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Public charge and private transfer of building rights in Brazil: the need for coherence in regulation and implementation
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southUrban policy instruments began to be specifically referred by Federal Law in Brazil with the National Constitution of 1988, which was followed, after twenty years of debate in Congress, by the City Statute (Federal Law 10,257/2001). This national Law came to establish urban policy principles and guidelines for municipal action, including the regulation of urban policy instruments. Among those, the Municipal Charge on Building Rights (MCBR)1 and the Transfer of Building Rights (TBR)2 were defined in general terms as instruments to be used by municipalities according to local specificities and needs, in order to contribute to the principle of fair distribution of benefits and costs from the urbanization process.
The Articles 28 to 31 of the City Statute provide the bases for the MCBR, a charge to be collected by municipalities from additional building rights over a basic or regular FAR3. Once infrastructure and urban services are provided by the public and densities depend on their availability, this charge works as a value capture tool aimed at preventing the private appropriation of land value increments that result from administrative decisions on densities allowed in each city zone. The TBR, in its turn, is defined in Article 35 of the same Law. It allows the owner of an urban property to exercise in another location, or dispose of for this purpose, the right to build that for public interest reasons cannot be used in his property.publishedVersio
Growth, permanence and possibilities: analysing cities in Amazon region
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThink about urban planning in the periphery (from the periphery) of the capital, it is no simple task. In addition to the high informality rates, the low priority given to the urban design by the plans and the appropriation of urbanization models created to other contexts, the periphery seems doomed to repeat the mistakes of the big urban centers, with no room for innovation or to map a different trajectory. Turns out, this turn of the century, we live in a unique time in the history of cities, there was never so much accumulated knowledge about cities and its access was never so easy. From North to South of the planet is possible to share experiences and clearly realize that there is not just one way to "progress".
This article focuses on cities in the Amazon region - the last part of Brazil encompassed by the urban-industrial rationality shaped by northern countries - and where many cities are still in the process of restructuring and consolidation, and may create another history than a preset future of social and environmental degradation. The Amazon region occupies a large part of Brazil, but there are few studies focusing on its urbanization process and its peculiarities. Despite the driving force that urban centers could have on environmental preservation, cities and their inhabitants are not part of the claims and environmental debates centered in the biome and its role in other regions.publishedVersio
Bridging food commons and planning: exploring a dialogue between consumer cooperatives and socio-spatial strategies in Istanbul
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southEmerging trends regarding the food supply for urban consumers trigger growing interest of research and policy in urban and regional planning agenda, which once considered as external for urban dynamics. Offered to be defined as “new food equation”, prominent researchers unfolded these emergent trends as decreasing affordability, reliability and security of food supply. Also increasing discontent and objection of urban citizens for such circumstances, apparent transformations of eco-systems related with agri-food sector in the era of globalization and new land conflicts triggered by the growing demand on food by increasing numbers of urban consumers have been the popout headings. Concept of Alternative food networks (AFN) became a far-reaching research strand and policy based tool to cope with emerging trends of food supply, considering urban consumers and rural (or so called peri-urban) producers. AFN literature and policy practice offers contemporary research agenda topics regarding future attempts to deal with food supply of urban areas in regional and local scales. These topics include on the one hand an evaluation of the potential and limits of local food networks to illustrate whether they are ecologically sustainable in environmental level, just enough to promote more integrated and embedded social relations across urban and rural settings in social level and healthy enough to respond to food crises. On the other hand they require creating new ways of policy-making to suggest or force grassroots initiatives and local governments for new institutional structures to maintain food-supply.publishedVersio
The Korean model of urban development: an exploratory approach
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southAs developing countries have undergone rapid urbanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, more than half of the world’s population live in urban area today. However, onethird of the global urban population resides in slums and squatter-type settlements. As such, many developing countries suffer from a shortage of urban housing and infrastructure and the ensuing poor residential environment; Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is limited while mass transit is rarely available in most cities. Korea also faced the same problem of housing and infrastructure shortage as it experienced an unprecedented rural-to-urban migration. However, it has largely overcome the problem: Today, the housing stock exceeds the number of households. Almost all population is served by water supply and sewerage systems. Mass transit, such as subway and bus, absorbs a large portion of traffic every day. From an international comparative point of view, this paper explores unique characteristics of Korean urban development which have successfully contributed to coping with rapid urbanization over the last half century. The Korean way of urban development, or ‘Korean model’, is different from the Western model, of which many developing countries follow the example. Notably, in its physical form and appearance, Korean cities are characterized by high density and high-rise multi-family housing development as they are often cynically called ‘republic of apartment (multi-family housing of more than five stories)’.publishedVersio
Measuring Advanced Producer Services in a Global CBD: Sydney 2001-2011
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe rise of advanced producer services as a driver of urban economies is inextricably linked to globalization (Taylor, 2011). In this study, we report on the concentration of advanced producer services in the CBD of Sydney, Australia’s leading global city. This study is underpinned by the global city thesis that a global city’s status is determined by its capacity to provide advanced producer services, and that the activities of these services tend to be concentrated in central business districts (CBD) (Sassen, 2001). This global city thesis, together with the information technology facilitated “space of flows” (Castells, 2000), has informed what might be called an “exogenous” approach that focuses on inter-city connectivity through globalised economic activities (Taylor, 2004). This exogenous approach has dominated the global city literature that maps out a global city network within which individual cities are interlinked, including Sydney (Taylor, 2004; Taylor et al., 2011; Taylor, et al., 2014;). Such studies have revealed Sydney’s increasingly established position in the global city network, and its growing role as the gateway city of Australia’s economy and an important urban node of the integrated global economy.
