Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology
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ESTIMATE OF BONE BIOMARKER ON OSTEOPOROSIS IN IRAQI POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Get PDFBackground; Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic and a progressive disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in an increased risk of fracture .Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used for diagnosis of osteoporosis. Bone turnover markers have advantages over DXA, as they are cheap, non-invasive and can detect changes in bone turnover rates earlier. Aims of the study: to investigate the significance of bone turnover biochemical markers; serum parathyroid, serum osteopontin and Vitamin D3 in evaluating osteoporosis for postmenopausal Iraqi women with and without history of vertebral fracture, as well as to explore the relationship of these markers with bone mineral density (BMD). Methodology: Forty-four (85) postmenopausal women were included in this study with age range (45-70years). Subjects were divided into three groups: osteoporosis postmenopausal women: (n=45), osteopenia postmenopausal women: (n=24) and healthy postmenopausal women (n=16) (serve as controls). Patients were diagnosed as osteoporosis and controls as normal by measuring bone mineral density (BMD), using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, serum calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase measured by spectrophotometer. Result; BMD and T-score were significantly lower in osteoporotic postmenopausal group as compared with healthy group (p=0.009) (p=<0.001). Serum ALP levels were elevated significantly in osteoporotic postmenopausal group as compared with healthy group (p=<0.001). Serum Ca levels and serum PO4 levels were elevated significantly in Healthy postmenopausal group as compared with osteoporotic group (p=0.65) (p=0.957). Conclusions: The levels of ALP in serum could be used as a biochemical indicator in the early diagnosis of osteoporosis postmenopausal women
FUNGAL CONTAMINATION IN FRESH RAISIN JUICE IN MOSUL CITY
Get PDFBackground: Fungal contamination in food and beverages, including fruit juices, poses significant health risks. Specific Background: This study investigates the extent of fungal contamination in fresh raisin juice collected from Mosul City and its suburbs, including Bashiqa, Al-Hamdaniya, Bartella, Al-Shekhan, Aqra, and Dohuk, over a period from January 2023 to April 2024. Knowledge Gap: Despite the potential for fungal contamination in fruit juices, detailed analyses of specific contamination rates and fungal species in this region have been lacking. Aims: The study aimed to identify and quantify fungal contamination in fresh raisin juice samples using Potato Dextrose Agar and Sabouraud Sucrose Agar, and to characterize the fungal isolates morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly. Results: Of the 40 samples tested, 100% were contaminated with fungi, yielding 121 isolates of various species. The highest contamination rates were observed for Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., each constituting 27.3% of isolates. Other notable contaminants included Wickerhamomyces anomalus (12.39%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (11.57%), and Rhodotorula spp. (8.26%). Additionally, lower rates of contamination were found for Penicillium spp., Exophiala dermatitidis, and several other species. Novelty: The study revealed a high prevalence of fungal contamination, including the identification of a novel Candida oleophila strain (GenBank accession PP961930.1). Implications: These findings highlight the significant fungal contamination in fresh raisin juice, which could have implications for food safety and quality control. The identification of specific fungal species and the novel strain underscores the need for stringent monitoring and improved processing practices to mitigate contamination risks
TOLL-LIKE (TLRS 1,4,5) IMMUNODETECTION OF SOME TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS AS AN IMMUNE RESPONSE TO PATIENTS WITH ACUTE APPENDICITIS AND ITS EFFACT ON CLINICAL FEATURES IN BASRA/IRAQ
Get PDFBackground: Acute Appendicitis is the most common cause of emergency cases worldwide, and it may have serious consequences. If there is no precise diagnosis, it poses a dreadful issue for the community. Researchers tried to use several markers to determine the definitive diagnosis of Appendicitis. Our research thus sought to determine the various Toll-like receptor TLR1, TLR4, and TLR5 concentrations in the blood of patients suspected of Appendicitis as a diagnostic predictor. Method: This study conducted a case-control analysis on patients diagnosed with Appendicitis in the operating room at Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital and Al-Shifaa Teaching Hospital in Basra, Iraq. The control group was randomly chosen between July 2023 and November 2023. a total of 88 samples were enrolled in the study. Seventy of these samples came from patients experiencing signs and symptoms of Appendicitis. In contrast, the remaining eighteen samples were collected from apparently healthy controls (AHC) who were identical to the patient's group in terms of age, gender, habitat, and other characteristics but did not experience any appendicitis symptoms. Ethical approval was obtained from the Basra Health Department for data collection. Results: According to the findings of this investigation, the immunological markers TLR1 and TLR4 were statistically significant at a level of (P≤0.05) between the serum samples of patients and the control groups. the median concentration of (TLR1 and TLR4) were (14.70 ,10.89 ng/ml) respectively than control group (8.15 ,6.98 ng/ml), statistically show highly significant (P-= 0.000), while the median concentration of TLR5 in appendicitis patients was lower (3.11 ng/ml) than control (3.77 ng\ml), without any significant differences (p=0.185). Conclusion: The serum concentration of TLR1 and TLR4 has the potential to predict the diagnosis of appendicitis
