International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
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Evaluation of the Efficacy of Novel Insecticides against the Rice Gundhi Bug, Leptocorisa acuta (Thun.) in the Eastern Region of Uttar Pradesh, India
No full textThe field investigation was carried out to study the evaluation of certain insecticides against rice gundhi bug. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block Design with three replications and eight treatments on Rice var. ‘NDR-2065’. It was observed that all treated plots were significantly gave better results over Control (Water Spray). However, among all the treatments minimum bug population was recorded in Thiamethoxam 25 g a.i./ha (0.52 nymphs/adults/hill) treated plots compared to other treatments followed by Fipronil 50 g a.i./ha (0.69 nymphs/adults/hill). Pymetrozine 100 g a.i./ha (0.74 nymphs/adults/hill) was the next best treatment which was at par with Acetameprid 20 g a.i./ha (0.83 nymphs/adults/hill). Azadirachitin 50 g a.i./ha (1.38 nymphs/adults/hill) was least effective treatment but significantly superior to control. Maximum reduction of bug population was observed in Thiamethoxam 25 g a.i./ha (82.6%) followed by Fipronil 50 g a.i./ha, Pymetrozine 100 g a.i./ha and Acetameprid 20 g a.i./ha, having 77.1, 75.3 and 72.3 per cent population reduction. Minimum pest population with the highest grain yield of rice (34.43 q/ha) recorded in treatment T3- Thiamethoxam 25 g a.i./ha followed by Fipronil 50 g a.i./ha recorded 33.27 q/ha yield. Maximum net return was recorded from Thiamethoxam 25 g a.i./ha (Rs. 13433). The benefit cost ratio of different insecticides revealed that Thiamethoxam 25 ga.i./ha (1:14.8) was the most economical treatment followed by Fipronil 50 g a.i./ha (1:4.7) and Acetamaprid 20 g a.i./ha (1:3.4)
Enhancing Dragon Fruit Growth: The Efficacy of Nano Urea as an Alternative to Conventional Urea in Subtropical Conditions
No full textAmong the recent technologies, nano fertilizers are an emerging innovation, which has the potential to offer sustainable solutions to enhance the efficient use of nutrients and growth of plants. Nano urea is one of them, increasing nitrogen availability to crops by more than 80%, leading to greater use of fertilizer efficiency and crop output. The present investigation was carried out to depict the best treatment combination of urea, and nano urea for vegetative growth of dragon fruit. There was a significant increase in vegetative growth by nano urea regarding various growth characteristics. Results suggested that nano urea was beneficial and resulted very close to the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF). Among the treatments under study, the foliar application of Urea @ 2% combined with Nano urea @ 6ml/L may be recommended for dragon fruit growth, since it produced maximum vegetative growth of dragon fruit in terms of plant length, number of primary branches, number of segments of main stem, number of areoles, stem thickness, stem circumference, number of spines, distance between two areoles, arch height and chlorophyll content at subtropical Lucknow condition
Evaluation of Aromatic Oils as Natural Antifungal Agents Against Plant Pathogens: An In vitro and Pot Condition Study
No full textThe essential oil of aromatic plants is often possessing antimicrobial features which have an important role in the defense of the plants. Aromatic oil have consist monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their oxygenated derivatives, such as alcohol, ketones, acids, phenols, ethers, esters, etc. Different aromatic plants oil viz; Eucalyptus, Basil, lemon grass, Palma Rosa, clove, Citronella, Orange, Neem and, Mint Oil, have been evaluated because it is safe alternative to chemicals and have a limitless ability to synthesize secondary metabolites (eg. phenols, flavones, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins) which operate as the plant’s defense mechanism against pathogenic microorganisms. These oils have the ability to delay or inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi including Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp. Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. etc. Highest per cent mycelia growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi was recorded in Citrus sinensis at 264 hours after inoculation. Mycilium growth of Pythium aphanidermatum was not recorded @ 2.0 percent concentration of aromatic oils viz; Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon citratus, Syzigum aromaticum, Mentha piperita, and Azadirachta indica + Mentha piperita and Eucalyptus globulus (00 mm) after 264 hours. The lowest mycelial growth was found in Cymbopogon martini +Cymbopogon citratus 19.75mm.and highest growth observed in control 45.00mm after 264 hours inoculation. In Rhizoctonia solanai maximum percent growth inhibition was found in Syzigum aromaticum 93.84% at 264 hours after inoculation as compare to control. In pot condition, minimum percent mortality of Asparagus racemosus disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi was found in Azadirachta indica +Mentha piperita 17.49%, followed by Cymbopogon nardus 22.49% and Syzigum aromaticum 25.90% at 150 day after transplanting
Effect of Nano-urea on Performance of Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) cv. Winter Dawn
