Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology
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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OLD WITH SUSPECTED SEPTICEMIA IN KERKUK, IRAQ
Full text linkObjective: Septicemia, a dangerous blood disease, is a life-threatening condition that can affect infants and young children, especially in less developed countries. Methods: This study involves a bacteriological investigation to correlate the pattern of resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolates against antibiotic resistance patterns in septicemia cases of children under 5 years old admitted to Kerkuk Gynecology and Children Hospital in Iraq for the period extended from July 2024 to Jan. 2025. A total of 120 children (72 Female and 48 Male) aged 1–60 months old, compared with 40 similar age healthy children. The isolated pathogenic bacteria were also subject to biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility profiling. Results: Babies and infants ages ranged between 1-18 months were the most susceptible ages in comparison with older children. The most common bacteria isolated from blood samples were Staphylococcus aureus (31.6%) and Escherichia coli (25.5%). Septicemia isolates exhibited significant resistance to antibiotics, i.e., Azithromycin (AZM) and Cephalexin (CEV), while Meropenem (MRP) and Vancomycin (VAN) were effective against most isolates. Novelty: The specific cell culture is deemed mandatory as a quick check-up for antibiotic resistance prior to administration for babies. The applications of the results can help enhance the handling of sepsis in infants and younger children, especially in poorer regions of Kirkuk
CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL RATIONALE FOR AN INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH TO RE-PROSTHODONTIC TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH COMPLETE EDENTULISM OF THE MANDIBLE
Full text linkObjective: The aim of the study was to improve the clinical effectiveness of repeat prosthetic treatment through the implementation of a personalized technique for functional shaping of the denture-bearing area, taking into account the morphofunctional characteristics of the tissues. Method: The study included 72 patients with complete edentulism of the mandible, 50 of whom sought repeat prosthetic treatment. Two groups were formed: one used conventional dentures with standard custom trays, and the other applied a modified technique with selective functional modeling, involving differentiated pressure and adjustment of denture borders. Results: The individualized approach significantly improved denture retention and stability, shortened the adaptation period, and reduced complaints about soreness and prosthesis instability. Functional impression formation with selective modeling led to enhanced clinical outcomes. Novelty: The novelty of the study lies in the personalized approach to functional impression formation, which incorporates varied pressure depending on tissue resilience and muscle dynamics, leading to better denture retention and patient satisfaction
FETUIN-A LEVELS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE AND LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION
Full text linkObjective: This work was aimed to evaluate serum Fetuin-A levels and its probable association with insulin resistance and other relevant metabolic and inflammatory parameters in patients with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Method: A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out at Tikrit Teaching Hospital from August 2025 to January 2026. Two hundred and fifty subjects, 25–55 years in age were included in the study as follows – healthy (n = 50), insulin resistant but with no overt diabetes mellitus (n = 100) and type two diabetic patients with coexisting insulin resistance (T2D-IR, n = 100). The serum Fetuin-A level, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, inflammatory markers including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as liver enzymes were determined. Insulin resistance was evaluated based on the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: The serum levels of Fetuin-A were significantly increased in both insulin resistant subjects with the highest level in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (p < 0.001). Serum Fetuin-A levels were positively associated with HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, inflammatory parameters, triglycerides, body mass index and liver enzymes and inversely correlated with HDL-C. Novelty: The results of this study corroborate the potential value of Fetuin-A as a biomarker for metabolic disturbance and disease progression. High circulating levels of Fetuin-A strongly correlated with insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and metabolic profile unfavourability
METHODS OF RETAINING REMOVABLE DENTURES USING DENTAL IMPLANTS
