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Yearbook of the Society for 18th Century Studies on South Eastern Europe / Medical Practitioners in the Croatian Lands under the Habsburg Rule during the 18th Century: Towards the State-Employed Experts
No full textIn the 18th century, especially during its latter half, public health issues became a primary concern for the government. With the establishment of a stable border between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire and the intensive organisation of the public health system within the Monarchy’s centres, substantial attention was devoted to the education and employment of medical professionals in local administration. From 1770, when the first regulation for public medical service standards was issued, until the 1780s, state-employed medical professionals were present in every city, county, and regiment. Their education and employment were regulated by the state, effectively making them public servants. This paper examines the secularization in providing healthcare in the peripheral, generally more tradition-oriented societies of the Habsburg Monarchy, using the example of the Croatian lands. The research draws on sources kept in the Croatian, Hungarian and Austrian archives, including provisions of central and local administration, reports of medical experts and correspondence
International Journal of Molecular Sciences / Exploring the Effect of Arsenic-Containing Hydrocarbon on the Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity of the Dorsal Hippocampus
No full textArsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHCs) are common in marine organisms. However, there is little research on their effects on the central nervous system’s advanced activities, such as cognition. Bidirectional synaptic plasticity dynamically regulates cognition through the balance of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). However, the effects of AsHCs on bidirectional synaptic plasticity and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplored. This study provides the first evidence that 15 μg As L−1 AsHC 360 enhances bidirectional synaptic plasticity, occurring during the maintenance phase rather than the baseline phase. Further calcium gradient experiments hypothesize that AsHC 360 may enhance bidirectional synaptic plasticity by affecting calcium ion levels. The enhancement of bidirectional synaptic plasticity by 15 μg As L−1 AsHC 360 holds significant implications in improving cognitive function, treating neuro-psychiatric disorders, promoting neural recovery, and enhancing brain adaptability
manuskripte. Zeitschrift für Literatur / Faszination Fiston Mwanza Mujila. Laudatio anlässlich der Verleihung des Franz-Nabl-Preises der Stadt Graz an Fiston Mwanza Mujila
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ST-OPEN / Contesting ideas in socialist Yugoslavia: the Korčula Summer School, the Kumrovec Political School, and their legacy (1964–2003)
No full textZiel: Diese Studie untersucht zwei zentrale Bildungseinrichtungen im sozialistischen Jugoslawien: die Korčula-Sommerschule (1963–1974) und die Politische Schule des Bundes der Kommunisten Jugoslawiens in Kumrovec (1975–1990). Ziel ist es, zu analysieren, wie sie unterschiedliche Ansätze marxistischer Bildung und ideologischer Prägung verkörperten, und ihre Rolle in der Entwicklung und dem Niedergang des jugoslawischen Sozialismus zu bewerten.
Methoden: Die Studie verwendet ein historisch-vergleichendes Design, das auf Archivmaterial, Memoiren und Zeitzeugenberichten sowie bestehender Historiographie basiert. Ein hermeneutischer und kritisch-theoretischer Rahmen wird genutzt, um die ideologischen und institutionellen Dimensionen beider Schulen zu rekonstruieren. Korčula wird hauptsächlich durch Sekundärliteratur untersucht, während Kumrovec anhand interner Dokumente und Teilnehmerberichte analysiert wird. Ein diachronischer Vergleich setzt beide Schulen in den breiteren Verlauf des jugoslawischen Sozialismus nach der Cominform-Spaltung 1948.
