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The development of probabilistic reasoning during early childhood
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659 German Research Foundationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711 Swiss National Science Foundatio
Evaluation of the stability and load-carrying capacity of double-curved unstiffened shells under compression through analysis of different initial imperfection sources
No full textComputer Vision for Primate Behavior Analysis in the Wild
No full textAdvances in computer vision and increasingly widespread video-based behavioral monitoring are currently transforming how we study animal behavior. However, there is still a gap between the prospects and practical application, especially in videos from the wild. In this Perspective, we aim to present the capabilities of current methods for behavioral analysis, while at the same time highlighting unsolved computer vision problems that are relevant to the study of animal behavior. We survey state-of-the-art methods for computer vision problems relevant to the video-based study of individualized animal behavior, including object detection, multi-animal tracking, individual identification and (inter)action understanding. We then review methods for effort-efficient learning, one of the challenges from a practical perspective. In our outlook on the emerging field of computer vision for animal behavior, we argue that the field should develop approaches to unify detection, tracking, identification and (inter)action understanding in a single, video-based framework
Challenging the negativity bias in affective scene viewing: The role of social content
No full textHow does the brain prioritize information when visual scenes contain multiple sources of relevance? While emotionally evocative content has long been considered central to attentional capture, social content constitutes another key dimension of relevance. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the integration of these relevance dimensions remain unclear. We co-registered event-related potentials (ERPs) and eye movements while participants viewed complex scenes varying in social content (social, non-social) and emotional valence (positive, negative, neutral). Early ERP responses (P1) showed enhanced amplitudes for positive social images, suggesting that social relevance can mitigate the early-stage negativity bias. Social content also modulated the EPN, while emotional valence shaped later components (P300, LPC), with larger amplitudes for negative scenes. Eye-tracking measures mirrored these ERP effects: initial saccades were faster for social images, and fixation patterns indicated increased visual exploration for both positive and negative social scenes relative to neutral ones. Together, these results support a sequential appraisal process in which social content is prioritized at early perceptual stages, while emotional valence influences later evaluative processing. This pattern challenges the notion of a general negativity bias and underscores the interactive and stage-specific contributions of social and emotional relevance in affective scene perception
Effects of wellbore and skin zone on co-seismic water level Responses: A numerical study
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 National Natural Science Foundation of Chinahttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004826 Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipalit
Belastungen und Beanspruchungen von Lehrkräften in Berlin
No full textLehrkräfte in Berlin bewerten ihre Arbeitsbedingungen deutlich schlechter als der nationale Durchschnitt aller Beruf, obwohl akademische Berufe normalerweise bessere Bedingungen bieten. Im Vergleich mit früheren Studien zeigen sich ein gleichbleibendes Muster. In Berlin wurden nun neue Tiefstwerte erreicht – während Ressourcen durchschnittlich bewertet werden, sind die Belastungen konstant extrem hoch. Besonders belastend sind die hohe Arbeitsintensität, ungünstige Arbeitszeiten, respektloses Verhalten und Lärm. Gleichzeitig fehlt es an Gestaltungsspielraum und Ressourcen, um diese Belastungen auszugleichen. Hinzu kommen schulspezifische Belastungen, wie hohe emotionale Anforderungen und ein hoher Druck durch viele außerunterrichtliche Aufgaben, die nicht zu den pädagogischen Kernaufgaben gehören. Dies wirft Frage auf, wie attraktiv der Lehrberuf derzeit noch ist
Humidity controls soil organic carbon accrual in grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 National Natural Science Foundation of Chin
What makes an epidemic a disaster: the future of epidemics within the EM-DAT International Disaster Database
No full textAbstract Background Reporting on and monitoring epidemics is a public health priority. Several initiatives and platforms provide epidemiological data, such as the EM-DAT International Disaster Database, which has 1525 epidemics and their impact reported since 1900, including 892 epidemics between 2000 and 2023. However, EM-DAT has inconsistent coverage and deficiencies regarding the systematic monitoring of epidemics data due to the lack of a standardized methodology to define what will be included under an epidemic disaster. Methods We conducted a sequential study that included an online survey of experts in infectious diseases, public health emergencies, and related data, followed by committee discussions with disaster experts. This approach aimed to identify appropriate definitions and entry criteria for archiving disease outbreak events. Results The survey had 21 respondents from universities and international organizations, with experts primarily specialized in infectious disease surveillance. Experts agreed that epidemics should be considered as disasters. Experts cited challenges in defining epidemic thresholds. However, they proposed pathogen-based criteria and agreed that disruption to society, especially to the healthcare system, serves as a determinant of epidemic disasters. The experts favored deaths and confirmed cases as key indicators, alongside suggestions on refining EM-DAT's entry criteria and improving epidemic impact assessment. Discussion This article offers valuable insights into epidemic disasters, a topic previously underdefined in the literature, thereby enhancing understanding for policymakers and public health professionals