The Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers
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Agri-Food System Transformation
No full textFlood to re, conict to climate and Covid to Controlling desire are severely aecting agricultural production to processing food and bre, supply chain to shelter, safety and satisfactions throughout the world. In the changing scenario it is better for a country to look back and vision the future to make a dynamic planning, strategy to support, sustain, defend and prosper in such situation. Food, cloth, water and air remain on top priority. is article analyses some changing dynamics in agricultural and food systems and desired transformations therein
Chocolate Manufacturing: Process and Innovations
No full textCommercial chocolate manufacturing started in 18th century with the addition of milk as a major ingredient. Chocolate making is a science as well as an art, requiring a multi-step rening process. Each manufacturer has its own formulation and standardized processing conditions. Chocolate is prepared from a mixture of one or more dierent ingredients: cocoa bean/nib/ press cake, cocoa dust, sugar, cocoa butter, and milk solids however, emulsiers, avors, fruits, and nuts are the optional ingredients. Depending on its composition, chocolate is known as plain chocolate, milk chocolate, white chocolate, blended chocolate, bitter chocolate, or composite chocolate. Chocolate’s traditional formulation need to be altered to meet the demands of today’s consumers, particularly those with dietary restrictions and preferences. In this article basic unit operation, innovative ingredients, packaging, and labeling guidelines for chocolate have been covered in detail
Work Physiology Assessment of Women Farm Workers in Inter-culture Operation
No full texte rural female workers of dierent age groups were selected to carry intercultural operation for wheat crop using 3-tyne manual cultivator. e anthropometric dimensions of the selected respondents were measured followed by the assessment of physiological responses prior to and post operation. e study revealed that the average resting and working heart rate of the respondents were 79.5 and 107.6 (bpm); BMI, VO2max and AWL were determined as 20.55 kg/m2, 1.58ml/Kg.min, and 0.58ml/Kg.min. e initial and working average EER (KJ/min) was determined as 5.26 and 7.10; while, the OCR (L/min) was 0.29 and 0.45 respectively. e overall body part discomfort score was 29.50. e study concluded that the physiological variations in the respondents increases with their age and signicantly aects the performance of the working operators
India @2047: Agricultural engineering perspective
No full textAgricultural development in India is the outcome of coordinated interplay of man-machine-material interface. As the luxury of putting more area under cultivation has dried up, increasing per unit land and labour productivity in agriculture in the realm of over 73% of the small and marginal farmers having less than one acre land is one option. The land holding is continuously declining and about 85% farmers are small and marginal. The demand for mechanization to keep productivity in increasing order is consistently increasing and farmers, manufacturing industries with their network, government and NGOs are engaged in promoting appropriately mechanized agriculture. ICAR with its NARES system of specialized institutions has actively been engaged in need-based research and development of mechanized tools, equipment, machinery for production and post-harvest operations in food, feed, fodder, fibre, natural resins and gums. The foodgrain production with at least 20 % increase in production due to intervention of agricultural engineering technologies, touched the estimated record high of 316 million tons in 2022; and the Indian agriculture is changing phase from self-reliant to export oriented need based production and business system
Self-reliance in farm machinery manufacturing for an Atma Nirbhar Bharat
No full textAgriculture continues to be the bedrock of the Indian economy, given 2/3rd of India’s population and 70% of its workforce residing in rural areas, generating nearly 46% of the national income, with its contribution to the GDP consistently at over 15% in recent years. As COVID-19 brought India’s economic growth to a grinding halt, agriculture emerged as the only sector that bucked the trend and aggregated growth. According to the ministry of statistics, the agriculture sector’s contribution to GDP has risen from 17.6% in 2018-19, to over 20% in 2020-21
Factors Affecting Agricultural Mechanization-A Case Study from Aligarh Division of Uttar Pradesh