Ergebnisse: Die Korčula-Sommerschule entwickelte sich zu einem internationalen Forum, in dem jugoslawische und westliche Intellektuelle Marxismus jenseits der sowjetischen Orthodoxie diskutierten, Pluralismus und Neuinterpretationen förderten. Dennoch wurde sie wegen Elitismus, Distanz und begrenzter Wirkung kritisiert und konnte sich nicht in der jugoslawischen Gesellschaft verankern. Ihre Auflösung 1974 spiegelte sowohl die staatliche Intoleranz gegenüber unabhängigem Denken als auch ihre schwache institutionelle Basis wider. Im Gegensatz dazu verkörperte die Politische Schule in Kumrovec eine zentralisierte ideologische Ausbildung, die darauf abzielte, loyale Kader durch doktrinäre Unterweisung hervorzubringen. Archivmaterial zeigt jedoch, dass ihre Mission durch auswendig gelerntes Wissen, heterogene Studierende und karriereorientierte Motive untergraben wurde, wodurch marxistische Bildung auf rhetorische Konformität reduziert wurde. Zusammen zeigten die beiden Institutionen, die eine auf intellektuelle Produktion, die andere auf ideologische Reproduktion ausgerichtet war, die Widersprüche des jugoslawischen Sozialismus, zerrissen zwischen Öffnungsbestrebungen und Kontrollforderungen.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die Analyse zeigt, dass die jugoslawische Führung es nicht schaffte, Marxismus als lebendige Philosophie mit seiner Nutzung als politisches Instrument zu versöhnen. Die Schließung von Korčula und die Schwächen von Kumrovec illustrieren die Präferenz des Regimes für Konformität gegenüber kritischem Engagement, was zur Erosion der sozialistischen Legitimität beitrug. Gemeinsam veranschaulichen die Schulen das Paradox des jugoslawischen Sozialismus: das Streben nach einem „dritten Weg“ und gleichzeitig die Reproduktion autoritärer Praktiken.Aim: This study examines two key educational institutions in socialist Yugoslavia: the Korčula Summer School (1963– 1974) and the Political School of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in Kumrovec (1975–1990). The objective is to analyze how they embodied divergent approaches to Marxist education and ideological formation, and to assess their role in the evolution and decline of Yugoslav socialism.
Methods: The study employs a historical-comparative design, drawing on archival records, memoirs, and testimonies alongside existing historiography. A hermeneutic and critical-theoretical framework is used to reconstruct the ideological and institutional dimensions of both schools. Korčula is investigated mainly through secondary literature, while Kumrovec is analyzed through internal documents and participant accounts. A diachronic comparison situates both schools within the broader trajectory of Yugoslav socialism after the 1948 Cominform split.
Results: The Korčula Summer School became an international forum where Yugoslav and Western intellectuals debated Marxism beyond Soviet orthodoxy, fostering pluralism and reinterpretations. Yet, it was criticized for elitism, detachment, and limited impact, and it failed to embed itself in Yugoslav society. Its suppression in 1974 reflected both state intolerance of independent thought and its weak institutional base. By contrast, the Kumrovec Political School embodied centralized ideological training, designed to produce loyal cadres through doctrinal instruction. Archival evidence shows, however, that its mission was undermined by rote learning, heterogeneous students, and careerist motives, reducing Marxist education to rhetorical conformity. Together, the two institutions, one oriented toward intellectual production, the other toward ideological reproduction, exposed the contradictions of Yugoslav socialism, torn between aspirations for openness and demands for control.