In this study, we take a different approach by employing an “endogenous” approach that focuses on the concentration of advanced producer services inside Sydney to offer a more localised and nuanced understanding of the city’s global capacity. The findings inform an appreciation of the city’s response to global economic forces and in particular an appreciation of how the planning system steers development forces into a mediation of private and public interest.publishedVersio
Security of tenure and laws: the case of Cairo’s squatter1 areas
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southFor decades, security of tenure has been a problem to most of the developing countries. Almost 50% of developing world urban residents lack legal documents for the tenure security (Payne et al. 2012; Alfiky 2014). Based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adequate housing is essential to achieve an adequate standard of living (United Nations 1999). The right to adequate housing should be enforced with the provision of legal access to land, effective use of land and protection from forced eviction that is obliged by the international law (United Nations 1999, UN- Habitat 2008, Payne et al. 2012). Legal or secure access to land is the opportunity of people to occupy or use the land either permanently or temporally for shelter, economic and productive activities (UN-Habitat 2008). Secure access to land encourages people to invest in land and develop economic activities (ibid).publishedVersio
Institutional mechanisms and policy frameworks for social infrastructure planning in Bogotá: the master plan as land policy tool
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southFollowing the development tendency seen during the last 65 years in Latin America, the Colombian population has been concentrated in urban poles in a rapid “urbanization process”. While this exponential growth tendency has influenced several positive economic effects but also several negative environmental impacts, it has not been successful per se in reducing social and spatial inequalities, questioning the effectiveness of policy making institutions particularly in guarantee equivalent spatial distribution and access to social and human resources as education, health, justice, security and/or even trade for urban citizens. Only in Bogota, and according to the mayor Office in 2003 mostly 55,3% of the city’s population, almost 3.5 million inhabitant, where living in absolute poverty.
Thus, instead of “urbanized environments” these growth processes have stimulated highly dense and segregated “agglomerated fragments” with an unbalanced distribution of social services and discontinuous infrastructure networks which have contributed to positioning Latin American, and especially Colombian cities, as some of the most unequal places in the world. ”One thing is clear: Latin American nations continue to wrestle with many of the same problems they have wrestled with for decades- uneven growth with high levels of poverty and the world’s highest levels of inequality; ineffective state institutions that deliver limited benefits to often a highly restricted minority of the population”.publishedVersio
Extending real estate supply, increasing housing affordability by price reduction - a study of land use regulations intervention in TOD Zones in National Capital Region, India
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThis paper is about TOD corridors in the National Capital region of Delhi, India and measures effects of change in land use regulations. TODs are characterized as pedestrian-friendly dense property developments, which are organized within a halfmile of quality public transportation nodes or stations. Being close to transit, TODs provide greater access to jobs, housing and several recreational land uses to all including opportunity for people of all ages and incomes (Calthorpe 2001; Cervero and Dai 2013; Kamruzzaman et al. 2014; Reconnecting America 2015). TOD often also means developing new housing mixed-income housing near rail stations (Chatman 2013), developing other desirable uses such as hotel, retail or commercial offices as mixed type developments (Lund 2006; Urban Land Institute) promoting walkability and healthy urban environment. TOD although gaining popularity, is still relatively a new concept in the developing world, and has only received a limited attention from the land use and planning scholars. This paper is about six Transit Oriented Development (TOD) corridors in the National Capital Region of south western Delhi, India. The focus of the paper is to measure the effects of changes on the localized real estate market –– on demand and supply of developable properties –– with modification in land use regulations along the TOD corridors.publishedVersio
Participatory practices of planning in times of (neo-liberal) globalization. North, South and beyond
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southPlanning practices in different parts of the world reflect local institutions’ beliefs, behaviors, and social patterns. Similarly, participatory discourses seem to mean differently in different settings and contexts. We may use similar words to express different ideas, perceiving differently what we see or hear. This round table intends to exchange ideas and encourage discussions on how we understand the planning practice in general, and participatory planning practices in particular, by taking into account the values and the meanings attached to these words in Brazil and the United States. How do we understand technical/rational/analytical activity directed to solve (or avoid) world systemic problems? To which extend is the planning practice engaged with change and innovation to transform unfair or unjust social realities?publishedVersio
Urban land question. Planning, property and (In) security of tenure under the empire of finance
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe practice - which includes urban codes and regulations associated with investments on urban expansion or renewal - is strongly embedded in the liberal thinking prevalent at its birth, a model of socio-political organization where property, rights and citizenship are interweaved .
Private property of land, connected with land appropriation and allocation only through market transactions inscribed within certain contractual rules, which are the forms through which land rent can be extracted and a fundamental element of the capitalist accumulation regime – also have an essential political dimension. According to Polanyi, the freedom of commercializing properties, especially land properties, constitutes an essential part of individual freedom, which is the basis for individual citizenship rights.
However, since than, and still now, land and tenure regimes and modes of creating cities and territories are rather multiple, generating not just one, but several forms of production, appropriation and allocation of space. Planning has never fulfilled its utopia of total order and control of cities, neither the total transformation and submission of tenure regimes to one and only mode of allocating and transforming space.publishedVersio