American Journal of Trade and Policy
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The Impact of Credit Risk Management Indicators on Profitability Attributes: Evidence from the State-Owned Commercial Banks in Bangladesh
Get PDFThe focal attempt of this research is to identify the consequence of credit risk management indicators on profitableness attributes of state-owned commercial banks functioning in Bangladesh. To attain the objectives of this research study researcher has analyzed four sample banks’ audited annual reports covering the period 2012 to 2016. The study has employed the ANOVA technique, multiple regression model, and correlation matrix to reach the concluding remark as per study objectives. The findings revealed that there is significant and insignificant variation as well as relationship in the different indicators of credit risk management but there is insignificant variation in the different attributes of profitability in the midst of the sample banks within the study period. Furthermore, there is the insignificant impact of the different indicators of credit risk management namely loan and advance, classified loan, unclassified loan, leverage ratio, bad debt, default ratio, cost per loan asset, and cost to income ratio on profitability attributes such as return on assets, return on equity along with net profit percentage of the sample banks over the study period. Hence, the study has recommended that the management of the banking sector should emphasize creating a smart credit management policy as well as lending guidelines to formulate the suitable credit risk management practice to meet the demand of loans applicants properly
Trade-restrictive Measures under the WTO Framework in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Example of China
Get PDFThe COVID-19 outbreak has led to shortages of critical medical equipment and supplies, exposing significant flaws in the global supply chain. A number of countries have adopted trade-restrictive measures in response to the domestic challenges posed by COVID-19. This paper analyzes whether the trade-restrictive measures adopted by various countries in response to COVID-19 are legitimate under the current WTO framework and how to reform multilateral rules on such measures to promote global equality in accessing essential supplies and coping with the de-globalization wave.
With reference to China’s practice, the paper first examines the compatibility of the trade-restrictive measures induced by COVID-19 with the WTO framework, arguing that export restrictions are likely permissible under WTO rules as long as they are non-discriminatory, temporary, and necessary to achieve a certain degree of domestic protection. However, such measures may ultimately disrupt global supply chains and cause more harm, especially to vulnerable countries. The COVID-19 crisis may even lead to a post-pandemic wave of economic de-Sinicization and de-globalization. The paper further argues that it will be contrary to the globalization trend for countries to implement a policy of supply chain localization in the post-pandemic era. The paper concludes that the best solution for minimizing the losses induced by similar crises in the future is to refer back to the WTO framework and reform the rules pertaining to trade-restrictive measures to promote equitable access to key global supplies
Maintaining Balance: A Comprehensive Look of The Struggle Between Government Protection and Government Overreach in Regard to Mergers and Their Remedies
Get PDFIn September of 2020, the Department of Justice made a change to the Merger Remedies Manual, which discusses the correct remedies for mergers that violate the standards in the Heart-Scott-Rodino Act and how to best enforce them. A deeper look at this manual prompts a deeper analysis on current antitrust merger standards and how they balance government power and personal liberties. The Merger Remedies manual and its corresponding document with the Federal Trade Commission, as well as the merger standards in regard to the rise of Private Equity Buyers and Big Tech, promote concern over the balance between constitutional rights and promoting fairness in the marketplace. This article is among the first to analyze how current merger remedies stand in being effective in regard to the technology sector, while also analyzing the constitutionality of those merger regulations.The article contributes to the literature in three primary ways. First, the article deeply analyzes the two manuals for merger remedies from the above mentioned agencies and determines which better balances governmental powers with personal liberties and where both agencies could improve. Second, the article outlines the current concerns with large technology companies and their current rights in regard to merger standards while also acknowledging their monopolizing tendencies, presenting ways in which such issues could more easily and constitutionally be regulated through antitrust merger laws. Third, the article analyzes the current stance from the merger regulating agencies towards private equity firms and how their changing stances and opinions support a less government-regulative stance towards private equity firm involvement
The Use of Emoji in International Communication: A Cultural Bridge for Businesses or a Potential Pitfall
Get PDFThere is a new form of communication entering the international business world and the legal environment. It is the Emoji. It has been embraced across the globe by millennials. There are 26 million US persons entering the business community this year alone for whom the emoji is an essential communications tool. That number is matched in multiples by other countries. We must anticipate and incorporate this new mode and method of communication into our international legal structure, or we will ultimately make our legal system less effective in the global business community driving a communications wedge between our society and the rest of the world
Run Gauntlets or Pay Pirates? Regulating Vessel Speeds in High-Risk Waters
Get PDFMaritime commerce in world commerce. Each year, vessels carry more cargo at higher costs and faster speeds. Insurance is an integral part of shipping, as it protects cargoes and crews against the perils of the sea. This article focuses on the peril of piracy, a criminal practice that has evolved significantly throughout history. Pirates today, as pirates of the past, prey upon the unprotected. Yet, modern piracy, unlike historical piracy, is essentially non-violent. The modern pirate profits from ransom, not theft. Today, piracy is a monetary risk with computable consequences: an insurable threat. Anti-piracy methods, including insurance, impose steep costs to world trade. In the past decade, pirate activity has declined while piracy insurance has grown more expensive. This phenomenon is problematic, but an industry-wide solution is a challenging construct. To handle the costly risks of piracy is to balance the distinct and competing interests of ship-owners, insurers, operators, and governments. As this Article argues, insurance can more efficiently mitigate piracy’s puzzling risk. After discussing maritime piracy and maritime insurance, this Article outlines the legal and regulatory schema for a system to mandate the speeds of vessels that transit pirate-prone waters. The proposed regulation is mechanically sound, logistically feasible, cost-effective, and enforceable. To diminish the costly risk of piracy, this Article proposes revising a treaty to afford the International Maritime Organization (IMO) jurisdiction to regulate vessel speeds on the high seas
The COVID-19 Vaccine and the Future of International Laws in Business, Travel, and Trade
Get PDFSince COVID-19, the world has been constantly evolving to adapt. Finding a cure quickly became the focus worldwide which altered set approaches to intellectual property rights. Additionally, creating a controversial vaccine has led to several more questions for the future. With varying vaccines and standards throughout the world, travel, business, and trade may face new challenges which change the current systems
The Paradigm Wars: Is MMR Really a Solution?
