Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology
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REVIEW OF ISOLATION OF FUNGI FROM SHRIMPS
Full text linkObjective: This study aims to review the current knowledge on the isolation of fungi from shrimps, focusing on their ecological roles, pathogenic potential, and biotechnological applications. Method: A systematic review of previous studies was conducted, highlighting both direct isolation techniques, such as surface sterilization, agar plate, and dilution methods, and indirect approaches, including molecular identification and metagenomics. Results: The findings reveal a wide diversity of fungal genera, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Candida, and Cryptococcus, associated with shrimps, with implications for food safety, aquaculture health, and nutrient cycling in marine ecosystems. Several fungi were also identified as potential producers of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Novelty: This review synthesizes traditional and modern approaches to fungal isolation in shrimp, bridging ecological insights with biotechnological potential, while emphasizing the urgent need for further research to address ecological risks and harness the benefits of marine-derived fungi in aquaculture and biotechnology
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE COMORBID COURSE OF ALCOHOLISM AND SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDERS
Full text linkObjective: This study aims to investigate the characteristic features of the comorbid course of alcoholism and schizoaffective disorders, focusing on the interplay between neurobiological mechanisms and clinical outcomes in patients with dual diagnoses. Method: A comprehensive review of clinical data and neurobiological studies was conducted, analyzing treatment approaches and the convergence of pathophysiological processes in patients with co-occurring alcohol dependence and schizoaffective disorders. Particular attention was given to the role of the dynorphin kappa-opioid system as a modulator of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system activity, which is implicated in both mental disorders and substance addiction. Results: The findings indicate that comorbid patients exhibit more severe clinical symptoms, poorer prognoses, and reduced treatment efficacy compared to individuals with singular diagnoses. The dysregulation of the dynorphin kappa-opioid system contributes to the exacerbation of both psychotic and addictive symptoms, complicating therapeutic interventions. Novelty: This study highlights the critical role of the dynorphin kappa-opioid system as a universal modulator in the pathogenesis of schizoaffective disorders and alcoholism, emphasizing the need for integrated treatment strategies that target both neurobiological and clinical dimensions of comorbidity
A FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BREAST CANCER'S ESTROGEN RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS
Full text linkObjective: This mini-review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways in breast cancer, emphasizing their implications for therapeutic resistance and novel treatment strategies. Method: A critical analysis of recent literature was conducted, focusing on molecular mechanisms associated with ER signaling, including alterations in the ESR1 gene, PI3K pathway activation, and dysregulation of cell cycle control. Results: Findings reveal that approximately two-thirds of breast cancers are hormone-dependent and rely on estrogen and progesterone receptor signaling for growth. While antiestrogens remain the cornerstone of hormone therapy, resistance often emerges through diverse molecular pathways. The development of resistance has driven the advancement of targeted therapies such as selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) and combination regimens involving CDK4/6 or PI3K inhibitors. Novelty: This review highlights the evolving understanding of ER signaling in breast cancer and underscores the necessity of targeting specific molecular alterations to overcome resistance. By integrating recent advances in molecular oncology, the study supports the development of more personalized and effective therapeutic strategies for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN SPLEEN OF RATS THAT INDUCED BY DEN AND CCL4
Full text linkObjective: The current study was performed in the animal house at the Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, for the period from 2/1/2025 to 2/6/2025. Method: (36) laboratory rats (Rattus rattus) were used. The animals were divided into six groups as follows: The first group(G1): the control group treated only with the feed and water. The second group(G2): The infection group was injected with Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and given for two weeks, then it was injected with Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) for six weeks to induce cancer. The third group(G3): treated with alcoholic extract of Camellia sinensis leaves at a concentration of 10 mg/kg for two months. The fourth group(G4): treated with alcoholic extract of C.sinensis leaves at a concentration of 20 mg/kg for two months. The fifth group(G5): treated with alcoholic extract of C.sinensis leaves at a concentration of 10 mg/kg for two weeks, after which the mixture of DEN + CCL4 was given until the end of the experiment. The sixth group(G6): treated with alcoholic extract of C.sinensis leaves at a concentration of 20 mg/kg for two weeks, after which the mixture of DEN + CCL4 was given until the end of the experiment. The treatment continues for two months, after which the animals are dissected, the organs are extracted and preserved in sand for making after completing histological sections, they are studied, the histological changes were read using light microscopy. Results: The histological study in the groups treated with alcoholic extract of C.sinensis leaves showed no histological changes in spleen tissue compared with the second group treated with the substances (DEN and CCL4). The results of the histological study also showed the protective role in the groups were treated with alcoholic extract of C. sinensis leaves were then treated with substances that cause cancer in the spleen, it showed no histological changes or evidence of the presence of cancer cells. Novelty: The results of the current study demonstrate the protective role of alcoholic extract of C. sinensis leaves in preventing histopathological changes in spleen
AGE AND GENDER-SPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN FACIAL AREA CRANIOMETRIC INDICATORS AND FACIAL INDEX IN CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE
Full text linkObjective: This article studies the age- and gender-dependent morphological characteristics of the facial area and facial index in children of primary school age. Method: The study involved analyzing morphological characteristics with attention to age and sex variables in primary school children. Result: The results showed that certain changes in facial morphology are observed with age, as well as some statistically significant differences between the sexes. Novelty: These data are of great importance in pediatrics, pediatric dentistry, plastic and reconstructive surgery, and in the determination of anatomical features
HLA-DRB1 AS A PREDICTOR OF SURVIVAL IN IRAQI COVID-19 PATIENTS
Full text linkObjective: This study aimed to show some of the commensal species in the parts of the digestive system and their role in developing the immune system and other functions and their positive effect on the health of the host. Method: Molecular investigations have shown the presence of single, if not dozens of trillions of species, nutrients, and host cells. Results: The commensal bacteria in the digestive system play an important role in modifying and developing the immune system, as they provide environmental requirements of nutrients that protect the mucosal lining of the intestine, which in turn is affected by mutual interactions with the microbes of the digestive system. Novelty: Thus, the digestive system is considered one of the most complex systems due to the continuous interaction between the enormous number of microorganisms
SALINITY AGRICULTURAL PROBLEM IN AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Full text linkObjective: This study aims to address the increasing challenge of soil salinity as a critical barrier to sustainable agricultural production, emphasizing the essential roles of soil and water quality in maintaining productivity. Method: The research employs a descriptive and analytical approach, examining the causes of soil salinization in dry and semi-arid regions by differentiating between natural and human-induced factors, including improper irrigation practices, poor drainage, and excessive fertilizer use. Results: The findings indicate that the persistent use of low-quality irrigation water due to water scarcity and pollution accelerates salinity accumulation in agricultural soils, leading to a significant decline in soil fertility and crop yield. The study highlights that effective mitigation requires leaching techniques, improved irrigation management, and the cultivation of salt-tolerant crops. Novelty: This article provides an integrative perspective that combines ecological and agronomic factors, offering practical strategies to rehabilitate saline soils and promote sustainable agriculture, especially in regions facing increasing water stress due to climate change
ANTIFUNGAL AND MOLECULAR ASSESSMENT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA AND ITS SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST MALASSEZIA SPP. ISOLATED FROM IRAQI PATIENTS
Full text linkObjective: Considering the growing resistance of various fungi to antifungal drugs doses, and side-effects and challenges involved in the use of azole agents, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of neem seed extract and its green-fabricated silver nanoparticles (NS-AgNPs) against 40 clinical Malassezia species isolates from Wasit Province - Iraq was assessed. Method: The crude extract showed MIC and MFC values of 12.5 and 25 mg/mL, respectively, while AI-AgNPs displayed much greater potency (MIC = 0.125 mg/mL; MFC = 0.250 mg/mL). Correspondingly, inhibition zones reached 12.86 mm for the extract and 15.71 mm for AI-AgNPs. Results: AI-AgNPs also downregulated the lipase gene by ~2.75-fold, indicating reduced virulence, with higher infection rates noted among younger individuals. Novelty: These findings highlight neem-based nanoparticles as a promising, low-cost natural antifungal therapy, warranting further cytotoxicity and clinical validation
THE ROLE OF CYTOKINE PROFILE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE RENAL PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN WITH COVID -19
Full text linkObjective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of Covid-19 on the development of tubulointerstitial kidney damage in children, focusing on cytokine profiles, kidney function, and the role of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker for kidney injury. Methods: A cohort of 132 children who experienced tubulointerstitial kidney damage post-Covid-19 was studied. The patients were divided into two groups: one with acute pyelonephritis (AP) and the other with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN). Diagnostic methods included blood and urine analysis, renal ultrasound, cytokine profiling (IL-6, IL-4, TNF-α, γ-INF), and NGAL measurement. Results: The study found significantly elevated NGAL levels in the urine of children with AP and Covid-19 compared to healthy controls (110.74±1.27 vs. 65.66±0.64 ng/mg creatinine; p<0.001). Cytokine analysis revealed substantial increases in IL-6, TNF-α, and γ-INF, particularly in children with Covid-19-related kidney damage, suggesting a severe inflammatory response contributing to kidney dysfunction. Novelty: This research highlights the crucial role of cytokines in kidney injury following Covid-19 in children and emphasizes NGAL as a reliable biomarker for early detection of renal damage, offering new insights for treatment and prognosis
EXPLORING BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Full text linkObjective: Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, present significant challenges due to their progressive nature and the lack of definitive early diagnostic methods. Biomarkers have emerged as essential tools for early detection, enabling timely intervention and personalized treatment strategies. Methods: This review explores recent advancements in biomarker research, emphasizing genetic, proteomic, metabolic, and imaging-based markers. It examines cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-based biomarkers, such as amyloid-beta, tau proteins, and neurofilament light chain. Additionally, innovative techniques like liquid biopsy and artificial intelligence-driven biomarker discovery are discussed. Results: The study highlights the potential of biomarkers in revolutionizing early diagnosis and patient management. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in biomarker validation, standardization, and clinical translation. The integration of biomarkers into clinical practice can improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate the development of neuroprotective therapies. Novelty: This review underscores the importance of multi-modal biomarker approaches and the application of machine learning algorithms to enhance diagnostic precision and predictive capabilities. The combination of traditional and emerging biomarker technologies holds promise for transforming neurodegenerative disease diagnostics and treatment strategies