Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology
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MOLECULAR TYPING OF MULTI DRUG RESISTANCE E.COLI THAT ISOLATES FROM PATIENT WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN NAJAF PROVINCE
Full text linkObjective: This study aimed to detect the diversity of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infection (UTI) patients and to assess their potential for biofilm formation. Method: Twenty bacterial isolates were obtained from urine cultures of UTI patients hospitalized at Najaf Teaching Hospital. The isolates were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey's agar, identified using the Vitek 2 system, and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing with the AST card. Genetic diversity among the isolates was further analyzed using ERIC-PCR. Results: The findings revealed high levels of antibiotic resistance among the E. coli isolates: 100% resistance to amoxicillin and ampicillin, 90% to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, 70% to amikacin, and 55% to meropenem. ERIC-PCR results demonstrated genetic variation among isolates, which were grouped into five distinct clusters with similarity indices ranging from 40% to 90%. Novelty: This study provides insight into the alarming resistance patterns and genetic diversity of uropathogenic E. coli, underlining the critical need for tailored antibiotic stewardship and further investigation into their biofilm-forming capabilities in clinical settings
OUT COMES AFTER CAR T CELL THERAPY IN THE LONG RUN
Full text linkObjective: During the past several years, there has been a lot of discussion regarding the utilization of chimeric antigen receptor T-cells as an immunotherapy treatment for malignancies. Method: The scope of this study encompasses not only the negative consequences that CAR-T cells have, but also the mechanisms that are responsible for those effects, as well as potential treatments. Results: Through the utilization of this therapy strategy, both hematological malignancies and solid tumors have been successfully treated. However, it has been associated with a number of adverse reactions, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), off-target effects, anaphylaxis, infections associated with CAR-T cell infusion (CTI), tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), B-cell dysplasia, hemophagocytic lympho histiocytosis (HLH)/macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), and coagulation disorders. Novelty: The therapeutic application of CAR-T cell therapy can be informed by this evaluation, which will furnish critical reference data
EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN NANOPARTICLES AGAINST INDOMETHACIN INDUCED GASTRIC ULCER IN RAT
Full text linkObjective: Gastric ulcers (GUs) are a primary disorder affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract and are caused by gastric acid. The corrosive effects of pepsin and hydrochloric acid on the gastric mucosa can lead GUs. Compare the effect of curcumin and nanocurcumin with cimetidine on serum TC, TG, LDL, and HDL total protein and albumin levels in male rats with gastric ulcer. Method: Fifty male adult albino rats, with body weights ranging between 195–205 g where all the animals were categorized into five equal groups (each group containing 10 rats). Group 1: normal group, Group 2: indomethacin group, Group 3: indomethacin with curcumin, Group 4: indomethacin with nanocurcumin, Group 5: indomethacin with cimetidine. Blood samples (4 ml) were then placed into tubes without any anticoagulant, after centrifuging serum samples were then used for determining TC, TG, LDL, HDL, total protein and albumin levels in the animals. Results: Se/NP had a spherical, smooth nanoparticles, nanometre-sized. Oral administration of nanocurcumin caused marked improvement in HDL concentration and LDL concentration compared with gastric ulcer group and there were non-significant changes compared with normal group. Oral administration of nanocurcumin and cimetidine revealed a significant increase at (p≤0.05) level in serum albumin concentration when compared with gastric ulcer group and reach to normal group. Novelty: In rats with gastric ulcers caused by Indomethacin, the prepared nanocurcumin proved to be much more effective than curcumin. These results serve as a foundation for additional pharmacological investigation that could result in the creation of novel drug formulations.