Full text linkObjective: This article presents a review of current methods for retaining removable dentures using dental implants. Methods: The main types of attachment systems are discussed—ball attachments, clasp and lock mechanisms, bar designs, and magnetic systems. Their biomechanical characteristics, indications, advantages, and limitations in clinical practice are analyzed. Special attention is given to the role of digital CAD/CAM technologies in the planning and fabrication of implant-supported dentures, which enhance positioning accuracy, durability, and patient comfort. Results: It is shown that the use of implants for denture retention significantly improves stability, function, and quality of life, especially in cases of severe alveolar ridge atrophy. Novelty: Special attention is given to the role of digital CAD/CAM technologies in the planning and fabrication of implant-supported dentures, which enhance positioning accuracy, durability, and patient comfort
SERUM AND FOLLICULAR FLUID PEDF/VEGF ANGIOGENIC INDEX AS A PREDICTOR OF EMBRYO QUALITY AND PREGNANCY RATE IN ICSI CYCLES
Full text linkObjective: To assess the angiogenic index of PEDF/VEGF in both serum and follicular fluid (FF), and to examine its relationship with oocyte maturation, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcomes in women facing infertility who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted on ninety (90) women with infertility undergoing ICSI at the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, from November 2023–April 2025. Serum and FF samples were collected on the day of oocyte retrieval. PEDF and VEGF levels were measured using ELISA, and the PEDF/VEGF index was computed. Oocyte maturation, fertilization rate, embryo grading, and pregnancy outcomes were evaluated. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in PEDF levels from serum and FF, VEGF levels, or the PEDF/VEGF index (p > 0.05). The PEDF/VEGF index did not correlate significantly with oocyte factors, including retrieval, metaphase II, and maturation rate. However, significant correlations were observed with early embryology parameters: pronuclei (p = 0.021), Grade 1 embryos (p = 0.03), and fertilization rate (p = 0.04). Serum and FF PEDF/VEGF values were higher in women who achieved pregnancy than those who did not (p = 0.0001). Novelty: The FF PEDF/VEGF index is the first predictive biomarker of ICSI outcomes in the Iraqi population. The index reflects ovarian angiogenic balance and may be a superior predictor of embryo quality and pregnancy rate compared to individual PEDF or VEGF levels. Total kata: ≈195
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF RATS WITH LEISHMANIA PARASITE: HEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES
Full text linkObjective: Leishmaniasis remains a major parasitic disease causing substantial morbidity worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This study aimed to investigate systemic hematological alterations, liver function abnormalities, and histopathological changes in hepatic and splenic tissues using an experimental rat model of leishmanial infection. Method: Adult male rats were divided into infected and control groups. Complete blood count (CBC) analyses and serum biochemical assays were performed at predetermined intervals to evaluate hematological parameters and liver enzyme levels. Liver and spleen tissues were harvested, semi-quantitatively scored, and examined histopathologically to assess structural and cellular alterations. Results: Infected rats exhibited significant reductions in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, marked disturbances in leukocyte profiles, and unstable platelet counts. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were markedly elevated compared with controls, indicating hepatocellular injury. Histopathological examination revealed disorganized hepatic architecture, sinusoidal congestion, periportal inflammatory infiltration, focal hepatocellular necrosis, and splenic white pulp depletion accompanied by prominent red pulp congestion. Novelty: This study provides integrated hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evidence demonstrating the systemic impact of experimental leishmanial infection, reinforcing the rat model as a robust and reliable platform for elucidating disease mechanisms and evaluating therapeutic interventions in leishmaniasis
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTOBIOMODULATION ON ORTHODONTIC MOVEMENT, RELAPSE, AND STEM CELL ACTIVATION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Full text linkObjective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of LLLT with wavelengths of 650 nm and 660 nm in supporting orthodontic tooth movement, reducing post-treatment relapse, and stimulating stem cell activation involved in the regeneration of supporting tissues. Method: Literature search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus databases for articles published in the last five years. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 58 relevant articles were analyzed qualitatively. Results: The literature review findings indicate that LLLT consistently contributes to accelerating orthodontic tooth movement, reducing post-treatment relapse risk, and enhancing stem cell activation and proliferation, which supports the remodeling of periodontal tissues. Novelty: LLLT with wavelengths of 650 nm and 660 nm has proven to be effective and safe as an adjunct therapy in orthodontic treatment, with the 660 nm wavelength demonstrating superior tissue penetration, potentially enhancing long-term stability and tissue regeneration through stem cell activation
ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS ISOLATED FROM BOWEL SYNDROME PATIENTS WITH DEMONSTRATING THE BACTERIA'S ABILITY TO PRODUCE AMYLASE
Full text linkObjective: Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria and spore-producing species that can endure in highly severe environments are described by the morphology of Bacillus subtilis. Antibacterial medications play a major role in prevention and treatments for bacterial illnesses at both animals and humans, which feeds the global problem of antibiotic overuse. Eventually, this causes pathogens to become more resistant to different antibacterial medications, and super bacteria may even emerge. At the moment, neither the bacteria that are not resistant nor that are susceptible to antimicrobial medications, and the rise in pathogenic strains that are resistant to these medications is a major barrier to the disease's prevention and treatment, making it more challenging to administer. Method: Study include 50 samples were collected for the current investigation. 10(20%) isolates were found to be bacterial after the required testing were completed, and medication sensitivity tests were then carried out. After testing for 8 antibiotics and the result were high resistant against Rifampicin and Ticarcillin and percentage was (80%), (70%) respectively. The bacteria were then subjected to morphological examinations in order to identify the production of the amylase enzyme. Results: A current study show that bacteria was resistant into number of them. According to the study's noteworthy findings, the enzyme was secreted by 4(40%) isolates. Novelty: The bacteria were then subjected to morphological examinations in order to identify the production of the amylase enzyme
DETECTION OF SEVERITY OF THYROID CANCER USING VAN KOSSA STAIN IN IRAQI PATIENTS
Full text linkObjective: To determine the severity of papillary thyroid cancer spread within the tissue using Van kossa stain as a tissue marker indicating the presence of calcifications within the tissue, as well as to estimate thyroglobulin and antithyroglobulin in the serum of cancer patients. Method: For this purpose, tissues have been taken from 50 patients samples with thyroid cancer and 30 samples from healthy individuals as a control group. fallowed by stain with Van kossa stain, for estimating the percentage of calcification within cells. The percentage of thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin in the blood serum of patients was also measured. Results: The results varied; concerning age and sex, similar percentages were recorded for both genders, which were included in the study since no significant difference was found between them. As for age groups, the group with the highest recorded incidence was the age of 50 and above, where a significant difference was found between this age group and the other groups. Regarding the clinical spread of the disease, papillary thyroid cancer patients recorded a score of 3 higher than the rest, and the results showed a significant difference between them and the other groups. Regarding the presence of Psamomma bodies, smaller numbers were recorded within the tissue than in the other groups. The results of estimating thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin in cancer patients showed a clear increase in both levels as compared to healthy controls. Novelty: The results demonstrated the role of Van kossa stain as a marker for calcifications in the tissues of the thyroid gland affected by papillary thyroid cancer, as different numbers were recorded according to the severity of the disease. We also found a significant increase in the levels of Anti Tg and Tg, which gave a close correlation with the severity of the disease and its recurrence within the human body
ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIA: MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS
Full text linkObjective: Estrogen is a fundamental sex steroid hormone that not only governs female reproductive physiology but also exerts wide-ranging effects on multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and musculoskeletal systems. Methods: The fall of estrogen, characteristic of postmenopausal women, has been believed to be one of the strongest players for developing all these problems associated with aging, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorder, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and frailty [4, 5]. Results: Estrogen exerts its biological actions through its receptors, called estrogen receptors (ERs). Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs: α, β, and γ), orphan nuclear receptors with high structural homology and overlapping transcriptional targets to ERs, have also been implicated in estrogen action [64], [65]. New emerging evidence emphasizes the pivotal involvement of both ERs and ERRs in skeletal muscle biology, such as the regulation of muscle mass, adaptation to exercise, and regeneration. Novelty: This review is highlighted on the the putative regulatory roles of ERs and ERRs exert on skeletal muscle physiology, with special attention in mediating mitochondrial function and metabolic homeostasis