Conclusions: The analysis shows that Yugoslav leadership failed to reconcile Marxism as a living philosophy with its use as a political instrument. The closure of Korčula and the shortcomings of Kumrovec illustrate the regime’s preference for conformity over critical engagement, contributing to the erosion of socialist legitimacy. Together, the schools exemplify the paradox of Yugoslav socialism: the aspiration to chart a “third way” and the simultaneous reproduction of authoritarian practices.Submitted versio
Voices in Bioethics / The Ethical Significance of Brain-Computer Interfaces as Enablers of Communication
No full textDieser Artikel argumentiert, dass die primäre ethische Bedeutung von Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstellen (BCIs) nicht im spezifischen Inhalt liegt, den sie übertragen, sondern in ihrer Fähigkeit, kommunikative Handlungsfähigkeit für Personen wiederherzustellen, die sonst aufgrund von Zuständen wie dem vollständigen Locked-in-Syndrom von ethischer Teilhabe ausgeschlossen wären. Während sich aktuelle ethische Rahmenwerke hauptsächlich auf Risiken, Datenschutz und klinische Ergebnisse konzentrieren, stellt diese Analyse die ontologische Dimension in den Vordergrund: BCIs sichern und rekonstituieren die praktischen Bedingungen, unter denen Autonomie, Anerkennung und zwischenmenschliche Verantwortung ausgeübt werden können. Unter Bezugnahme auf dokumentierte klinische Fälle wendet der Artikel das Konzept der kommunikativen Wiederherstellung an, um zu beschreiben, wie BCIs die Beziehungen zwischen Patienten, Pflegekräften und der breiteren moralischen Gemeinschaft neu konfigurieren. Das Argument kulminiert in einer normativen Behauptung: Gesellschaften haben die ethische Verpflichtung, kommunikative Fähigkeiten, soweit möglich, zu erhalten und zu schützen, und BCIs nicht nur als therapeutische Werkzeuge, sondern als Infrastrukturen moralischer Inklusion zu betrachten. Diese Neuorientierung hat Auswirkungen auf Regulierung, informierte Einwilligung, Politik und distributive Gerechtigkeit.This article argues that the primary ethical significance of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) lies not in the specific content they transmit, but in their capacity to restore communicative agency to individuals otherwise excluded from ethical engagement due to conditions such as complete locked-in syndrome. While current ethical frameworks focus largely on risks, privacy, and clinical outcomes, this analysis foregrounds the ontological dimension: BCIs safeguard and re-establish the practical conditions under which autonomy, recognition, and interpersonal accountability can be exercised. Drawing on documented clinical cases, the article applies the concept of communicative reinstatement to describe how BCIs reconfigure relationships between patients, caregivers, and the broader moral community. The argument culminates in a normative claim: societies have an ethical obligation to maintain and protect communicative capacity where feasible, treating BCIs not merely as therapeutic tools but as infrastructures of moral inclusion. This reorientation carries implications for regulation, informed consent, policy, and distributive justice.Accepted versio
Contemporary Southeastern Europe / Albanian Parliamentary Election: The Source of Rama’s Landslide Victory
No full textThe May elections were a critical test for Albania's progress on the road to EU membership. Albania’s political landscape is dominated by two major parties, the Democratic Party (DP) led by Sali Berisha and the Socialist Party (SP) led by Edi Rama. For the first time, three new parties gained ground and made it into Parliament. This article explores what were the parties strategies for May election. Although the new parties won a large proportion of the vote, they are not in a position to influence policy or reforms. The SP secured anabsolute majority with 52% of overall votes, in seats (83 out of 140), falling just one vote short of the majority required for Constitutional amendments. However, the OSCE highlighted a number of irregularities: voter intimidation, vote-buying, misuse of state funds, involvement of civil servants in the election campaign, and unbalanced media coverage. The article addresses four questions: First, how can Rama's landslide victory be explained? Second, what was wrong with the opposition parties’ strategy? Third, what are the prospects for the next four years under Rama's government? Finally, can the competitiveness of elections in Albania be perceived as a facade
Regional Environmental Change: natural and social aspects / Climate change impacts on livelihoods in the Eastern Hindu Kush: integrating local perceptions and biophysical data
