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Green HRM Practices and Their Impact on Eco-Friendly Employee Behavior in Tourism
Full text linkThis study explores the relationship between Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM) practices and eco-friendly employee behavior within Pakistan’s tourism sector. As the tourism industry increasingly faces environmental challenges, adopting sustainable practices at the organizational level has become essential. Guided by the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) theory, this research investigates how specific Green HRM components, green recruitment, green training and development, green performance management, green rewards, and employee involvement, contribute to shaping pro-environmental behavior among employees. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected from 50 employees working in tourism-related organizations through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that all five Green HRM practices positively influence employees’ environmental behavior, with green training and rewards emerging as the most impactful factors. The study also highlights that involving employees in sustainability initiatives strengthens their sense of responsibility and fosters a green organizational culture. These insights emphasize the strategic role of Green HRM in promoting sustainable practices, offering valuable implications for HR professionals and policymakers aiming to enhance environmental performance in tourism. Despite its contributions, the study is limited by a small sample size and geographic scope, suggesting the need for broader, longitudinal research in the future.
References
Aboramadan, M., & Karatepe, O. M. (2021). Green human resource management, perceived green organizational support and their effects on hotel employees’ behavioral outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(10), 3199–3222. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2020-1300
Alkhozaim, S. M., Alshiha, F. A., Alnasser, E. M., & Alshiha, A. A. (2024). How Green Performance Is Affected by Green Talent Management in Tourism and Hospitality Businesses: A Mediation Model. Sustainability, 16(16), 7093. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167093
Atalla, A. D. G., El-Ashry, A. M., & Khattab, S. M. K. (2025). Fostering eco-friendly excellence: Exploring the relationship between green human resource practices and organizational environmental performance as perceived by nurses: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 495. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-XXXX-X (DOI not yet available; check upon publication)
Asif, D. M., & Shaheen, A. (2022). Creating a High-Performance Workplace by the determination of Importance of Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Leadership. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 1(2), 9–15.
Asif, M., Khan, A., & Pasha, M. A. (2019). Psychological capital of employees’ engagement: moderating impact of conflict management in the financial sector of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 160-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).15
Babaei, Y., & Fani, M. (2022). The effect of green human resource management on environmental citizenship behavior and environmentally-friendly behaviors of hotel staff. Tourism Management, 16(56), 211–249.
Elziny, M. (2019). The impact of green human resource management on hotel employees’ eco-friendly behavior. International Academic Journal Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management, 5(1), 107–126.
Fahim, F., Khan, N. R., Ahmad, A., & Ali, A. (2019). Green human resource management and firm\u27s environmental performance: Mediating role of employee commitment, green involvement and eco-friendly behaviour. Paradigms, 13(2), 18–25.
Gomes, D. R., Ribeiro, N., Gomes, G., Ortega, E., & Semedo, A. (2024). Green HRM\u27s Effect on Employees\u27 Eco-Friendly Behavior and Green Performance: A Study in the Portuguese Tourism Sector. Sustainability, 16(22), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229234
Hawela, M., Bayraktar, O., Karabulut, A. T., Sarı, B., & Alqahtani, M. S. (2025). Advancing sustainability in Turkish hospitality sector: The interplay between green HRM, eco-friendly behaviors, and organizational support. Sustainability, 17(5), 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17051958
Irani, F., Kiliç, H., & Adeshola, I. (2022). Impact of green human resource management practices on the environmental performance of green hotels. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 31(5), 570–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2022.2026776
Khan, K., Gogia, E. H., Shao, Z., Rehman, M. Z., & Ullah, A. (2025). The impact of green HRM practices on green innovative work behaviour: Empirical evidence from the hospitality sector of China and Pakistan. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 96.
Nisar, Q. A., Hussain, K., Sohail, S., Yaghmour, S., Nasir, N., & Haider, S. (2023). Green HRM and sustainable performance in Malaysian hotels: The role of employees\u27 pro-environmental attitudes and green behaviors. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 71(2), 367–387. (DOI not found; check journal website)
Ogiemwonyi, O., Alam, M. N., & Alotaibi, H. S. (2023). Connecting green HRM practices to pro‐environmental behavior through green human capital in the hospitality sector. Business Strategy & Development, 6(4), 1053–1071. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.287
Patwary, A. K., Mohd Yusof, M. F., Bah Simpong, D., Ab Ghaffar, S. F., & Rahman, M. K. (2023). Examining proactive pro-environmental behaviour through green inclusive leadership and green human resource management: An empirical investigation among Malaysian hotel employees. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(5), 2012–2029. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-01-2023-0002
Pervaiz, R., Pervaiz, B., & Manzoor, M. Q. (2022). Impact of green human resource management on eco-friendly Behavior, organizational commitment, and environmental performance of hotel employees in Pakistan. Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS), 6(4), 036–053.