Get PDFMechanization of agriculture is an essential input to the modern agriculture. It enhances productivity, besides reducing human drudgery and cost of cultivation and improves utilization efficiencies of other inputs. The effect of different factors on mechanization was assessed through survey study in Aligarh, Etah and Hathras districts of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 240 respondents across different categories of land holding from twelve blocks of Aligarh division were selected through stratified simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR). Custom hiring service (CHS) availability and education of farmers positively influenced mechanization index with a Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.84 and 0.81 for land holding and annual income, respectively and Kandal’s tau of 0.63 and 0.54 for CHS availability and education, respectively. Family labour availability was observed to negatively influence the mechanization with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of (-) 0.44. Land holding was alone responsible for 47% variation in mechanization index. The factors land holding (LH), annual income (AI) and family labour (FL) had fairly high explanatory power and explained nearly 80 % of variation in the Mechanization Index
Temperature Dependent Hydration Kinetics of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) and Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Grains
Get PDFHydration kinetics of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) grains were studied at temperatures between 30 - 70°C by estimating moisture contents at different durations of soaking. Initial moisture content of finger millet and foxtail millet grains were 12.29% (d.b.) and 12.04% (d.b.) and at saturation, attained the moisture content of 53.01 - 60.92% (d.b.) and 40.93 – 46.33% (d.b.), respectively. Finger millet took about 16 h to reach saturation moisture content at soaking temperature of 30°C and 2 hours at 70°C. In the case of foxtail millet, it took 3.5 h at 70°C and 17.5 h at 30°C. The moisture content with respect to duration were well fitted to Lewis, Page, modified Page and Peleg models with coefficient of determination of 0.92 - 0.99. Among these models, Peleg model suggested a good fit for finger millet, and Page and Peleg models for foxtail millet grains. The dependency of the coefficients of the hydration models with soaking temperature was found to be linear for both little and proso millets with coefficient of determination ranging from 0.88 to 0.97
Study on the Impact of Agricultural Machinery Custom Hiring Centres Established in Tamil Nadu
Get PDFCustom Hiring Centres (CHC) of agricultural machinery and implements are very helpful for the farming community to increase the net income of the farmers by way of reducing the cost of cultivation through farm mechanization at each and every stage of crop growth in a timely manner. Small and Marginal farmers are not in a position to purchase the higher cost machinery like higher horse power tractors, threshers, harvesters, balers and other equipment. The custom hiring centres formed at block and village level of Tamilnadu helped in increasing the additional area of about 400 to 600 ha under cultivation in their zone of operation. It was estimated that 500 to 600 farmers were benefited by each custom hiring centre. The custom hiring centre benefitted farmers with able to easily dispose the paddy straw from field to market immediately after harvest, with additional income of about Rs.15,000 to 25,000/- per ha. The average income generated by each custom hiring centres in last three years was estimated as varying from Rs.0.5 million to Rs. 1.5 million. On socio economic development side, the different farm implements such as transplanter, multi crop thresher, combine harvester and baler had been bought by the custom hiring centre owners as additional equipment on need based through the income generation by operating the custom hiring centres
Impact of Various Parameters on Adoption of Zero-till Seed-cum- Fertilizer Drill in Pusa Block of Samastipur District – A Case Study
Get PDFAdoption of zero-till technology in wheat was found to be governed by man, machine and input parameters. Attitude of farmers and awareness were found to be most prominent one with 100% scoring. Age of farmers and benefits in cultivation were vital in machine adoption. A total of 75% farmers below 40 years age had used machine and earned more than Rs. 8000/- per acre. Further, 71 % farmers, having above 5.0 acres land had better adoption of the machine. The machine users (82%) were mostly from Rice-Wheat cropping system and 89% of them had sown wheat timely. The percentage of farmers who had used new seeds and granular fertilizers in machine was 79 and 93, respectively. Only 18% and 11% farmers had knowledge of machine calibration for seed and fertilizer, respectively. Poor knowledge of majority of farmers (32%) for depth control in field was general problem. Ultimately, the man, machine and input parameters were found to have role in enhancing wheat productivity through machine. A total of 54% of farmers had realized more than 10% gain in yield by machine over broadcasting method. The farmers who had used machine with fluted roller metering device were 68%. Only 46.43% had maintained machine properly before its use
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