No full textA field experiment was conducted during 2022–23 at the Horticulture Farm, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan. The study was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications to evaluate the impact of nano-urea on the growth, fruiting, and yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Winter Dawn. The experiment comprised seven treatment combinations, that consists 100% Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN) applied through soil application of urea; 50% RDN through soil application of urea combined with two foliar applications of nano-urea at concentrations of 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%; and 100% RDN through soil application of urea supplemented with one foliar spray of nano-urea at concentrations of 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%. The treatment receiving 100% RDN through soil application along with a single foliar spray of 0.4% nano-urea recorded the maximum values for plant height (23.63 cm), leaf area (123.60 cm²), plant dry weight (46.33 g), fruit length (62.27 mm), fruit diameter (43.13 mm), yield per plot (8.73 kg), and yield per hectare (19.39 t). Hence, it can be concluded that the application of 100% RDN through urea, combined with one foliar spray of 0.4% nano-urea, is the most effective treatment for enhancing the overall growth and yield performance of strawberry
Spatial Distribution and Mapping of Available Nutrients in Paddy Fields of North Central Laterites of Kerala, India
No full textSoil fertility assessment is crucial for sustainable crop production, particularly in intensive rice-growing regions. The present study aimed to assess the spatial distribution of available nutrients across the rice-growing areas of the north-central laterite of Kerala and generating soil fertility maps to understand potential constraints. A total of 35 geo-referenced samples (0-15 cm depth) were collected, processed and analyzed for various soil properties. The soil pH varied from 4.09 to 6.22, averaging 5.15, indicating an acidic nature. Electrical conductivity remained low (0.03–0.37 dSm-1), ruling out salinity issues. Organic carbon content ranged from 04.20 to 30.0 g kg-1. Macronutrient analysis revealed that these soils were low in available nitrogen (56.45–169.34 kg ha-1) and potassium (30.24–119.24 kg ha-1) and mostly medium to high in available phosphorus. Available calcium (487.50–3318.75 mg kg-1) was sufficient in all samples, whereas 65.85% and 34.28% of samples were deficient in available magnesium and sulfur, respectively. Micronutrient assessment showed sufficient levels of available iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, while 62.85% samples were deficient in available boron. Nutrient index of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are categorised under low, medium and low classes, respectively. Spatial variability maps for available nutrients were generated using QGIS to visualize and interpret the nutrient distribution across the laterite rice-growing region. These maps revealed the prevalence of widespread multi-nutrient deficiencies in the north central laterite soils of Kerala. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing nutrient management strategies to improve soil health and sustain rice productivity in north central laterites of Kerala
Impact of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Broccoli (CV. Palam Samridhi) in Sub-Tropical Garhwal Hills
No full textThis experiment was conducted at HNB Garhwal University, Uttarakhand to evaluate the effects of various plant growth regulators on growth, yield, and quality parameters of the Broccoli cultivar Palam Samridhi. The study revealed that the combined application of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and kinetin at concentrations of 50 ppm and 20 ppm, respectively (T12), significantly enhanced plant height, central curd weight, yield per plot, yield per hectare, total soluble solids (TSS), and chlorophyll content. In addition, the maximum plant spread was observed with the application of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at 100 ppm (T2), while the highest leaf area was recorded with the treatment IAA + IBA + kinetin at 100 ppm + 100 ppm + 10 ppm (T16). The control treatment (T19) consistently showed the lowest values across all growth and yield parameters. Overall, the cultivar Palam Samridhi demonstrated optimal performance with the application of IBA + kinetin @ 50 ppm + 20 ppm (T12), indicating its potential for improved yield and quality under appropriate hormonal treatments
Influence of Humic Acid on Yield and Physiological Attributes of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)
No full textA field experiment was conducted to study the influence of humic acid on physiological attributes of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) in loamy sand at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Chimanbhai Patel College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Gujarat during kharif of 2023. Nine treatment combinations comprising three levels each of soil application of humic acid (0, 3 and 6 kg/ha) and foliar application of humic acid (0, 250 and 500 ppm) were evaluated in randomized block design with factorial concept and replicated four times. Soil application of 6 kg humic acid ha-1 at the time of sowing and foliar application of 250 ppm humic acid at 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) besides recommended dose of fertilizer viz., 20:40:00 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha-1 led to notably higher protein content in seeds, increased protein yield, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus content, and uptake in both seeds and stover. This treatment also improved grain and straw yields. The lowest protein content, protein yield, nutrient content and uptake in seed and stover at harvest, as well as grain and straw yields, were observed in plots that did not receive soil or foliar application of humic acid