No full textClimate change affects mountain communities through its adverse impacts on both natural and human systems. Additionally, the livelihoods are exposed to the severe and interconnected impacts of multiple hazards and associated extreme events. This study integrates local perceptions of climate change and natural hazards with biophysical data, focusing on the connected impacts in vulnerable mountain regions like the Eastern Hindu Kush. Local livelihoods in these regions depend heavily on the ecosystem services that are sensitive to cryospheric and climatic changes. Addressing a significant gap in the assessment of climate change and natural hazards’ impacts on local livelihoods, this study employs an interdisciplinary approach and proposes a framework to link local perceptions with empirical data in Lotkuh Valley of Pakistan. The framework bridges bottom-up methods (household surveys, interviews, and focus groups) with top-down analyses (ERA5-Land climate trends, MODIS snow trends, and Landsat-based Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index [MSAVI] analyzed with Breaks For Additive Season and Trend [BFAST]). Findings reveal that most respondents perceived changes in temperature and precipitation and their impacts on local livelihoods. These perceptions are influenced by education, access to agricultural land, and experience of extreme events. Extreme events severely impact local livelihoods with floods emerging as the major hazard in the area and have connected impacts with landslides and avalanches. The proposed framework provides fresh insights by comparative analysis of local perceptions and biophysical data, uncovering areas of convergence (e.g., alignment of flood perceptions with observed changes) and divergence (e.g., misalignment in rainfall variability). Its interdisciplinary approach captures the complexity of mountain vulnerabilities by integrating diverse sources and methods. The findings highlight the compound hazards and their cascading impacts in the area, providing critical insights into the interplay of biophysical and social dimensions of climate change, a nuanced understanding of the impacts of climate change and natural hazards on local livelihoods. The study significantly contributes to the understanding of mountain vulnerabilities in the Eastern Hindu Kush and offers practical implications for policy and adaptation strategies in the region and similar mountain areas.Version of recor
Suicide prevention in inpatient child and youth welfare services
No full textKurzfassungDiese Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Methoden der Suizidprävention in derstationären Kinder- und Jugendhilfe. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Expert:innen inder stationären Kinder- und Jugendhilfe ein Basiswissen über die Suizidalität undderen Präventionsmethoden zur Verfügung zu stellen, um im Bedarfsfall mehrHintergrundwissen zur Verfügung zu haben, um die Kinder und Jugendlichen sobestmöglich von einem möglichen Suizid abhalten zu können. Die Informationenwurden mit Hilfe von acht halbstandardisierten Interviews mit langjährigenMitarbeiter:innen der stationären Kinder- und Jugendhilfe eingeholt, die mit suizidalemVerhalten in ihrer täglichen Arbeit konfrontiert sind. Die Auswertung der Interviewserfolgte mit Hilfe der strukturierten Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring und unterZuhilfenahme des Programmes MAXQDA. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass einBasiswissen über die Suizidalität sowie ein Wissen über Methoden derSuizidprävention, die in der Situation angewandt werden können, das Wichtigste fürdie Prävention sind. Leider ist das Thema der Suizidalität und deren Prävention invielen Ausbildungen nicht Teil des Curriculums. Daher sollte dies bei Ausbildungen inder sozialen Arbeit fixer Bestandteil des Curriculums werden.AbstractThis master's thesis deals with the methods of suicide prevention in inpatient child andyouth welfare. The aim of this thesis is to provide experts in inpatient child and youthwelfare with basic knowledge about suicidality and its prevention methods in order tohave more background knowledge available if necessary in order to be able to preventchildren and adolescents from committing suicide in the best possible way. Theinformation was obtained with the help of eight semi-standardised interviews with long-standing employees of inpatient child and youth welfare services who are confrontedwith suicidal behaviour in their daily work. The evaluation of the interviews was carriedout with the help of the structured content analysis according to Mayring and with thehelp of the MAXQDA program. The results show that a basic knowledge of suicidalityas well as a knowledge of suicide prevention methods that can be applied in thesituation are the most important for prevention. Unfortunately, the topic of suicidaltendencies and its prevention is not part of the curriculum in many training courses.Therefore, this should become an integral part of the curriculum for social work trainingAbstractThis master's thesis deals with the methods of suicide prevention in inpatient child andyouth welfare. The aim of this thesis is to provide experts in inpatient child and youthwelfare with basic knowledge about suicidality and its prevention methods in order tohave more background knowledge available if necessary in order to be able to preventchildren and adolescents from committing suicide in the best possible way. Theinformation was obtained with the help of eight semi-standardised interviews with long-standing employees of inpatient child and youth welfare services who are confrontedwith suicidal behaviour in their daily work. The evaluation of the interviews was carriedout with the help of the structured content analysis according to Mayring and with thehelp of the MAXQDA program. The results show that a basic knowledge of suicidalityas well as a knowledge of suicide prevention methods that can be applied in thesituation are the most important for prevention. Unfortunately, the topic of suicidaltendencies and its prevention is not part of the curriculum in many training courses.Therefore, this should become an integral part of the curriculum for social work training.Autor: Philipp Leitner-RuzickaMasterarbeit Universität Graz 2025Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisc