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Maternal Chronic Periodontitis as a Risk Factor for Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: A Hospital-Based Case Control Study
Get PDFBackground: Preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW) are main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Evidence suggests a potential link between maternal chronic periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objectives: This hospital-based case-control study aimed to assess the association between maternal chronic periodontitis and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in postpartum women. Methods: A total of 540 postpartum women were enrolled, comprising 270 cases (PTB and/or LBW) and 270 matched controls (term and normal birth weight). Demographic data and obstetric history were recorded. Periodontal status was assessed using the Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) index, Gingival Index, and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Results: No significant differences were observed between groups regarding age, gravidity, or educational status (p > 0.05). However, periodontal indicators were significantly worse among cases. The mean CAL score was higher in the case group (4.18 ± 1.05) than controls (3.8 ± 0.83; p = 0.002). Gingival inflammation and CPITN scores also showed significant differences (p < 0.001) Conclusion: Maternal chronic periodontitis is significantly associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. Early diagnosis and management of periodontal disease in pregnant women may play a role in improving perinatal outcomes
Low-Level Laser Therapy in Periodontology: A Review
Get PDFLow Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has emerged as a promising adjunct treatment for periodontal diseases, characterized by its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This review assesses the efficacy of LLLT in managing periodontal conditions, high lighting its mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and outcomes. Studies sug gest that LLLT promotes tissue healing, reduces pain, and enhances the effective ness of conventional periodontal treatments. Furthermore, the review discusses the optimal parameters for laser application, including wavelength, energy density, and duration. Through an analysis of current clinical trials, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of LLLT as a viable option in periodontal therapy
Incidence of oral potentially malignant disorders requiring surgical excision in young vs elderly populations
Get PDFAim To compare the incidence and clinical presentation of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) necessitating surgical excision in younger and older populations, and to assess age-related variations in lesion characteristics, surgical outcomes, and potential risk factors.Methods Across-sectional observational study was performed on 100 patients who underwent surgical excision of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Patients were categorised into two groups: young (n=40) and elderly (n=60). Demographics, risk factors, lesion characteristics, histopathology, and postoperative outcomes, including recurrence and malignant transformation, were documented. Statistical analysis encompassed descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression; a p-value o
Pilates Exercise and Resisted Muscle Training To Hip And Knee Muscle Im pairment In Improving Pain And Quality Of Life In Patients With Tibio Femoral Osteoarthritis
Get PDFAim: The aim of the study is to compare the effect of pilates exercise and resisted muscle training of hip and knee joint muscles to improve pain and quality of life in tibio femoral osteoarthritis.
Method: 50 patients diagnosed with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis were included in the study. The patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups. Group A received pilates exercise on mat for hip and knee joint muscle for 4 weeks and Group B received resisted muscle training using theratube for hip and knee joint muscle for 4 weeks. Pre and post intervention measures for KOOS (Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) scale were observed and documented.
Result & Conclusion: The results indicate that both group A and group B shows improvement in all components of KOOS. But when compared between both groups, group A shows more significant improvement in pain and symptom than group B. 
Molecular Biology of Streptococcus Mutans: A Review
Get PDFStreptococcus mutans is a gram-positive bacterium and a primary etiological agent of dental caries. Its ability to adhere to tooth surfaces and form biofilms is largely attributed to its production of extracellular polysaccharides, primarily through glucosyltransferases. The genome of S. mutans, approximately 2.0 million base pairs long, contains genes that facilitate carbohydrate metabolism, acid production, and stress response mechanisms, enabling the organism to thrive in acidic environments. This bacterium ferments sugars, particularly sucrose, to produce lactic acid, leading to the demineralization of enamel and consequent tooth decay. The regulation of virulence factors is influenced by environmental factors, including pH and nutrient availability, and is mediated through complex regulatory networks and quorum-sensing mechanisms. Advanced molecular techniques, such as gene knockout and proteomics, have been employed to unravel the pathogenicity of S. mutans and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Understanding the molecular biology of S. mutans is crucial for devising effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of dental caries, highlighting its significance in oral microbiology and public health
Distraction in Pediatric Dentistry: A Scoping Review
Get PDFDistraction techniques play a vital role in managing anxiety and fear among pediatric dental patients. This scoping review aims to explore the various distraction methods used in pediatric dentistry, emphasizing their effectiveness and incorporation into clinical practice. The review encompasses a range of distraction strategies, including visual, auditory, and interactive approaches, to assess their impact on children’s emotional responses and cooperation during dental treatments. By synthesizing existing literature, the findings highlight the benefits of distraction in alleviating anxiety, improving patient experience, and enhancing treatment outcomes. The review also identifies gaps in current research and suggests directions for future studies to optimize the application of distraction techniques in pediatric dental settings
Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) and Its Applications in Dentistry: A Review
Get PDFPlatelet-rich fibrin has emerged as an innovative biomaterial in dentistry, known for its regenerative properties that facilitate healing in various oral procedures. This review examines PRF’s clinical applications, efficacy, and mechanisms of action in dental treatments, including oral surgery, periodontics, and implantology. PRF is derived from the patient’s own blood, enhancing biocompatibility and reducing the risk of adverse reactions. Current research indicates that PRF contributes to improved soft and hard tissue healing, reduces postoperative complications, and enhances implant stability. Despite its promising potential, challenges such as variability in preparation protocols and the need for standardized clinical guidelines persist. This review advocates for continued research to optimize PRF application and to establish best practices in dental medicine. 
