ERYTHEMA OF THE ORAL MUCOSA: DIAGNOSIS AND COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT
Get PDFObjective: This study aims to improve the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of multiform exudative erythema (MEE) in patients through a developed treatment algorithm, evaluating both subjective and objective criteria of the oral mucosa and local humoral immunity. Method: A total of 81 patients with MEE were treated according to a developed treatment protocol, with 30 patients in a comparison group receiving traditional therapy. Patient assessments included clinical examinations, immunological testing (s-IgA, IL-6, phagocytic index), and dental quality-of-life indicators using the OHIP-14-RU questionnaire. The main group received the newly developed therapeutic algorithm, while the comparison group received traditional treatments. Results: The main group showed significant improvements in pain reduction, lesion healing, and oral mucosa condition compared to the comparison group. The OHIP-14-RU scores improved by 8 points in the main group, indicating enhanced quality of life. Novelty: The study introduces a new therapeutic-hygienic algorithm for MEE treatment, which results in faster healing, improved clinical and immunological parameters, and a significant improvement in oral health-related quality of life
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING IN UZBEKISTAN, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
Get PDFObjective: This study examines the role, significance, and principles of biomedical engineering (BME) development in Uzbekistan, emphasizing its impact on healthcare modernization and technological innovation. Method: The research employs a multidisciplinary analysis, integrating insights from medical and engineering sciences, to assess the contribution of BME to healthcare technologies and specialist training. Results: The findings reveal that BME is pivotal in equipping Uzbekistan's healthcare sector with advanced technologies, fostering new treatment methods, and supporting local production of competitive medical devices. Furthermore, the integration of multidisciplinary approaches and innovative technologies has enhanced the sector’s capacity to address complex healthcare challenges and expand its international presence. Novelty: This study underscores the strategic importance of BME in bridging medical and engineering disciplines to promote healthcare and economic development in Uzbekistan. It highlights the untapped potential of BME to revolutionize the country's healthcare system and create opportunities for global competitiveness, contributing to a sustainable healthcare infrastructure and economic growth
IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATING ORAL CHANGES CAUSED BY PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
Get PDFObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of systemic hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on clinical and laboratory parameters of the oral cavity and salivary glands in women with surgically induced menopause. Methods: Seventy women aged 45 to 53 years with surgically induced menopause were examined. Thirty-four of these women received treatment to maintain dental health according to the traditional scheme, while thirty-six were additionally prescribed systemic HRT with transdermal gel “Estrogen” containing estradiol. A comparison group consisted of 34 premenopausal women. Hormonal status, dental condition indicators, and the properties and composition of mixed saliva were assessed. Cytological and microbiological studies of smears from the oral mucosa were conducted. Dynamic monitoring was performed preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery. Results: Women with surgically induced menopause, treated according to the traditional regimen, showed worsening clinical and laboratory indicators, including saliva quantity and quality, with signs of xerostomia, changes in the microbial landscape, and oral mucosal epithelium alterations. In contrast, women receiving HRT in addition to traditional treatment exhibited significantly less deterioration in these parameters. Novelty: This study reveals the positive effect of systemic hormone replacement therapy with transdermal estradiol on oral cavity health in women with surgically induced menopause, highlighting its role in mitigating adverse changes in the salivary glands and oral mucosa during early menopause
THE ROLE OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEMOSTATIC DISTURBANCES IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND IMPROVING TREATMENT STRATEGIES
Get PDFObjective: This article investigates the role of endothelial dysfunction in the development of hemostatic disturbances and cardiovascular complications in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. It aims to understand how RA-induced inflammation leads to endothelial dysfunction, increasing oxidative stress, and disrupting the blood clotting system, which heightens the risk of thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases. Methods: The study reviews existing literature and current treatment strategies, including biological therapies, anticoagulants, and anti-inflammatory agents, to explore their impact on reducing endothelial dysfunction and improving cardiovascular outcomes in RA patients. Results: The findings demonstrate that endothelial dysfunction, as a result of RA-induced inflammation, contributes to oxidative stress and disturbances in the blood clotting system. These factors collectively elevate the risk of thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases in RA patients, which are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Novelty: This article highlights emerging therapeutic approaches that may provide better management of endothelial dysfunction and hemostatic disturbances in RA, offering new potential strategies for improving patient outcomes beyond current treatment options
CLINICAL AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE COMORBID COURSE OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
Get PDFObjective: This study aims to investigate the clinical and dynamic characteristics of the comorbid course of alcohol dependence and affective disorders, focusing on the relationship between harmful alcohol consumption and mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, self-harm, and suicidal behavior. Method: An evidence-based review was conducted, analyzing data from clinical studies, epidemiological reports, and psychiatric assessments to explore the associations between alcohol dependence and affective disorders. The review included comparative analyses of patient histories, diagnostic criteria, and treatment outcomes. Results: The findings indicate a strong correlation between harmful alcohol use and the prevalence of affective disorders, with alcohol dependence significantly increasing the risk of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and suicidal tendencies. However, the causal pathways underlying these associations remain complex and multifactorial, influenced by genetic, neurobiological, and psychosocial factors. Novelty: This study highlights the critical need for integrated treatment models that address both alcohol dependence and co-occurring affective disorders, offering new insights into the development of comprehensive therapeutic strategies aimed at improving mental health outcomes in individuals with dual diagnoses