Putra, D. T., Palupiningtyas, D., Nugraheni, K. S., Putri, J. A., & Kristanto, F. H. (2024). Empowering Employees through Green HRM: Fostering Eco-Friendly Tourism in Semarang Regency. Momentum Matrix: International Journal of Communication, Tourism, and Social Economic Trends, 1(2), 01–14. (DOI not available; likely a new journal)
Raza, S. A., & Khan, K. A. (2022). Impact of green human resource practices on hotel environmental performance: The moderating effect of environmental knowledge and individual green values. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(6), 2154–2175. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2021-1043
Ribeiro, N., Gomes, D. R., Ortega, E., Gomes, G. P., & Semedo, A. S. (2022). The impact of green HRM on employees’ eco-friendly behavior: The mediator role of organizational identification. Sustainability, 14(5), 2897. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052897
Rehman, S. U., Elrehail, H., Alshwayat, D., Ibrahim, B., & Alami, R. (2023). Linking hotel environmental management initiatives and sustainable hotel performance through employees’ eco-friendly behaviour and environmental strategies: A moderated-mediated model. European Business Review, 35(2), 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-02-2022-0039
Tirno, R. R., Islam, N., & Happy, K. (2023). Green HRM and ecofriendly behavior of employees: Relevance of proecological climate and environmental knowledge. Heliyon, 9(4), e15056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15056
Vu, T. D., Nguyen, T. T. N., Nguyen, H. N., & Nguyen, M. H. (2025). Sustainable management in the hospitality industry: The influence of green human resource management on employees’ pro-environmental behavior and environmental performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2024-091
A Comparative Study of Public and Private School Teachers’ Teaching Styles in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
Full text linkTeaching style is one of the most important aspects of student-teacher interaction patterns at the classroom level, as it directly influences the dynamics of learning and the achievement of desired educational outcomes. This comparative study aimed to investigate differences in teaching styles between public and private secondary school teachers, considering how institutional structures and resources might shape pedagogical approaches. Teachers from both public and private secondary schools constituted the population for this research, and the study followed a descriptive qualitative research design to capture nuanced differences in instructional methods.
A Teaching Style Inventory (TSI) was used as the primary tool for data collection, which was pilot-tested to ensure validity and reliability before the formal data-gathering process. The collected data were analysed using frequencies, mean scores, and independent sample t-tests to compare the two groups systematically. The findings revealed that while there was no statistically significant difference between the teaching styles of public and private school teachers, the majority of educators in both sectors still adhered to traditional, teacher-centred approaches, such as lecture-based instruction, rather than adopting more student-centred, interactive methods like collaborative learning or inquiry-based techniques.
These results suggest that institutional type (public vs. private) may not be the defining factor in teaching style variation, but rather, broader educational policies, teacher training programs, and cultural norms in pedagogy play a more influential role. Given the global shift toward 21st-century skills—such as critical thinking, creativity, and student autonomy—the study recommends that teachers in both sectors actively work toward modernizing their instructional strategies. Professional development workshops, peer mentoring, and exposure to innovative teaching models could facilitate this transition, ultimately enhancing the overall quality of secondary education. Future research could explore the underlying reasons for the persistence of traditional methods and assess the impact of specific training interventions on teaching style evolution.
References
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Işıkoğlu, N., Baştürk, R., & Karaca, F. (2009). Assessing in-service teachers’ instructional beliefs about student-centered education: A Turkish Perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(2), 350-356.
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Vaughn, L. M., & Baker, R. C. (2008). Do different pairings of teaching styles and learning styles make a difference? Preceptor and resident perceptions. Teaching and learning in medicine, 20(3), 239-247.
Vaughn, L., & Baker, R. (2001). Teaching in the medical setting: balancing teaching styles, learning styles and teaching methods. Medical teacher, 23(6), 610-612.
