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Structure transfer and consolidation in visual implicit learning
No full textTransfer learning, the re-application of previously learned higher-level regularities to novel input, is a key challenge in cognition. While previous empirical studies investigated human transfer learning in supervised or reinforcement learning for explicit knowledge, it is unknown whether such transfer occurs during naturally more common implicit and unsupervised learning and, if so, how it is related to memory consolidation. We compared the transfer of newly acquired explicit and implicit abstract knowledge during unsupervised learning by extending a visual statistical learning paradigm to a transfer learning context. We found transfer during unsupervised learning, but with important differences depending on the explicitness/implicitness of the acquired knowledge. Observers acquiring explicit knowledge during initial learning could transfer the learned structures immediately. In contrast, observers with the same amount but implicit knowledge showed the opposite effect, a structural interference during transfer. However, with sleep between the learning phases, implicit observers, while still remaining implicit, switched their behavior and showed the same pattern of transfer as explicit observers did. This effect was specific to sleep and not found after non-sleep consolidation. Our results highlight similarities and differences between explicit and implicit learning while acquiring generalizable higher-level knowledge and relying on consolidation for restructuring internal representations
Introduction: Imagining a New Gender Equality Contract for Europe
No full textAs alluded to in the title, the idea for this publication is to build on previous work on gender politics by the Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS) and Fondation Jean Jaurès, whilst taking inspiration from the works of contemporary progressive feminist thinkers, to apply a notion of feminism that works for everyone, with particular attention paid to the European Union (EU) policy context in a way that feminism is actually a project for society which promotes unity—rather than division—between citizens across the EU, regardless of their gender, social or cultural diversity. The aim is, therefore, to gather progressive voices with multidisciplinary backgrounds to launch a comprehensive reflection on how to move away from the “gender backlash” rhetoric by making room to imagine a “new gender contract” for a fairer, more equal Europe. By drawing on solid academic knowledge and concrete policy proposals, this participatory project endeavours to launch a true political reflection towards an inclusive and all-encompassing feminism for policymakers to unite around, across every policy field in the EU. Ultimately, the underlying intention is to offer a set of concrete contributions in the context of the new EU political cycle that started in June 2024
Multiplexity amplifies geometry in networks
No full textMany real-world networks are multilayer, with nontrivial correlations across layers. Here, we show that these correlations amplify geometry in networks. We focus on mutual clustering—a measure of the number of triangles that are present in all layers among the same triplets of nodes—and find that this clustering is abnormally high in many real-world networks, even when clustering in each individual layer is weak. We explain this unexpected phenomenon using a simple multiplex network model with latent geometry: Links that are most congruent with this geometry are the ones that persist across layers, amplifying the cross-layer triangle overlap. This result reveals a different dimension in which multilayer networks are radically distinct from their constituent layers
The State-Before-Event Inference Emerges Across Tenses
No full textIn language, comprehenders often need to infer the temporal order of events to construct a mental model of a complex situation. Dynamicity differences are a key predictor of these inferences: Non-dynamic states are reliably inferred to precede dynamic events. In two studies, we test two theoretical explanations for this phenomenon through temporal order judgments for past-under-past and future-under-future relative clauses in English: According to a tense-mediated account of temporal anchoring, people rely on the conceptual distinction between a more salient reference time—often a dynamic event—and a less salient anchored situation—often a static state. The temporal relationship between the two is determined at the linguistic level by tense meaning: For the past tense, the relationship should be one of anteriority, and for the future tense, it should be one of posteriority. However, the future tense has often been placed closer to modals than to tenses, relegating the question of temporal order to other mechanisms. Alternatively, from a purely cognitive perspective, salience differences between states and events are sufficient to infer temporal order, with states acting as temporal backgrounds for more salient events, regardless of tense. Our results support such a cognitive mechanism: In both experiments, states are backgrounded relative to events. Differences between the experiments furthermore support modal accounts of the semantics of the future