UNRAVELING THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN GENE REGULATION A MOLECULAR GENETICS PERSPECTIVE
Get PDFEpigenetic modifications is very crucial in managing on/off switch of the genes, and the kind of cell that is being built. The specific goals of this study are to identify the role of histone modifications, DNA methylation, and their interaction with each other on gene expression according to the ChIP-Seq, RNA-Seq, and bisulfite sequencing results. Therefore, in order to offer wide and profound analysis we went to specify the strains for regulatory components, to describe the molecular events, and to contemplate concerning potential clinical utility. Typically, for ChIP-Seq analysis, the number of histone modification peaks varies between 5,000-10,000 per sample, which is the comparison to the input control With regards to the genomic location of these peaks 60-70% of these are in promoter regions, while 20-30% of these are in enhancers. Described variation in RNA-Seq brought about 1000–3000 DE genes per condition; in the compared conditions, the difference generally ranged from 2 to 10 folds. Specifically, 500-1500 of them had different methylation between the control and the patient group with different methylation variations; 20%-60%. Thus, the integration of these datasets demonstrated that there exists significant relationships between histone modification and gene expression level, with the former ment for active modification leading to up-regulation of genes and the latter for repressive modification leading to down- regulation of genes. Besides, the report determined that hypomethylation of promoters of genes led to overexpression whereas hypermethylation of promoters of genes l led to underexpression. The functional enrichment of the genes with the epigenetic changes revealed mostly the cell cycle and signal transduction based on the Gene Ontology.
 
ALTERATIONS IN HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN ANTENATAL AND POSTNATAL MOTHERS WITHIN KERKUK PROVINCE, IRAQ
Get PDFBackground: Variations in some blood indices at antenatal and postnatal periods in Iraqi women are investigated within Kirkuk Province, Iraq. Materials and Methods: The experimental group included 300 pregnant women at third trimester and another 300 postnatal women attended Azadi Hospital, Kirkuk for the period of 12 months compared with 60 control non-pregnant women selected from Kirkuk University students. The blood parameters were analyzed using automated analyzing machine. Results: Hemoglobin (Hb%) had significantly dropped down to (11.83gm/dL±1.04) in comparison with control; however, it significantly (p≤0.022) raised to 12.4gm/dL±1.6) postnatally. Similarly, the packed cell volume (PCV) had significantly (p≤0001-0.03) dropped in pregnant women at antenatal stage to (34.11±7.76%) in comparison with non-pregnant women (37.11±3.33%), but was significantly (p≤0.022) rose, postnatally. Meanwhile, counts of white blood cells (WBC) was significantly (p≤0.001) increased to (11.69x106/dL) in the pregnant than in control (7.42x106/dL); but further rose postnatally to (15.82±4.7x106/dL). Simultaneously, the count of PCV% had significantly (p≤0.037) dropped down in pregnant women (34.11±7.76%) in comparison with their counterparts the control (37.11±3.33%), respectively; but insignificantly rose postnatally, to 36.67±3.8%, and an insignificant decrease was detected in PLT in comparison with their counterparts, the control group, respectively. Conclusion: In almost all healthy pregnant women the hematological indices could normally be altered as a response to nonpathogenic physiological changes in their health status and would soon be recovered, to certain extend, postnatally, though these insights would help in improving health monitoring as well as risk assessment during pregnancy
INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AS A BIOMARKER OF HEALTH: AGE-SPECIFIC PROFILES AND FUNCTIONAL IMPACTS
Get PDFObjective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the age-specific makeup, functional functions, and impact of the human intestinal microbiota on health outcomes over the life course. Method: Microbiota profiles at various life stages, from infancy to old age, were analyzed in a thorough assessment of recent research, with an emphasis on their effects on immune function, metabolism, and disease susceptibility. Results: The results show that each life stage has unique microbial populations that help control important physiological functions. Age-related changes in immunological responses, metabolic regulation, and heightened vulnerability to chronic illnesses are specifically correlated with changes in microbial composition. Novelty: The diagnostic potential of microbiota profiling is highlighted in this review, which also provides fresh perspectives on individualized healthcare strategies. By improving the management of chronic diseases and encouraging healthier aging, the incorporation of microbiota-based approaches into clinical practice may offer more accurate diagnoses and therapeutic interventions for age-related health concerns
CHARTING THE UNSEEN: EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ON SPERM AND THEIR ROLE IN MALE INFERTILITY
