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Analyzing the Departmental Negligence, Lack of Training, and Community-Policing as Failures to Police: A Study of District Sargodha
Get PDFThis study aims at exploring the departmental negligence, lack of training, and community-policing as the failures to Police in District Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to analyze the factors that have destroyed and disrupted the smooth functioning of the police department by employing the Durkheim’s Structural Functionalism Theory (Pike, 2013). Through simple Random Sampling Technique, the researcher took Tehsil Sargodha as a target population for the study of interest. A structured questionnaire (consists of closed-ended questions based on a Likert scale) is designed to collect primary data from respondents. The collected data is analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The data shows the problems faced by police in their respective field. The researchers have given certain suggestions to end the negligence of the police department to promote positivity and basic human rights in society
Transition from Sanity to Insanity: A Sociopsychological study of Bashir's Scattered Souls
Get PDFThis paper embarks on a profound exploration of Shahnaz Bashir's literary masterpiece, "Scattered Souls," undertaking a comprehensive analysis through the intricate prism of socio- psychology. The backdrop against which this analysis unfolds is the volatile crucible of Kashmir's enduring conflict, which serves as a powerful backdrop against which to examine the transformation from sanity to insanity within the narrative. To undertake this journey into the depths of human consciousness, the researcher adapts the psychoanalytic ideas of Frantz Fanon. Within the realm of the human psyche, we navigate a rich tapestry of psychological features, delving into the inner recesses of mental life. Our discerning lens uncovers the nuanced and multifaceted elements that permeate the characters' psyches, including Paranoid Anxiety, Phobia, Fear, Destructive Anger, Unconscious Attraction, and Collective Catharsis. These elements are carefully scrutinized and dissected to elucidate their manifestation within the narrative, shedding light on the intricacies of the characters' psychological unraveling. Furthermore, our analysis ventures into the realm of Cultural Trauma, a compelling force that casts a shadow over the mental well-being of the characters. The interplay between cultural trauma and psychological distress is explored with meticulous care, illuminating how the characters' deteriorating mental conditions are intricately intertwined with the broader cultural trauma they endure
Impact of the Convergence of the media and Contemporary Legal framework
Get PDF‘The right to freedom of speech and expression’ in the modern era is not confined to the print or verbal means of communication but extends to a synchronous and simultaneous dissemination of information and more specifically content across the world through the distinct means of internet communication which had converted into the domains of telecommunication and television. The alarming speed at which content goes viral without any form of censorship is a challenge that the world faces. This article discusses the impact of media convergence and the various legal issues, including copyright, privacy, and free speech. As new technologies emerge and the lines between different forms of media blur, it is essential for policymakers and legal experts to adapt to these changes and adopt a framework that ensures that laws protect individuals and promote the public interest. The article highlights the need for an expansion of copyright protections for digital media and the adaptation of laws to remain relevant in the digital age. It also discusses the need for privacy laws to regulate the use of personal information and protect sensitive data from being accessed by unauthorized bodies. In addition, the article addresses the challenges posed by the expansion of censorship and the need to strengthen laws protecting free speech by extending protections to the online environment, ensuring private companies are held accountable for their actions, and providing adequate protections for whistleblowers, journalists, and victims of online abuse. This article emphasizes on the importance of policy makers and legal experts adapting to media convergence and working to ensure that laws remain relevant, effective, and in the best interests of the public
The Emerging Geo Political Disorder Post Russia Ukraine War (2022-2025 AD)
Get PDFThe Russo-Ukraine War, which began in 2022 and is now in its fourth year, has devastated both countries. Human rights violations against ethnic Russians and the Ukrainian military's relationship with NATO prompted Putin to portray the operation as a unique military operation aimed at demilitarizing and de-Nazifying Ukraine. All of this was rejected by Europe, which was under the impression that the war would limit European political and economic independence. Central Asian states have taken a cautious, neutral stance on the Ukraine war, avoiding direct support for Russia while upholding Ukraine’s sovereignty. Kazakhstan has been the most vocal, refusing to recognize Russian annexations, while Uzbekistan has also stressed territorial integrity. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan remain more reserved due to economic and security ties with Russia. Across the region, countries are diversifying partnerships with China, Turkey, and the West to reduce dependence on Moscow. China remains neutral but leans toward Russia, increasing trade while calling for peace. The Arab world is divided: Gulf States stay neutral, Syria supports Russia, and others balance ties with both sides. Pakistan initially tried neutrality but slightly strengthened its diplomatic interaction with Russia while selling some ammunition to Ukraine as well. According to some critics, the United States under Biden actually pushed Zelenskyy into war by promising an all-out moral, financial, and armament support while keeping Europe by their side. It resulted in aggravated war temperature. Under Trump, the stance seems to be completely changing. Trump blamed Zelenskyy for war and is forcing him to disengage while accepting a displaced geopolitical order. The US has started reassessing military aid. A tense meeting with Zelenskyy on 28 Feb 2025(Baker, 2025) has disturbed all alignments. The U.S. has also restricted intelligence sharing (Lillis et.al. 2025) with Ukraine, raising concerns about its defense. With or without America, European allies are stepping up efforts to support Zelenskyy (Politico,2025) and to present a unified peace plan. There is an emerging geopolitical disorder due to such changes in stances and positions of key players, most prominently the United States. It surely is a perfect case study to explore what all could be reasons on the hind side for such change of stances, what are the possibilities of reaching to a peaceful conclusion and how would this war impact Europe and the rest of the world in coming years
US-Iran Cyber war and its impact on Israel
Get PDFThe expanding cyberwarfare between the US and Iran drastically changed the nature of modern conflict by affecting the regional allies especially Israel in addition to diplomatic issues. The present study investigates the complex conflict between the United States and Iran and also the indirect impact they have on Israel’s economic stability, national security and middle east geopolitical orientation by analyzing significant cyber events like a Stuxnet the Iranian assault in 2019 on Israel infrastructure and also ensuing counterattacks this investigation shows how the cyberwarfare has emerged as a crucial tool for proxy conflict and alliance dynamics. According to the report, Israel’s status as a close US allies has strengthened its cybersecurity by trading intelligence and technology but they made their prime target for Iranian cyberattacks. Now as per the report Israel security goals have changed now its diplomatic tactics in the area have been impacted and on the other hand US-Iran cyberwar is speeding up the country’s development of domestics’ cyber capabilities. The present research advances knowledge of the changing nature of asymmetrical conflict in the digital era and the effects the big power cyberwarfare has on smaller partner states
India-China Border Dispute (Galwan Valley) and Nepal's Sovereignty Concerns
Get PDFThe India–China border dispute, epitomized by the violent June (2020) clash in the Galwan Valley, has re-ignited longstanding tensions between two of most powerful states. This article uses the theoretical lens of offensive realism to analyze, how shifts in relative power motivate territorial assertiveness and impact smaller neighboring states, with particular focus on Nepal. By detect the historical transformation of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) inspect recent strategic developments and integrate primary diplomatic communications with secondary scholarly analyses the study reveals the dynamics of great powers competition in South Asia. It argues that China infrastructural expansion and forceful maneuvers in eastern Ladakh pretend an offensive realist drive to attain material gain and strategic advantage. While India’s strengthen of border defenses and diplomatic outreach to his external partners constitute a defensive counterbalancing strategy. Caught between these rival giants, Nepal sovereignty and strategic autonomy are increasingly unnatural by economic dependencies, geopolitical vulnerabilities, and pressures to range. Nonetheless, Kathmandu’s strong matches hedging—through diversified economic engagement, multilateral diplomacy and domestic institutional strengthening offer a measure of durability within a highly competitive regional order. The findings emphasize the continued relevance of offensive realism for understanding, not only territorial conflicts between major powers but also the wooden agency of small states embedded in their shadow. Policy recommendation focus on enhancing crisis-management mechanism, promoting multilateral frameworks to protect small-state interest, and encouraging Nepal further economic diversification to allay dependency risks
Masjid-Based Pesantren: Revitalizing the Role of Mosques as Centers of Islamic Education Rooted in Local Wisdom in Indonesia
Get PDFThis study examines the revitalization of the mosque’s role as a center for Islamic education integrated with local wisdom in Indonesia. Within Indonesia’s pluralistic society, mosques have served as vital institutions for shaping Islamic character and identity in harmony with local culture. Employing a library research method, this study aims to map various forms of mosque-based Islamic education that incorporate local wisdom, analyze institutional management models of mosques in the context of regionally distinctive Islamic education, identify educational practices in mosques that preserve local cultural values, and formulate a conceptual framework for mosque development as centers of Islamic education that reinforce both national and Islamic identity. The findings reveal diverse models of mosque-based Islamic education that adopt local wisdom, such as the surau in Minangkabau, langgar in Java, meunasah in Aceh, and tajug in Sunda. Effective mosque institutional management is characterized by the integration of religious, educational, social, and cultural functions. Educational practices include the contextual teaching of kitab kuning, the adaptation of halaqah traditions with local cultural elements, the development of Islamic arts and culture rooted in the archipelago, and community economic empowerment. The concept of “Pesantren Masjid” offers a new paradigm of Islamic education that integrates universal Islamic values with local wisdom, promotes religious moderation, and strengthens national identity. This study concludes that revitalizing the mosque’s role as a center of Islamic education grounded in local wisdom is a strategic effort to maintain Islamic identity while fostering social cohesion amid the challenges of globalization