Evaluation of Pain Perception During Local Anaesthetic Administration with Conventional vs Insulin Syringe: An In-Vivo Study
Get PDFAim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare pain perception during the administration of local anesthetic solution using conventional syringes versus insulin syringes in pediatric patients aged 6-8 years. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients requiring maxillary local infiltration were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to receive local anesthetic via either a conventional syringe or an insulin syringe. Pain perception was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), where 0 represented no pain and 10 represented the worst pain imaginable. Measurements were taken immediately following the administration of the anesthetic. Results: The analysis of the VAS scores demonstrated that patients who received the anesthetic via insulin syringes reported significantly lower pain levels compared to those who received it via conventional syringes (p < 0.05). The results indicate a clear preference for the insulin syringe method, suggesting reduced pain perception. Conclusion: The study concluded that the use of insulin syringes for local anesthetic administration in pediatric dental procedures may lead to a significantly lower pain experience compared to conventional syringes.  
Formal Faculty Mentorship at Aga Khan University Medical College and AKU-SONAM: A Comprehensive Triangulation Approach for Improved Outcomes
Get PDFObjective: To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mentorship programs in Aga Khan University Medical College (AKU-MC) and Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery (AKU-SONAM) by the framework of Program Inputs, activities, followed by triangulation of results. Design: Exploratory study Setting: AKU-MC and AKU
SONAMParticipants: mentors, mentees, administrators, and leadership from both entities of the university.Data collection comprised of in-depth interviews (IDIs) focus group discussions (FGDs with administrators and leadership Primary outcome: Comprehensive understanding of the mentorship programs in AKU-MC and AKU-SONAM by the framework of Program Inputs, activities, followed by triangulation of results. Data collection comprised of in-depth interviews (IDIs) focus group discussions (FGDs). Triangulation was applied at the level of entities in i) data collection methods; FGD, and document review, ii) participants; mentors, mentees, administrators and leadership, iii) response from investigators; researcher and supervisory team to enhance the rigor of the study. Results: All the participants from both entities agreed that mentorship programs transferred knowledge and skills, enhanced relationships and facilitated networking. A work-driven and Dyad mentorship model was accredited by mentors, mentees, at AKU-MC and AKU-SONAM respectively. Mentorship committees from both entities oversaw mentor and mentee enrolments, matching, and monitoring of activities The constancy of mentor-mentee meeting frequency, and lack of a structured feedback mechanism were identified as challenges. The significance of recognition, rewards, opportunities for higher qualifications and institutional recognition was suggested by all participants. All Mentors and mentees recommended departmental collaborations and networking for meaningful outcomes.Conclusion: The exploration of context of both mentorship programs revealed that financial and logistic resources of both programs need to be amplified. Mentees were given a choice for selection of mentors for pairing however monitoring of activities may be overcome by selecting appropriate mentors and mentees, practical matching for work relationships, and monitoring successful outcome
Nourishing Smiles: The Impact of Nutrition on Children’s Dental Health
No full textThis article explores the relationship between nutrition and dental health in children. Good nutrition is essential for overall health and well-being, yet its impact on dental health is often overlooked. Dental cavities and other oral health issues are largely preventable through proper dietary habits. This research examines essential nutrients, dietary recommendations, and the effects of sugar and acidic foods on children’s oral health. Additionally, it discusses the role of parents, schools, and public health policies in promoting better nutrition and oral hygiene practices