Potential of Biochar in Improving Soil Fertility and Carbon Sequestration
No full textBiochar is a carbon-impact material formed through the pyrolysis of biomass and has emerged as a potential solution for improving soil fertility and addressing climate change. This review paper discusses the numerous advantages of biochar with respect of enhancement of soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Biochar\u27s porous structure and large surface area and cation exchange capacity (CEC) improve water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial activity, thereby increasing soil health and crop productivity. It is also alkaline in nature that can neutralize acidity of soils, which enhances availability of phosphorus. Apart from agriculture, biochar acts as a permanent carbon sink and can sequester carbon for hundreds of years while decreasing greenhouse gas emissions (such as CO₂, CH₄, N₂O). Different production techniques (pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal carbonization, torrefaction) were discussed, emphasizing the effect of different legal parameters of the production process on the characteristics of biochar. It has shown efficacy in reducing soil bulk density (BD), elevating organic carbon (OC), and improving aggregate stability under real-world conditions across field studies. While promising, many questions remain to be answered in terms of optimal rates of application and longer-term soil effects. In fact, in addition to the traditional use of Biochar, there are new frontiers for the improvement of this biochar and its application in nanotechnology to create novel nanomaterials and nanostructure composites for various green environmental applications, industrial biotechnology, and renewable energy production
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals (Cr and Pb) Contaminated Soils by Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) with the Use of Salicylic Acid
No full textThe pot experiment was conducted to estimate the phytoremediation potential of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) an ornamental plant for the chromium and lead contaminated soils. The grown as a test plant Cr and Pb was applied as @ 0, 30 and 60 mg/kg and salicylic acid (SA) were applied as @ 0, 2 and 4 mmol/kg. The results demonstrated that the applied of SA (4 mmol/kg) significantly decreased the dry biomass yield of root and shoot i.e. Cr (3.18±0.23 and 15.84±1.28 g/pot) and Pb (3.89±0.28 and 16.14±1.28 g/pot) respectively, control pot were compared to (T6) 60 mg/kg Cr and Pb contaminated soil. The applied of SA (4 mmol/kg) significantly increased the uptake by root and shoot of pot marigold plants i.e. Cr (20.93±2.11 and 21.43±2.03 mg/kg) and Pb (22.87±1.03 and 23.09±1.14 mg/kg) respectively, in comparison to the control pot (T9) 60 mg/kg Cr and Pb contaminated soil. When SA applied, then the highest translocation factor (TF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and remediation factor (RF) values were recorded i.e. Cr (1.277±0.121, 0.442±0.014 mg/kg and 0.863±0.061%) and Pb (1.263±0.201, 0.500±0.041 mg/kg and 0.755±0.061%) in that order. The application of SA in Cr and Pb polluted soils considerably enhanced the uptake of these metals (Cr and Pb) though, reduced the growth and dry biomass yield of pot marigold. Therefore, SA 4 mmol/kg application may be recommended to reduce dry biomass of Calendula officinalis L. and enhance the Cr and Pb concentration in root and shoot of Calendula officinalis L. Thus, it may be concluded that salicylic acid (SA) can play a significant role in reducing the uptake of Chromium and Lead through Calendula officinalis L
Assessment of the Productivity and Profitability of Alternate Cropping System for Diversification of Rice –Wheat Cropping System
No full textA field study was conducted from 2022-23 to 2023-24 through on-farm trials in Panipat district, Haryana, India, to evaluate alternative cropping systems to the traditional rice–wheat system in terms of productivity and profitability. The experiment compared three cropping systems: rice– wheat, rice – wheat with muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) in a relay system, and rice – mustard – muskmelon. Results indicated that the system productivity of the rice-mustard-muskmelon and rice-wheat+muskmelon relay cropping systems surpassed the traditional rice-wheat system by 68.3% and 49.7%, respectively. Furthermore, rice-mustard-muskmelon provided significantly higher gross (Rs. 4,66,104) and net returns (Rs. 3,32,084) compared to the other cropping systems. The findings suggest that the rice – mustard – muskmelon cropping system reduces the buildup of pests and diseases common to rice-wheat cropping system, increased land productivity, and broaden a farmer\u27s sources of income and food. Thus, it is a viable and more remunerative alternative to the conventional rice – wheat system and holds promise for enhancing sustainability and income generation in the Indo - Gangetic Plains