Get PDFObjective: This study aims to review existing literature on the impact of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA, on gene expression and their implications for human health and disease mechanisms. Methods: A literature review was conducted between January 2023 and October 2024, analyzing nine selected studies that explored the relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and gene expression in patients with various conditions, such as heart disease and cancer. Key methodologies discussed include RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) for quantifying gene expression, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) for protein-DNA interaction analysis, and DNA microarray analysis for genome-wide gene expression profiling. Results: The findings highlight that DNA methylation suppresses gene expression by chemically modifying DNA, histone modifications alter chromatin structure to regulate gene accessibility, and non-coding RNAs influence transcription and translation processes. The interplay among these mechanisms was shown to regulate gene expression without requiring genetic mutations, resulting in diverse biological outcomes. The review also discusses the role of daily nutrition, potential complications, and therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic modifications. Novelty: This study underscores the critical role of epigenetic changes in modulating gene expression and provides insights into their potential for advancing the understanding of disease mechanisms and developing novel approaches for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COLLABORATIVE LEARNING IN DEVELOPING COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN ESL
Get PDFObjective: This study explores the effectiveness of collaborative learning in enhancing communication skills among English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. The focus is on understanding how this instructional approach contributes to the development of linguistic and interpersonal abilities. Methods: The research involves a review of theoretical frameworks and empirical studies on collaborative learning. It emphasizes the implementation of small-group activities aimed at achieving shared goals, analyzing their impact on active communication, language proficiency, and social interactions in ESL contexts. Results: Findings indicate that collaborative learning significantly improves speaking and listening skills, boosts learners' confidence, and facilitates peer-to-peer learning. Additionally, it promotes a supportive environment that enhances both linguistic and social competencies. Novelty: By synthesizing theoretical insights and empirical evidence, this study highlights the underexplored potential of collaborative learning as a transformative tool in ESL education. It offers actionable recommendations for incorporating these strategies into instructional practices, making a meaningful contribution to the field
DETECTION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPECIES IN CATTLE AND HANDLERS BY MOLECULAR TECHNIQUE IN WASIT PROVINCE
Get PDFI collected 300 cow feces samples (130 males - 170 females) and used molecular analysis to detect the parasite.
The results showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the infection rate using particle technology of 38% (38/100) and 41% (41/100) in cows and breeders, respectively, while traditional microscopic methods showed 21% (21/100) and 17% (17/100) in cows and breeders, respectively.
DNA sequence analyzes of 10 isolates from infected cows identified four species of the Cryptosporidium parasite genus which included: C. parvum (6/10), C. andersoni (2/10), C. bovis (1/10) and C. ryanae (1/10. The species C. andersoni, C. parvum, C. bovis and C. ryanae have been genetically confirmed through DNA sequence analysis, and it is considered the first recording of these species in local cattle in Iraq.
In breeders, three types of the Cryptosporidium parasite were recorded through DNA sequence analysis in 10 isolates from infected individuals, which included: C. parvum (2/10), C. andersoni (5/10) and C. hominis (3/10). It is considered the first recording of this species among breeders in Iraq
STUDY OF PREFRONTAL OXYGENATION DURING EMOTIONAL THINKING USING FUNCTIONAL NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FNIRS)
Get PDFIntroduction: This section provides an overview of the project and introduces the topic. It should include the background, objectives, and scope of the research. Literature Review: This section reviews relevant literature related to the topic to provide a better understanding of the existing research and technology available. It should include sources such as books, academic journals, and online articles. Methodology: This section outlines the methodology used to design and develop the project, including the hardware and software components, programming languages and tools used, and testing procedures. System Design: This section describes the architecture and design of the system, including the hardware and software components, communication protocols, and interfaces. It should provide a detailed explanation of how the system is structured. Implementation: This section details the process of implementing the system, including the setup of the hardware and software components, programming of the microcontroller and sensors, and integration of any external platforms.
Results and Evaluation: This section presents the results of the testing and evaluation of the system, including the performance, efficiency, and effectiveness of the system in achieving its objectives. It should also discuss any limitations or challenges encountered during testing. Conclusion and Future Work: This section summarizes the research findings and provides recommendations for future work. It should discuss any potential for further development and improvement of the system