Get PDFEducational research has several competing views of the social sciences, and these are often referred to as paradigms. Hammersley (2013, p. 13) portrays paradigms as ‘not simply methodologies; they are ways of looking at the world, different assumptions about what the world is like and how we can understand or know about it’. The paradigm wars’ boils down to a simple conflict between academics and scholars of qualitative and quantitative research which concerns the relative merits of the different perspectives. In the 1980s, the objectivity-seeking quantitative researcher diminished, whilst, post positivists, interpretivists, and critical theorists flourished throughout this same period. Mixed methods research (MMR) combines elements of both qualitative and quantitative approaches and has often been branded as a ‘transformative paradigm’. The importance of MMR means that the author can combine knowledge sets and move away from one’s allegiance to a particular research perspective. This review of literature will examine the paradigms that are commonly associated with education research. There is an active debate in the research community on the paradigms wars, and this will also be examined in relation to MMR
Relationship between Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Private Bank Employees
Get PDFIn this competitive business world satisfied employee is the prime asset of any business organization as an employee’s satisfaction can ensure continuous growth. The purpose of this study was to find out, is there any significant relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and job satisfaction of private bank employees in Bangladesh? By using Yamane\u27s (1967) formula the study consisted of 56 (male 89.3% and female 10.7%) respondents and it used semi-structured questionnaires containing pre-coded and open-ended questions. All questions were rated with the Likert 5-point scale. As all the variables used in this study (both dependent and independent) were categorical, the Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship. In this study, significant relations were found between some demographic characteristics, such as, sex, age, salary, and family income with job satisfaction indicators which were participation in decision making, training facilities, and increase knowledge and capacity. Education and geographic location did not show any significant relationship with job satisfaction indicators. Around 92.5% of male employees reported that the current organization helped to increase their knowledge and working capacity (p<0.028). More than half of the employees (55.3 %) of the 30-35 age group could not take part in decision making (p<0.013). In addition, family income and salary also exerted significant associations with participation in decision-making and proper training facilities respectively. Several stakeholders and concern authorities should give top priority in these demographic areas while developing strategies to improve the job satisfaction level of employees
Living Links Connecting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Small-scale Farmers and Agricultural Biodiversity
Get PDFThe 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Agenda 2030 adopted by the global community in September 2015 are applicable to all countries with the commitment “that no one is left behind.” As an agenda for “people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership”, Agenda 2030 provides a vision for people and planet-centered, human rights-based, and gender-sensitive sustainable development. It promises “more peaceful and inclusive societies” which are free from fear and violence.
Small scale farmers and agricultural biodiversity are critical to the achievement of aspects of most of the SDGs. In addition to being essential for the resilience and stability of agricultural production systems and our ability to adapt to climate change and other stressors; agricultural biodiversity is fundamental to the livelihoods, health and nutrition of billions Despite its importance to the health of both people and the planet, this broad understanding of what agricultural biological diversity is and the critical role played by its custodians, gets no explicit mention in the SDGs. In fact, awareness of this is low outside specialized institutions and agreements and explicit mention of both is rare in the context of sustainable development
This paper uses the example of small-scale farmers and agricultural biodiversity to illustrate how they are the living links amongst the SDGs as well as being critical components in their achievement and to the vision of Agenda 2030.
 
The Impact of Machine Learning on the Future of Insurance Industry
Get PDFRecently data remains the central and the core concentration in the insurance industry. The outburst in data generation thus created the need for technologies that will be used to process or manage big data in the industry. Thus, the conditions at hand are sighted by a plodding but firm change, which is compelled by an atmosphere shown by enhanced rivalry, fraud activities, flexible market places, high prospects from clients, and stringent guidelines. The introduction of machine learning in solving industry tasks in the assurance value chain such as underwriting and forfeiture avoidance, entitlements management, fraud uncovering, product evaluating, transactions, and client capability will put the industry in the damp light in the future due to high increase of big data. This paper has examines some cases and bring out the vital role of machine learning in handling client data and resolving issues of entitlements. Hence, machine learning holds a brighter future for insurance organizations if implemented well