BLOOD GROUP AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH DIABETIC
Full text linkObjective: Diabetes is described in this article as a metabolic disease that results in hyperglycemia, or elevated blood sugar. DM pathophysiology may be divided into two primary groups. type 1 and type 2 Its connection to blood types is examined. The four basic "ABO" phenotypes—"A," "B," "O," and "AB"—make up the "ABO" system. ABO phenotypic blood types are polymorphic, genetic, antigenic substances found on the surface of red blood cells as well as other organ cells. Method: From people of both sexes (male and female), with ages ranging from 7 to 80, 97 samples were taken. People with diabetes may be anywhere from 7 to 80 years old, based on blood sugar levels. Results: In contrast to type 2 diabetes, which is more common in those over 40, type 1 diabetes may develop at any age. O+ diabetes is the most common form, and men are more likely than women to get it. The highest blood sugar level for a person aged 30 was 600. The lowest percentage is 91 for a person who is 27 years old. O+ was shown to be the kind most affected by diabetes. Blood group AB is the one least affected by diabetes. Novelty: If genes "A" and "B" are present or absent, the individual's blood class is determined by small carbohydrate epitopes. Scattered over 18 kb, the gene's seven exons are referred to as "ABO" blood types. It is located on chromosome 9q34
ANALYSIS OF TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS AMONG E-CIGARETTE SMOKERS IN ADOLESCENTS FROM A HEALTH KNOWLEDGE PERSPECTIVE
Full text linkObjective: This study aimed to analyze triglyceride levels among e-cigarette users at Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Method: A total of 32 male students who used e-cigarettes participated, and 3 cc of venous blood was drawn after at least 10 hours of fasting. Triglyceride levels were measured using a DIALAB Autolyzer with the enzymatic colorimetric method (GPO-PAP) and analyzed using the Independent t-test with SPSS 23.0. Results: The results showed an average triglyceride level of 86.75 mg/dl (range 63–125 mg/dl), which is within the normal category (<150 mg/dl). The hypothesis test showed p = 0.146 (p > 0.05), indicating no significant difference in triglyceride levels among e-cigarette users. Novelty: This study provides valuable insights into the triglyceride levels of e-cigarette users, contributing to the understanding of the potential impact of e-cigarette use on lipid profiles
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, MOLECULAR DOCKING, AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF NEW FORMAZAN DERIVATIVES
Full text linkObjective: This work includes novel formazan compounds containing 5-diazenyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid with different Schiff bases. SB1 ( N-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)methanimine), SB2 ( dimethylene(4-((4-(pyridin-2-yl)benzylidene)amino)phenyl)-l6-sulfanamine), SB3 4-(((4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)imino)methyl)-N,N-dimethylaniline) and SB4 ( 4-(((4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)imino)methyl)benzene-1,3-diol) leads to formation F1 ( 2-hydroxy-5-((((6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)imino)(4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)methyl)diazenyl)benzoic acid), F2 ( 5-((((4-(aminodimethylene-l6-sulfaneyl)phenyl)imino)(4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)methyl)diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid), F3 (5-(((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)((4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)imino)methyl)diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid) and F4 ( 5-(((2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)((4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)imino)methyl)diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid) in order. Method: They have been synthesized by the addition reaction of the diazonium salts of 5-diazenyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid with Schiff bases, and they were designed, synthesized, and confirmed by elemental analyses, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral data. It noticed the molecular docking results for the interaction of the tested ligands (F1, F2, F3, F4) with the 1T49 protein (PTP1B) reveal several important insights regarding their binding affinities, stability of poses, and interaction profiles within the active site of the enzyme. Results: This suggests that F1 is the best candidate for further development as a potential PTP1B inhibitor, especially in relation to treatment for the breast cancer. All these results are consistent with what this work has reached when conducting an anti-cancer test. This work has investigated the cytotoxic potential of F1 against cell line MCF-7 (breast cancer). Results showed that the compound exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 cells, with an IC₅₀ of 147.6 µg/mL. These findings suggest a selective antiproliferative effect of the compound on cancerous cells compared to normal cells, highlighting its potential as a promising candidate for further anticancer drug development targeting breast cancer. Novelty: This work includes novel formazan compounds containing 5-diazenyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid with different Schiff bases
IMMUNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF TORQUE TENO VIRUS AMONG BLOOD DONORS IN MOSUL CITY, IRAQ
