International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
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Harnessing Brassinosteroids for Heat Resilience in Wheat: A Comprehensive Review
No full textThis comprehensive review focused on understanding the critical interplay between Brassinosteroids (BRs), a class of plant hormones, and the high-temperature stress response in wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the context of climate change. In 2022-23, heat stress caused by a spike in temperatures in mid-March 2022 reduced India\u27s wheat crop yields by 10-15%. This lowered the country\u27s forecasted wheat production from 110 million metric tons (MMT) to 99 MMT for the 2022/23 market year (April-March) (USDA, 2023). The adverse effects of climate change and abiotic stresses on agriculture and crop productivity are well-established, with rising temperatures identified as a significant factor in the decline of plant growth and yield. In light of this, this review aims to delve into the intricate relationship between BRs and wheat\u27s response to high-temperature stress. Given that global mean surface temperatures have already increased and are projected to continue rising throughout the 21st century, it is imperative to explore innovative strategies to mitigate the detrimental impacts on crop productivity. To this end, the study seeks to enhance our understanding of how BRs influence the growth and yield of wheat when exposed to high-temperature stress conditions. The overarching goal is to develop effective strategies that can bolster the resilience and productivity of wheat, which is a cornerstone staple crop worldwide, facing the escalating challenge of climate change. This review builds on the existing body of knowledge, synthesizing current research findings and shedding light on the potential of BRs as a key player in ameliorating the consequences of climate change in agriculture
Biotechnological Approaches toward Blast Disease Resistance in Finger Millet
No full textPlant disease globally causes significant losses in crop production that hindering the urgent need for a 60% increase in food demand. The main impact is reduced food quantity and quality leading to compromised food safety from pesticides and toxins. Biotechnology is essential for protecting crop yield and enhancing sustainability in agriculture. Agricultural biotechnology has advanced offering options for understanding plant molecular mechanisms and breeding. The devastating finger millet blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae affects crop growth and yield leading to instability due to breakdown of blast resistance. Novel strategies are essential for sustainable finger millet production focusing on breeding techniques such as molecular markers, expressed sequence tags (ESTs), gene expression profiling, genome-wide association studies, and genetic transformations to develop new disease-resistance varieties. This comprehensive review explores current breeding strategies and future directions that may offers insights for effective disease control and optimizing finger millet productivity
Evaluation of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under Rice Fallow as Influenced by Tillage, Stubble Mulch and Nutrient Management
No full textAims: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage, stubble mulch and nutrient on growth, yield and quality of strawberry.
Study Design: The experiment was conducted using a split plot design, with three main plots, four sub plots and three replications each.
Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was conducted in ICR farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during winter season of 2021-22.
Methodology: The experiment consists of 3 main plots each including (bed planting with rice stubble mulch, minimum tillage with rice stubble mulch and conventional tillage practice) and 4 sub plots having (10-7-7 g/m2 N-P-K with 5 kg/m2 FYM, 7.5-5-5 g/m2 N-P-K + vermicompost 200g/m2 in equal split at 10 and 30 DAP, 5-3.5-3.5 g/m2 N-P-K + vermicompost 200g/m2 in equal split at 10 and 30 DAP and 200-20-2 (FYM-lime-wood ash) g/plant in equal split at 10 and 30 DAP).
Results: The results revealed that bed planting with rice stubble mulch was superior over other tillage and mulch treatments in respect of vegetative growth, quality parameters and yield. Application of 200-20-2 (FYM-lime-wood ash) g/plant significantly resulted in maximum vegetative growth and yield. However, best quality parameters like highest TSS, sugars and low acidity were recorded in treatment having 5-3.5-3.5 g/m2 N-P-K + vermicompost 200g/m2.
