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Incidence of Prostate Cancer in Transgender Women in the US: A Large Database Analysis
Get PDFThe risk of prostate cancer among transgender women undergoing medical and surgical gender-affirming interventions remains unclear, though up to a fivefold decreased risk has been reported in comparison to cisgender men. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the risk of prostate cancer among transgender women (TW) using data from TriNetX, a large database, versus SEER. Our findings indicate that, overall, transgender women exhibited a 2.56-fold lower risk of prostate cancer compared to cisgender men. Specifically, among TW on hormone therapy between ages 50–64, we observed a 2.06-fold decrease in risk. Contrary to the previous perception of prostate cancer being rare in transgender women, our study suggests that it may not be as uncommon as previously believed
[Discussions] Vol. 20 Iss. 1
Get PDFThis issue of Discussions was published for the Spring 2024 cycle
Knowledge Management and Semantic Reasoning: Ontology and Information Theory Enable the Construction of Knowledge Bases and Knowledge Graphs
Get PDFFAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles are guidelines Wilkinson, et. al. (2016) proposed for data governance and stewardship. Ontology is a powerful tool that can achieve many aspects of all four FAIR principles. Unfortunately, there is a misconception about ontology that it is only useful for establishing FAIR data. We need to think beyond data to answer the question “So what?” after an ontology is developed. It is critical to apply FAIR principles to results, analysis, and models, which is where the concept of digital thread comes in. FAIRified results, analysis, and models can be stored in a knowledge base and represented in a knowledge graph (KG), a flexible and extensible representation of knowledge, capable of inductive and deductive reasoning via the inherent structure that allows semantic reasoning, as well as the semantics applied by an ontology as the underlying schema layer. This versatile data structure can also be combined with principles of information theory that can refine the patterns and relationships by minimizing the uncertainties and randomness of the data. In essence, we supply a KG with a knowledge base and a semantic reasoning engine to infer new patterns and relationships as new knowledge, which can be imported back into the knowledge base
U.S. Public Equity ESG Fund Composite and Parnassus Core Equity Fund: Performance and Factor Attribution
Get PDFThis is the first paper to examine all U.S. public equity Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) funds offered by the Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment’s (SIF) institutional member firms from 2005 to 2020. For ease of communication, this will be called the ESG Composite. With a Net Asset Value (NAV) over $150 billion, these funds comprise nearly half of the U.S. public equity ESG investment landscape. The article finds that the ESG Composite maintains performance with the Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500 total return index on an overall returns basis with lower volatility, indicating greater risk-adjusted returns. Factor analysis reveals that the ESG Composite returns are primarily driven by underleveraged exposure to market returns as well as prevalence of mid-to-large cap and high beta stocks. When isolating the largest fund in the ESG Composite — the Parnassus Core Equity Fund (PRBLX) portfolio — this study finds significant outperformance over the S&P 500 on an overall returns basis. Factor analysis reveals greater emphasis on underleverage to the market and greater preference for large cap, high beta stocks. When compared to the global mutual fund universe, the ESG Composite outperforms in annualized returns and Sharpe ratios, whereas the PRBLX portfolio outperforms in annualized returns, annualized Sharpe ratios, annualized alphas, and annualized information ratios. Conclusions drawn from this study will (1) supplement the discussion on ESG usefulness and (2) present actionable investment insights
EdChoice — A Reason to Rejoice? An Analysis of Competitive Effects of School Voucher Programs in Ohio
Get PDFOhio’s school choice voucher program, known as the EdChoice Scholarship, has been highly controversial since its inception and the recent 2023 expansion has reignited debates. The economic rationale for this policy is that increased competitive pressure creates higher performing public schools. Previous research has found that Florida public schools performed slightly better due to the competitive effects of school choice vouchers. We use data from the Ohio Department of Education and Google Maps API over the years 2009-2018 to estimate the competitive effects of eligible private schools on public school performance after the 2013 income-based EdChoice expansion. This is achieved using a two-way fixed effects model that predicts state exam performance using the number of voucher eligible competitors in a 5 miles radius. Contrary to popular assumptions, we find that increased competitive pressure spurred by the expansion predicts a decrease in school performance. Our findings suggest that the negative effects of losing high-performing students and having diminished spending capabilities due to total lower enrollment overpower the positive effects that increased competition has on school performance
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