Full text linkObjective: This study aimed to detect Torque Teno virus antigens using the ELISA technique and to evaluate the immune status by measuring the levels of inflammatory cytokines, namely Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Method: This study was conducted on 150 blood samples collected from blood donors at the main blood bank in Mosul, Iraq. The study used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect viral antigens. The immune response was assessed by measuring the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Results: the ELISA test results revealed a low prevalence of TTV antigen (9.33%), with the highest rates recorded among the oldest age group (34–41 years) at 4.67%. Novelty: The results revealed the presence of immune regulatory dysfunction in this group of patients, as they exhibited signs of both immune activation and suppression simultaneously. This underscores the importance of continuous immunological monitoring for this category of patients
GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR HEAVY METAL BIOACCUMULATION IN FUNGI ASPERGILLUS
Full text linkObjective: Heavy metal contamination, particularly with cadmium (Cd²⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), and arsenic (As³⁺/As⁵⁺), represents a critical environmental and health concern due to their toxicity and persistence. Microorganisms such as Aspergillus species have demonstrated significant potential for bioremediation, primarily through complex genetic and biochemical mechanisms. This study synthesizes existing literature to examine the molecular basis of heavy metal tolerance and bioaccumulation in Aspergillus. Method: This study synthesizes existing literature to examine the molecular basis of heavy metal tolerance and bioaccumulation in Aspergillus. Results: The findings highlight multiple defense strategies, including cadmium detoxification via glutathione biosynthesis genes (GSH1, GSH2), phytochelatin synthase (PCS), and vacuolar sequestration mediated by CDF transporters (CrpA, ZRC1, COT1). Lead bioaccumulation involves structural binding to cell wall polymers such as chitin, glucans, and melanin, complemented by transporter genes (CrpA, YCF1, ABC transporters) and intracellular chelation through glutathione and metallothioneins. Arsenic tolerance relies on aquaglyceroporin channels (Fps1), efflux transporters (Acr3), and arsenate reductase (ArsC), which enable reduction and detoxification, alongside phytochelatin-mediated sequestration. Across all metals, oxidative stress is mitigated by antioxidant defense genes, including SOD, CAT, and TRX, while Yap1-like transcription factors coordinate regulatory responses. Novelty: The integration of adsorption, chelation, transport, and oxidative stress defense establishes Aspergillus as a versatile and resilient organism capable of surviving in heavy metal-polluted environments. These findings underscore the potential application of Aspergillus in bioremediation strategies targeting multi-metal contamination
KNOWLEDGE, PREPAREDNESS, AND BARRIERS TOWARD RECEIVING INFLUENZA VACCINE AMONG STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF KUFA
Full text linkObjective: To assess knowledge, perceived barriers, and willingness toward influenza vaccination among undergraduate students at the University of Kufa, Iraq, to inform targeted health promotion strategies. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from February to March 2025 with 94 convenience-sampled undergraduate students from five colleges at the University of Kufa. Data were collected using a validated 32-item questionnaire assessing demographics, influenza vaccine knowledge, barriers, and willingness. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and correlation tests using SPSS. Results: Participants demonstrated moderate knowledge levels: 60.64% had fair knowledge and 39.36% good knowledge regarding influenza vaccination. Most (64.89%) perceived moderate barriers, including misperceptions about vaccine safety, fear of side effects, and accessibility challenges. Willingness to vaccinate was moderate in 58.51% but poor in 38.30% of students. Correlation analysis showed no significant relationships between knowledge, barriers, and willingness, indicating complex factors influencing vaccine acceptance beyond knowledge alone. Novelty: The findings reveal moderate awareness and willingness toward influenza vaccination, tempered by perceived barriers among university students. Vaccine acceptance appears driven by a multifaceted interplay of cognitive, emotional, and structural factors. Tailored, multifactorial interventions combining education, barrier reduction, and improved accessibility are essential to increase vaccine uptake in this population
GENETIC MUTATIONS IN INFLUENZA VIRUS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ANTIVIRAL TREATMENTS: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Full text linkObjective: This study synthesizes recent evidence (2020–2025) to evaluate key influenza virus mutations associated with resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir) and cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors (baloxavir), and to assess their implications for antiviral efficacy. Method: A structured literature analysis was conducted by integrating global surveillance reports and peer-reviewed studies, summarizing mutation frequencies and resistance patterns, supported by descriptive statistical tabulation and simulated trend visualization. Results: The findings indicate that canonical neuraminidase resistance mutations such as H275Y, R292K, and N295S remain rare, generally occurring at <1% prevalence across most surveillance datasets, although localized increases in PA-I38 substitutions associated with reduced baloxavir susceptibility have emerged in specific regions. The theoretical impact assessment suggests that resistance-linked mutations primarily reduce clinical effectiveness in post-treatment isolates and in severe or immunocompromised cases. Novelty: This work provides an updated synthesis of post-pandemic influenza antiviral resistance trends and highlights the growing relevance of PA-I38 variants, underscoring the need for continuous genomic surveillance and the development of next-generation antiviral strategies that target highly conserved viral functions