Barriers to environmental compliance in public transport: A study on emission and noise pollution law awareness in Karachi
Get PDFAll types of vehicles release harmful pollutants in the form of smoke and noise, which is a critical environmental challenge for Karachi. Public transport, in particular, exacerbates this issue. Unfortunately, many people are unaware of these rules, leading to non-compliance with all regulations. This research seeks to determine whether public transport drivers in Karachi understand air and noise pollution laws. The study has been based on secondary data (Literature Review) to establish their knowledge about emission standards, noise level restrictions, and penalties for failing to comply with these laws. The research results indicate that most drivers are uninformed of these regulations and do not undertake vehicle maintenance routines that are likely to reduce pollution. Significant interferences to this knowledge include high rates of illiteracy, poor enforcement of laws, and poverty. The findings of this study strongly suggest the lack of a mandated structure for education, lack of policies, and motivation for developing environmentally conscious behavior among people
A Multi-Level Synthesis of Identity Formation in Multicultural Societies: From Foundational Theories to Digital Selves
Get PDFThe increasing cultural complexity of modern societies, driven by unprecedented globalization and migration, necessitates a comprehensive framework for understanding identity formation beyond traditional, monocultural paradigms. This research paper conducts a systematic meta-synthesis of psychological, sociological, and political scholarship to construct an integrated, multi-level model of multicultural identity (Gibson & Martin, 2022). The paper’s central argument is that identity formation is a dynamic and negotiated process that operates on intrapersonal, interpersonal, and societal levels, challenging linear models of development. Key findings elucidate the relationship between identity configurations—specifically integration, compartmentalization, and categorization—and psychological well-being, with evidence indicating that integrated identities are positively correlated with narrative coherence and overall psychosocial health. The analysis extends this understanding to the intersection of cultural and career identity, proposing a new typology that acknowledges the complex interplay between cultural background, family expectations, and individual aspirations. The paper also explores the paradoxical cognitive benefits of cultural conflict and the emerging role of digital media in curating a fluid, "socio-virtualized" self (Stevens et al., 2023). The conclusion outlines significant theoretical contributions and practical implications for educators, counselors, and policymakers, while charting a clear agenda for future research, particularly in the areas of digital identity and the development of culturally-sensitive methodologies
Reverence, Stewardship and Divinity: An Eco-spiritual Insight into Selected Novels
Get PDFThis research explores the attributes like reverence, stewardship and divinity in the selected novels under the theoretical influence of Joanna Macy’s “Works That Reconnects” to scrutinize the pathways to self-discovery and the divine. The focus is to analyze. The characters from diverse cultural and regional backgrounds in order to deal how each character’s road leads inwards, with their spiritual alignment or indifference ultimately shaping their experience of despair and fulfillment. The influence of personal experiences and the signs from the environmental consequences makes one ponder into the deep reality of the world around him and the creator of this world. Macy deals with the individual experiences as well as the collective circumstances of the human relationship with nature and brings forward the practices like reverence, acceptance, gratitude and stewardship. The novels under evaluation are A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007) by a Pakistani author Khaled Hosseini, Siddhartha (1992) by a German writer Herman Hesse based on Indian culture and The Meursault Investigation (2013) by an Algerian writer Kamel Daoud highlighting Algerian take on the absurd situations. The research focuses on the contrast analysis of a character's journey towards self-actualization under the umbrella of Macy’s defined stages of gratitude, honoring the Pain, seeing with new eyes and going forth. The individual struggle and the ecological influences on one’s character development will be the center of the study whether their take on the experiences makes them close to or away from God. The research employs a qualitative, theoretical approach, utilizing close textual analysis guided by Macy’s framework. The research provides a way to ponder on the individual experiences as well as the environmental contribution in shaping one’s inner self. As the study deals with the experiences it will be open for all other perspectives