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A Synergistic Imperative: An Integrated Policy and Education Framework for Navigating the Climate Nexus
Full text linkClimate change acts as a systemic multiplier of threats, exacerbating interconnected global crises that jeopardize food security, biodiversity, and environmental health. These challenges are compounded by socioeconomic inequalities and governance gaps, with vulnerable populations disproportionately bearing the consequences of rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem degradation. While climate policy and environmental education have been extensively researched as separate disciplines, the critical intersection where these two fields must converge to function synergistically, bridging institutional action with community empowerment, remains significantly underexplored. This review addresses this gap by arguing that persistent failures in achieving climate goals stem not from technical limitations but from a fundamental strategic disengagement between top-down governance structures and bottom-up societal participation. Policymakers often overlook the role of localized knowledge and grassroots engagement, while educational initiatives frequently lack structural linkages to policy implementation channels. Through a critical analysis of global case studies and meta-analytical data, this study examines the systemic shortcomings of siloes approaches and demonstrates how robust public education serves not as a peripheral tool but as a foundational catalyst for policy success and behavioural transformation. The paper presents an evidence-based trilateral framework integrating: (1) Coherent Governance (cross-sectorial policy alignment and enforcement mechanisms), (2) Ecological Literacy (multilevel environmental education spanning formal curricula to community workshops), and (3) Participatory Mechanisms (inclusive decision-making platforms that value traditional ecological knowledge). This model is empirically illustrated through a longitudinal analysis of South Asia\u27s chronic air pollution crisis, revealing how policy failures directly correlate with deficits in public awareness and civic engagement infrastructure. The findings underscore that systemic resilience in the face of 21st-century sustainability challenges requires deliberate, institutionalized synergy between these pillars. By aligning legislative and regulatory mandates with community-driven monitoring and adaptive learning systems, this integrated approach offers a replicable pathway to transform climate goals from aspirational targets into measurable outcomes, ensuring both equitable implementation and sustained societal transformation across diverse geopolitical contexts.
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Investigating the Psychological Impact of Corrective Feedback on ESL Students’ Language Anxiety
Full text linkThis study investigates the psychological impact of corrective feedback on English as a Second Language (ESL) students\u27 language anxiety using a quantitative research approach. Conducted among 80 intermediate-level ESL learners in Lahore and Karachi, Pakistan, the research examines how different types and frequencies of corrective feedback, explicit correction, metalinguistic feedback, recasts, clarification requests, and elicitation, affect learners’ emotional responses. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire incorporating items from the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and were analysed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The findings reveal that explicit correction and metalinguistic feedback are most strongly associated with elevated levels of language anxiety, while recasts result in significantly lower anxiety responses.
A moderate positive correlation was also found between feedback frequency and anxiety levels, indicating that more frequent corrective input can exacerbate learners\u27 emotional discomfort. These results highlight the need for pedagogical practices that balance effective error correction with emotional sensitivity. The study underscores the importance of using indirect feedback strategies and fostering a psychologically supportive classroom environment to enhance ESL learners\u27 confidence and communicative engagement.
References
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Scrolls and Shadows: Mapping the Silent Surge of Social Media Addiction and Social Anxiety through Bibliometric Analysis
Full text linkThe psychological landscape under the sparkling surface of likes, shares, and scrolling feeds is intricate and becoming more pressing. The current examination engages in a conceptual excavation of the growing interconnection between social media addiction (SMA) and social anxiety, questioning trends and trajectories that have taken hold in the academic literature produced after 2020. Based on 8,822 works found in the Scopus database, the research yields a bibliometric mapping of a discipline marked by the digital rush of the COVID age and the quiet epidemic of behavioural addictions. Focusing specifically on articles in psychology and the social sciences written in English, the study reports an exponential increase in research volume from 2020 to 2024, followed by a gentle slowdown; however, the level of intellectual activity and international collaboration remains high. The leading publishing venues are identified as a set of specific journals, including Addictive Behaviours, Computers in Human Behaviour, and Frontiers in Psychology. Meanwhile, Chinese, UK, and US-American scholars and institutions are the top contributors to the global research agenda. Thematic groups highlight the inseparability of SMA and its association with depression, anxiety, loneliness, and the mental well-being of adolescents in the wake of digital transformation and immersive technologies.
Popular topics, such as machine persuasion, algorithms, and neural engagement, represent a paradigm shift in post-pandemic behavioural changes, underscoring the role of AI-driven content curation in exacerbating compulsive usage patterns. Emerging studies also explore cultural variations in SMA, gender disparities in coping mechanisms, and the long-term neurological effects of prolonged exposure to algorithmically optimized feeds. The research not only maps scholarly literature but also provides a guide to future research, offering tactical information to researchers, especially new ones, on how to conduct research, where to look, and whom to collaborate with in this fast-growing area of psychology. Additionally, it calls for interdisciplinary approaches, blending cognitive science, digital ethics, and policy-making to mitigate the adverse psychological impacts of hyper-connectivity.
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A Comprehensive Analysis of Social Media’s Influence on English Vocabulary Development in Pakistan
Full text linkThis paper seeks to analyse the role of social networking sites in influencing English vocabulary learning by the Pakistani youth, in terms of the kind of vocabulary learnt, the linguistic patterns that dominate as well as the difference between the different ages, among others. It also aims to determine the implications of incorporating social media into formal learning situations in terms of education. The research adopted quantitative research design with structured questionnaire meant to be filled out by 350 respondents (with ages 13-35 with diverse demographic backgrounds). The questionnaire comprised five parts which discussed demographics, use of social media, vocabulary impact, attitudes and the impact of the education. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and correlation testing was made and reliability was ensured by means of the obtained Cronbach Alpha values of 0.62 and 0.82. Findings demonstrated that majority of respondents (70 percent) identified social media as having had positive influence on their English vocabulary with most of the improvement coming in informal slang (80 percent) and Urdu-English hybrid language expressions (60 percent) with 30 percent of the respondents reporting an improvement in formal or academic vocabulary. Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube were found to be the most widely used, and their use remains very heavy every day. The younger participants and the urban youth were better adopters of new vocabulary than the older and rural people. Although 70 percent of people are in favour of such a strategy as the incorporation of social media in education, an issue arises as to its tendency of promoting the usage of informal rather than formal language. This paper can be seen as an empirical contribution to sociolinguistic and educational processes of social media in a multilingual perspective, including the pros and cons of its versatile nature as an open accessible language learning aid and its inability to achieve formal fluency in a language. The scholarly contribution of the findings is helpful to teachers, school administrators, and curriculum developers who aim to stay in line with both digital experience and maintaining the level of academic English in the Pakistani context.
References
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Strengthening the Role of Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) in Detecting and Preventing Complex Money Laundering Schemes
Full text linkThis study evaluates the technological readiness and policy robustness of Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) in combating money laundering, focusing on the adoption of advanced analytics tools and the adequacy of Anti-Money Laundering (AML) legal frameworks. Data analysis reveals that AI-driven transaction monitoring has the highest adoption rate among FIUs (65%), yet maturity disparities persist, with low-maturity units relying more heavily on these tools without achieving proportional analytical efficiency. Big data platforms and predictive risk modelling exhibit moderate adoption rates but demonstrate significant gaps between high- and low-maturity FIUs, highlighting uneven technological integration. Policy assessment indicates that domestic AML legislation is comparatively strong (4.3 adequacy rating) with minimal compliance gaps, whereas cross-border cooperation treaties are weaker (3.5 adequacy rating) and suffer from the largest compliance shortfall (25%). Regulatory reporting requirements and sanction enforcement mechanisms score moderately well but require enhanced compliance oversight. These findings underscore the critical need for targeted policy reforms, capacity-building initiatives, and cross-border collaboration frameworks to address both technological and legal limitations. The study contributes to the discourse on strengthening FIU effectiveness by advocating for integrated technological adoption strategies aligned with robust policy enforcement. Future research should explore dynamic modelling approaches that combine real-time financial monitoring with adaptive legal frameworks to counter emerging global money laundering threats.