Conclusion: From this experiment we concluded that bed planting with rice stubble mulch along with application of 200-20-2 (FYM-lime-wood ash) g/plant leads to maximum vegetative growth and yield in strawberry. And rice fallow and stubble mulch technique can be utilized for successful production of annual strawberry for higher return with minimum investment
Field Efficacy and Economics of Selected Biopesticides and Chemicals against Shoot and Fruit Borer, Earias vittella (Fabricius) on Okra
No full textThe field trial was conducted at Central Research Field, Department of Entomology, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during kharif season 2023.The experiment was laid out in in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments each replicated thrice using variety Kashi Chaman. The treatments viz., T1 Beauveria bassiana 1.5% T2 Spinosad 45%SC T3 Neem seed kernel extract 10%WP T4 Emamectin Benzoate 5SG T5 Fipronil 5SC T6 Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC T7 Azadirachtin 0.03%WSP 300PPM (5ml/lit) and along with untreated control T0 against Earias vittella in okra. The data on percentage of shoot and fruit infestation of okra shoot and fruit borer first and second spray mean revealed that all treatments are significantly superior over control. Among all the treatments lowest per cent shoot and fruit, infestation was recorded in T6 Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC (8.46) (9.44),, T2 Spinosad 45% SC (9.95) (10.44),, T4 Emamectin benzoate 5%SG (11.83) (11.85),, T5 Fipronil 5%SC (12.96) (12.91),, T3 Neem seed kernel extract 10% WP (14.82) (13.27), T1 Beauveria bassiana 1.5% (15.94) (14.62) and T7 Azadirachtin 0.03%WSP 300PPM (5ml/lit) (16.97) (14.79) and is significantly superior over the control (23.78) (23.26). While The highest yield was recorded in T6 Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC (210.2q/ha),as well as B:C ratio (1:6.54), T2 Spinosad 45%SC (195.7q/ha) (1:6.02),, T4 Emamectin benzoate 5SG (163.4q/ha) (1:5.17), T5 Fipronil 5SC(149.2q/ha) (1:4.69), T3 Neem seed kernel extract10%WP (138.4q/ha) (1:4.42),, T1 Beauveria bassiana 1.5% (131.7q/ha) (1:4.00), T7 Azadirachtin 0.03%WSP 300PPM (5ml/lit) (120.2q/ha) (1:3.71), as compared to T0 control (90.2q/ha) (1:2.96)
Harnessing Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss): A Sustainable Approach to Natural Farming
No full textThis review explores the rich concept of natural farming and the varied usage of neem in natural farming. Neem plant holds an important position in the rich tradition of India. The various portion of neem tree are used as insecticide, fertilizer, manure, soil conditioner etc. In recent era the major challenge is to increase the food production without harming the environment. Neem is considered ecofriendly, biodegradable, least persistence and also economic. Neem based formulations forms a considerable constituent of Natural farming. Successful results of application of neem based formulations in natural farming will provide adoption of cost effective technology to the farming community
Field Efficacy and Economics Certain Chemicals and Botanical against Fall Armyworm, [(Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. smith.)] on Maize (Zea mays)
No full textThe current study evaluated the field efficacy of specific chemicals and botanicals against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) on maize (Zea mays Linn.) during the Kharif season of 2023. It was carried out in a RBD with 3 replications and 8 treatments (seven insecticides and one control). Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (3.25) > Spinosad 45 SC (3.46) was the study\u27s most effective treatment. Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC + Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (3.99) was the next best treatment, followed by Emamecttin benzoate 5% SG (4.16) > Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC (4.44) > Flubendiamid 39.35% SC (4.87) > Neem oil 1500 ppm (5.18), which was the least effective but still significantly better than the control. In comparison to the untreated Control plot (1:1.52), the most cost-effective treatment was Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (1:2.96), followed by Spinosad 45 SC (1:2.82), Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC + Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (1:2.65), Emamecttin benzoate 5% SG (1:2.53), Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC (1:2.36), Flubendiamide 39.35% SC (1:1.81), and Neem oil 1500 ppm (1:1.74)
Comparative Efficacy and Economics of Biopesticides with Emamectin Benzoate against Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. Capitata (L.)
