Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology
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DISTRIBUTION OF VIBRIO CHOLERA IN URBAN AREAS OF IRAQ
Get PDFObjective: This study aims to examine the distribution, epidemiological characteristics, and public health response to Vibrio cholerae outbreaks in urban areas of Iraq. Method: The research employed a literature-based analysis supported by epidemiological surveillance data, case reports, and antibiotic resistance profiles, focusing on outbreaks from 2003 to 2022. Results: Findings reveal recurring cholera outbreaks with seasonal peaks during summer months, primarily affecting regions such as Baghdad and Sulaymaniyah. Demographic analysis indicates a higher prevalence among individuals aged 15–44, with variability in gender distribution across regions. The bacteria showed sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline, while oral cholera vaccination (OCV) campaigns demonstrated high effectiveness in refugee and internally displaced populations. Novelty: This study offers a localized, data-driven understanding of cholera’s urban distribution in Iraq, highlighting the integration of demographic trends, antibiotic resistance, and the role of vaccination campaigns—an approach that remains underrepresented in existing regional literature. These insights are essential for developing more targeted and effective public health strategies
Navigating the Immune Response Landscape of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infections
Get PDFBoth the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are viral pathogens that primarily target the liver and can lead to chronic liver disease. The nature of the immune response that the host mounts can vary depending on the structural differences between these two viruses. HBV is a partially double-stranded DNA virus enveloped in an outer envelope with a relatively stable genome and limited antigenic variation. It consists of an inner nucleocapsid core containing viral DNA, viral polymerase, and core antigen (HBcAg). The envelope comprises surface antigens (HBsAg) important for viral entry and immune recognition. HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus with an envelope. It has a high degree of genetic diversity due to its error-prone RNA polymerase, resulting in multiple HCV genotypes and subtypes due to its high mutation rate. Both viruses activate innate immune responses, producing type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. HBV can actively fight these antiviral responses in several ways, such as by making viral proteins that mess up the innate immune signalling pathways. At the same time, HCV developed strategies to evade and modulate the host's innate immune system, allowing it to establish persistent infections. The adaptive immune response against HBV and HCV involves both humoral and cellular components. Antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs) are critical for viral clearance and protection. CD8+ T cells are also very important for controlling HBV infection because they find and kill infected hepatocytes. During infection, HCV-specific antibodies and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are made. However, HCV can evade immune responses by rapidly mutating its surface proteins (e.g., E2) and modulating T-cell responses. It is important to note that the immune response to HBV and HCV is a complex and dynamic process that involves various factors beyond the structural differences described above. Host factors, viral load, viral persistence, and the interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses also significantly influence the outcome of the infectio
ROLE OF CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE IN ADENOVIRUS INFECTION
Get PDFThe successful development of adenovirus vectors for vaccines and gene therapy will require a better understanding of the host immune response. Using the ELISPOT assay to measure IFN-g-secreting CD8þ cells, we identify immunodominant epitopes of the adenovirus hexon and DNA-binding protein in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The T-cell response to the intramuscular administration of adenovirus serotype 5 peaks within a few weeks and gradually declines but is still detectable after 12 weeks. A second administration did not substantially increase the number of reactive T cells. The CD8þ T-cell response was also similar between wild type and E1-deleted adenovirus. When B-cell-deficient mice were injected with adenovirus encoding the gene for secreted alkaline phosphatase, sera phosphatase activity was reduced more quickly in mice pre-exposed to adenovirus. These results add to the evidence that cell-mediated immunity is a substantial barrier to therapeutic adenoviral vectors and provide more quantitative tools to measure cellular immune responses to adenovirus
LEUKOCYTE VIRUS AND IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE BODY
Get PDFThis study examined the immunological condition of cattle infected with spontaneous leukosis. Specifically, it compared the levels of immunoglobulins in cattle infected with leukosis viruses from three different genera to those in healthy cattle. The moles in the experiment were vaccinated against protein illness to artificially stimulate their immune response. Significant alterations were noted in IgG2, and it was discovered that the distinction between breeds was hindere
Exploring the Ecological Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Klebsiella Species in Diverse Environmental Niches
Get PDFAntimicrobial resistance is a growing problem in bacterial pathogens, particularly in hospital-acquired nosocomial infections. Klebsiella is an important pathogen that causes various infections in hospitalized immunocompromised patients. Therefore, this study aims to fill this knowledge gap and provide insights into the correct detection and antibiotic resistance pattern of these organisms. we will investigate the spread of pneumonia bacteria, Klebsiella, isolate and identify it from different environmental sites, including human, soil, and water, also study the characteristics of antibiotic resistance and find similarities and differences between bacterial isolates. Finally, we detect the associated antibiotics resistance gene (CTX-M), using the genetic RT-PCR method. The study provides valuable information on the prevalence of antibiotic resistant Klebsiella spp. in different clinical and environmental sites, which can help in the development of effective strategies to control the spread of these bacteria. The study found that among all 86 isolated strains of Klebsiella spp. it was found that K. pneumoniae represents the major abundant strain in both clinical and environmental samples by percentages 41.5% and 51.5% respectively. It concerns also the highest ESBL production 71.7%, along with 58% CTX-M gene expressio
A REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDERSTANDING OF ANTIBIOTIC INTERACTIONS, FROM MECHANISMS OF ACTION TO NOVEL RESISTANCE AND THE SEARCH FOR NATURAL ALTERNATIVES
Get PDFRecent research has also highlighted the importance of interspecies signalling in terms of ecology, immunology, and evolution. Despite being frequently linked to the direct inhibition of microbial growth, signalling molecules can transmit data about complex, coordinated regulatory phenomena such as virulence island expression, periodic biosynthetic activity, stress responses, cell density, motility, and biofilm formation. Genetically encoded quorum sensing signals, at low concentrations, increase the spread of horizontally acquired antibiotic resistance genes, modify host immune response profiles, and control the expression of virulence determinants. Antibiotics suppress infectious diseases, facilitate health interventions such as surgery, and improve the treatment outcomes of human and animal diseases (e.g., by minimising morbidity, mortality, and hospital length of stay). However, the emergence of drug-resistant biofilms continues to undermine many therapeutic modalities. These intricate settings that provide antibiotics include the presence of individually resistant cells, non-linear nutrient transport and blockage effects, and limited yet subpopulation-biased genetic plasticity. For the longest time, the mainstay of contemporary medicine has been the use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections 5. However, the creation and spread of antibiotic resistance, a serious worldwide health concern brought on by the abuse and misuse of antibiotics, constantly jeopardises their function. 2. The decrease in the number of novel, efficacious antibiotics being introduced to the market exacerbates these problems. Optimising the usage of already available antibiotics by learning more about how they behave in the intricate microbial and host ecosystems connected to bacterial illnesses is one way to address this. This involves, but is not limited to, looking into how combinations of antibiotics affect treatment outcomes and how these interactions alter in certain settings to either help or hinder the evolution of antibiotic resistance
THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS GENOTYPES AND SUBGENOTYPES IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFECTIONS. AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS SUBSTITUTIONS IN ADDITION TO ALLELE FREQUENCY
Get PDFInfection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a worldwide health concern, Genotyping HBV is important because it can help to guide treatment decisions, and the risk of developing severe liver disease can be predicted with the use of HBV genotyping, like hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. Our study aimed to determine HBV genotype and Allele frequencies in acute, and chronic HBV patients living in Al-Anbar governorate/Iraq. samples were analyzed by nested PCR for hepatitis B virus DNA. Round 1 PCR products revealed that all samples of hepatitis B patients showed a 1003 bp band, which confirmed that the current sample was infected with the virus, Second-run PCR demonstrated a pattern of nested PCR products with a 600 bp band. The amplicons from nested PCR were sequenced by the Sanger sequencing method and each viral genotype was investigated and ascertained by alignment with the reference sequence (GenBank acc. NC 003977.2) and blasted using the NCBI blastin database. The results showed the only type D genotype was found in all 80 HBV patients, with seven nucleic acid variants observed in the investigated samples in different positions, namely 348 T>C, 495 C>T, 501 A>C, 520 C>A, 522 G>A, 530 T>C, and 535 A>C. Additionally, ten variants of amino acids were found in different positions to exhibit effects on the S protein within the size of the amplified loci. 
RIFIZOSTREP – NEW DRUG AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS
Get PDFThe article presents the results of bacteriological studies of the internal organs of guinea pigs and rabbits experimentally infected with M. bovis and M. tuberculosis with the subsequent use of a new anti-tuberculosis drug “Rifisostrep”
NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IS A CORNERSTONE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR CONTINUUM
Get PDFCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in most countries worldwide, including Uzbekistan. The main direction in preventing diseases and complications of the cardiovascular system (CVS) is the timely detection and correction of risk factors (RF). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered one of the RFs of CVD development, including coronary artery disease (CAD). Data from numerous studies demonstrate increased cardiovascular risks and accelerated progression of liver pathology in the combination of NAFLD and CAD, however, some studies have not confirmed the worsening of outcomes. An association between NAFLD and CAD, atherosclerosis, cardiac rhythm disturbances, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure and other CVDs has been identified. However, data from meta-analyses should be interpreted with caution due to the use of different diagnostic methods and the heterogeneity of studies included in them. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between CVDs and NAFLD furthe
EFFECT OF TYPE2 DIABETES ON EYE DISEASES (LENOPATHY, GLAUCOMA, RETINOPATHY AND OPTIC NEUROPATHY)
Get PDFAwareness about diabetic eye complications and regular eye examinations plays an important role in avoiding blindness. Objective: To evaluate the level of awareness and knowledge about diabetic eye diseases among diabetic patients. Patients attending Ibn al-Haytham Teaching Hospital for Eye Diseases in Baghdad. Method: This is a cross-sectional study including a sample of 115 diabetic patients attending this center during the treatment period. The period is from 2023/8/15_2023/10/25. To achieve the objectives of the study, a closed study was conducted. A questionnaire that includes different variables related to diabetes awareness for each of them. The authors filled out the questionnaire during interviews with patients