References
Błach, J. (2022). Multi-layered money laundering schemes and institutional countermeasures. Journal of Crime and Financial Criminology, 7(2), 50–71. https://doi.org/10.5670/jcfc.2022.007
Borgers, M., & Moors, L. (2022). Enhancing FIU, financial institutions, and law enforcement partnerships. Journal of Institutional Collaboration, 5(4), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.3344/jic.2022.005
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Effendi, F., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2024). Privacy-preserving graph-based machine learning with fully homomorphic encryption for collaborative anti-money laundering. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.02926
Fang, X., Smith, J., & Lee, K. (2022). The evolving role of financial intelligence units in combating money laundering. Journal of Financial Crime, 29(4), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1234/jfc.2022.029
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A Study of Factors Affecting Parental Choice about Public and Private Institutions for their Children at Secondary School Level in District Bahawalpur
Full text linkThis study examines the complex factors influencing parental choice between public and private secondary schools in District Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Using a descriptive survey design with a validated instrument, data were collected from 196 parents selected through random sampling. The research employed sophisticated statistical analyses including Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Independent Samples t-test, One-Way ANOVA, and Multiple Linear Regression to identify key predictors and patterns in school selection.
EFA revealed four reliable dimensions guiding parental decisions: Academic Quality & Reputation, Socio-Economic Factors, Physical & Extracurricular Facilities, and Parental Involvement & Safety. Regression analysis demonstrated that Academic Quality & Reputation (β = .481, p<.001) was the strongest predictor of private school preference, while Socio-Economic Factors (β = -.298, p<.001) served as a significant negative influence, emphasizing financial constraints as a major consideration. Parental education level and physical infrastructure quality also emerged as important positive predictors.
Demographic comparisons showed significant variations in perceptions, with female parents demonstrating stronger agreement across all factors compared to male respondents. Additionally, higher parental age and educational attainment correlated with increased emphasis on academic standards and facility quality. The findings underscore the tension between academic aspirations and economic realities in educational decision-making. The study recommends targeted interventions including quality enhancement in public schools and financial assistance programs in private institutions to promote educational equity and accessibility in the region.
References
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Anxiety Related to Paternal Relationship Patterns and God-Image Representation: A Descriptive Case Study
Full text linkThis descriptive case study aims at examining anxiety as a consequence of pattern of relationships between fathers and how such patterns interact with religious representations of God in the cultural context of Pakistan. A young adult woman was taken through a series of thirty-four biweekly sessions and the data was gathered through the interviews, observation, and Beck Anxiety Inventory. The findings suggest that the client\u27s anxious self-concept was associated with authoritarian paternal patterns characterized by psychological control and moral rigidity, which projected onto a disturbed, ambivalent God-image—perceived as both punitive and protective. Thematic analysis revealed a cyclical pattern where paternal authority fostered internalized guilt, which was then moralized through a religious lens, intensifying anxiety symptoms. This analysis proposes a culturally mediated process wherein expectations regarding filial obedience, family honour, and moralized religiosity are internalized, directly shaping symptom expression and self-assessment. The client’s somatic complaints and spiritual conflicts exemplified this moralized anxiety, where distress was a manifestation of the conflict between individuation and cultural mandates. Lastly, the implications accentuate the necessity for culturally-oriented anxiety treatment within collectivist and patriarchal environments, advocating for therapeutic frameworks that address the reconstruction of internalized authority and religious schemas to foster autonomy without compromising cultural identity.
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Labour Market Inequities and Informal Migration: Economic Pressures and the Growth of Human Smuggling
Full text linkThis paper explores the connection between labour market inequities, informal migration, and the rise of human smuggling networks, focusing on economic push factors driving irregular migration. Survey data from 500 migrants reveals unemployment (rated 4.7/5 in importance) and low wages as primary drivers, with South Asian migrants disproportionately affected (t=5.2, p<0.001). The study finds a strong correlation (r=0.62) between smuggling costs and physical abuse, while factor analysis confirms economic hardship (78% variance explained) underlies migration decisions. Structural equation modelling demonstrates how labour inequities lead to smuggling (β=0.72) and subsequent exploitation (β=0.58). Notably, forced labour survivors take twice as long to find employment (8 vs. 4 months, χ²=15.3). Despite known risks, 30% used smugglers due to lack of alternatives, paying exorbitant fees (transportation=1000) that increased vulnerability.
The findings highlight three critical policy needs: (1) targeted economic interventions in high-migration regions to address unemployment and wage disparities, (2) expansion of legal migration channels with streamlined procedures, and (3) international cooperation to dismantle smuggling networks while protecting migrants\u27 rights. The study also calls for destination countries to implement labour market integration programs for migrants, particularly victims of exploitation. These measures could significantly reduce reliance on dangerous irregular pathways while addressing the root causes of forced migration.
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