No full textA field trial was conducted during rabi season 2023-2024 at Central Research Farm (CRF), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Naini, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments each replicated thrice using a variety Green Soccer (546). The treatments viz., Emamectin benzoate 5% SG, Bacillus thuringiensis 5.0% WP, Spinosad 02.50 % SC, Verticillium lecanii 5.0% SC, Neem seed kernel extract 5%, Beauveria basssiana 1x 108CFU/ml, Azadirechtin 00.03 % WSP and along with an untreated control against plutella xylostella in cabbage.The data on larval population of Diamond back moth over control on first and second spray overall mean revealed that all treatments were significantly superior over control.Amomg all the treatments minimum larval population was recorded in in T3 Spinosad 02.50 %SC (1.045) followed by T1 Emamectin benzoate5%SG (1.212), T2Bacillus thuringiensis 5.0% WP (1.345),T6 Beauveria bassiana 1x 108 CFU/ml (1.512),T4 Verticillium lecanii 5.0 % SC (1.667),T5 Neem seed kernel extract 5 % (1.934),T7 Azadirechtin 00.03 % WSP (2.133).While, the highest yield (298q/ha) was obtained from the treatment T3 spinosad 02.50%SC as well as B:C ratio (1:5.76) was obtained high from this treatment. It followed by T1 Emamectin benzoate 5%SG (276q/ha) (1:5.53),T2 Bacillus thuringiensis 5.0% WP (269q/ha)(1:5.42),T6 Beauveria bassiana 1x 108CFU/ml (259q/ha) (1:5.24), T4 Verticillium lecanii 5.0% SC(249q/ha)(1:5.04), T5 Neem seed kernel extract 5% (233q/ha) (1:4.65), T7 Azadirechtin 00.03% WSP(215q/ha)(1:4.42) and the lowest yield and B:C ratio is recorded in T0 Control (186q/ha) (1:4.05)
Predictive Mapping of Soil Micronutrients Using Geographic Information System for Site Specific Management Interventions in a Semiarid Farm, India
No full textDeficiency of soil micronutrients has an adverse impact on crop productivity in intensive agriculture. Plant availability, spatial pattern and distribution of soil micronutrients such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) content in surface soils were evaluated for an agricultural farm in semiarid region of India. Other soil properties viz. soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC) content and equivalent calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content at the farm were also analysed to depict the soil chemical environment, controlling micronutrient availability. Plant available micronutrient contents within farm soils had very high data variability (coefficient of variation >30%). Soil available micronutrients content were negatively correlated with soil pH and positively correlated with SOC content. As per semivariogram analysis, plant available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu content within farm soils had moderate spatial dependency as indicated by nugget to sill ratio between 0.30 and 0.50 and had spatial parameter ranges of 404, 801, 954 and 1529 m, respectively. Prediction map of plant available Fe content by inverse distance weightage (IDW) method showed a few patches of iron deficiency (< 4.50 mg kg-1) and a marginal level (4.50 - 9.00 mg kg-1). Spatial distribution map of plant available Zn content through lognormal ordinary kriging method indicated a patch of marginal Zn level (0.60 - 1.20 mg kg-1) within the farm soils. Farm scale spatial variability maps of plant available Mn and Cu content, generated by ordinary kriging method with good accuracy and effectiveness, indicated its adequate level with respect to crop nutrition. The spatial distribution maps of soil available micronutrients content for the farm could be served as reference for its precise and site specific management for intensive crop cultivation, higher productivity and profitability
Genetic Evaluation of Advanced Breeding Lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for Grain Yield and Nutrient Characters in Upland Condition
No full textThe present study was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Mugad, Karnataka during kharif 2023 using augmented block design in upland condition using sixty advanced breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and six checks viz., IR64, BPT 5204, DRR Dhan 45, Kagisali and Chittimutyalu to evaluate genetic variability for yield component traits and grain quality traits, to evaluate the association of yield with quality traits and to validate the genotypes for quality traits using SSR markers. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits under study. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variances were high for number of productive tillers per hill and grain yield depicting the wide range of variation for these traits. High heritability allied with high genetic advance over mean was seen for the traits like plant height, number of tillers per hill, number of productive tillers per hill, panicles per sqm, grain yield, grain iron content, zinc content and protein content indicating the preponderance of additive gene action and least influence of environment on these traits, thus, they possess better scope for improvement through selection. The correlation analysis revealed the negative significant association of grain yield with grain zinc content and negative non-significant association with all other quality traits. Validation of the putative markers is generally carried out to check the reproducibility of those markers. SSR markers RM211 and RM242 were validated for grain iron content, RM303 and RM234 for grain zinc content and RM23914, RM1235, RM219, RM206 and RM1337 for grain protein content. Therefore, these markers can be further used for effective biofortification of rice
Effect of Castor Transplanting and Different Organic Manures on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Soil Fertility Status after Harvest of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) under North Gujarat Agro Climatic Conditions
No full textAn attempt was made to investigate the effect of castor transplanting and different organic manures on content, uptake and soil fertility status after harvest of castor (Ricinus communis L.) under North Gujarat agro climatic conditions. The field experiment comprised of four levels of age of seedling (A1: Two weeks old seedling, A2: Three weeks old seedling, A3: Four weeks old seedling and A4: Normal sowing) and four levels of source of manures (S1: No compost, S2: Vermicompost, S3: FYM and S4: Castor shell compost) laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept with three replication. Castor variety GCH 8 was used as a test crop. The result indicated that Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur content in castor seed did not differed significantly due to different age of seedling and different source of manures. But uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur were significantly higher under treatment A4 (Normal sowing) and S4 (Castor shell compost). The available nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and sulphur in soil were unaffected due to age of seedling and source of manures. However, organic carbon was found significantly higher (0.204%) with treatment S4 (Castor shell compost). Interaction effect of age of seedling and source of manures exhibited significant effect on content of sulphur and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium as well as sulphur