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Weaving the Built Environment. Social infrastructure networks enhancing socio-spatial inclusion, urban equity and community resilience in Bogota and Medellin
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southAlthough Bogota’s development process between 1998 and 2007 has been documented, awarded and internationally discussed mainly due to the introduction of the BRT Transmilenio system, less has been said, researched and measured about it more or less 500 Million USD primary and secondary public Schools and Libraries Infrastructure investments (mostly twice the cost of the Guggenheim Bilbao museum) carried out during this 10 years period.
Thrived in a decentralized and distributive spatial pattern, the School and Libraries facilities development program is a unique example of a long run and land policy based Social Infrastructure System strategy implemented in the most vulnerable districts and intended for the poorest children of the city out of any cost for them and aimed to equilibrate social and spatial urban benefits in a traditionally highly unequal urban context. However, the success of this initiative and it urban scale positive impacts rely not only upon the quality of the facilities itself but on the articulation capacity of the projects to the existing urban fabric and the public space in the surroundings as well as to the public transportation networks.
Probably the golden Lion award1 for cities won by Bogota during the 10th Biennale di Venezia in 2006 in Italy has been the most remarkable and worldwide relevant recognition for this planned and implemented urban development vision that through articulating mega projects contributed in weaving a highly fragmented urban environment, enhancing citizens accessibility to human and social resources and capitals as well as stimulating urban hope.publishedVersio
Paradigms in conflict: new perspectives for the regional development in the Brazilian Semiarid region
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThis article presents the political project of coexistence with the Brazilian Semiarid (CSA), which is being developed and defended by a regional network in order to lead to new policies and a new paradigm of development. The objective of the article is to analyse the conception of regional development inner to this new paradigmatic proposal, showing that a more socially just development is possible in the region.
According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics in the Brazilian semiarid region lives 13% of the national population and it represents 11% of the Brazilian territory. Here we can find 60% of the Brazilian population that lives in extreme poverty condition and half of its population (more than ten million people) has no income or merely depends on governmental benefits. The region is characterized by a social structure based on a concentration of wealth, income, water and land. At the same time, it is an area susceptible to a threatening desertification process. It is characterized by economic stagnation, dependence on government resources and low human development index. This poses the urgent need for public policies that can reverse this dramatic situation.publishedVersio
Scarce agricultural land: the failure of Australian planning law and practice
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe sprawl and almost uncontrolled growth of Australian cities such as Sydney has starkly confronted spatial planning with the unresolved interplay of competing public and private urbanisation actors with the compelling need to accommodate an increasingly scarce (and valuable) complex of competing agricultural property rights. The growing evident inability of spatial planning to understand the peri-urban interface and the complex situations at this interface requires a deeper grasp of the interaction between property rights and the capacities of spatial planning, than hitherto gained.
Agricultural property rights also comprise an untidy and complex mixture of natural resources encompassing surface and subsurface mineral deposits, aquifers, ambient and impounded surface waters, intensive agribusinesses, rangelands and horticultural activities, amongst others.
This paper proposes that a finer grain approach at the intersection of spatial planning, law, and property rights is now urgently needed, if scarce and conflicted agricultural property rights in the peri-urban milieu can be successfully mediated in the face of almost irresistible urbanisation demands.publishedVersio
Fishing as survival strategy of urban resident of small cities at the delta of Amazon River
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe economy of floodplain is based mainly on fishing, logging, ranching and agriculture. Its vegetation of flooded forests and weeds in lakes provide food and shelter for aquatic and terrestrial life, as well as natural pastures. There, in the lowland areas, survive about 1.5 million inhabitants, known as riparian zone, making use of its resources. Some of the residents living in urban areas, especially in floodplain sites, have a rural way of life due to the practice of extraction, featuring the country in urban and vice versa. Several Amazonian cities are located in the forest, located along of large rivers and drained by numerous small streams. In the city of Ponta de Pedras, located in the Marajó Island, in the Amazon Delta region, a riverside rural population triggered the Local Authorities in order to occupy a space in the city, because their children needed to have access to school and families also needed access to basic infrastructure (water, electricity and sewerage). More than a third of the urban area of the city of Ponta de Pedras sits on floodplain area bordering the river Armazém and Marajo-Açu River. This place is known popularly by Carnapijó neighborhood, however, this information is not official but a name made by the residents through a popular consensus. The Carnapijó neighborhood has riverside town characteristics more intensively, for instance its streets connected to the river (ending or going against it), than other places of the city. This place has its own dynamics connected to the Amazon region’s, influenced by tide dynamic. The urban occupation of this neighborhood has grown over the years; however, the characteristics of the local residents have also changed, little, but changed. Earlier people who were living there were fishermen.publishedVersio
Construction of site selection evaluation system of Garden Shows in China based on urban developing goals
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southGarden show originated in Europe is a city event of festival characteristic about landscape and garden exhibition. It was officially introduced to China as Kunming International Horticultural Exposition of 1999 which was highly praised. The garden shows in China mainly include 4 International Horticultural Expositions (since 1999 about every four years), 11 China International Flower Expos (sine 1997 every two years), 8 China Flower Expos (since 1987 every four years) and 3 China Virescence Expos (since 2005 every four years).
As great city events, garden shows play important roles in city spatial development. Garden shows’ site selection can express the strategic intent to the host city, the function requirement of garden shows and an important effect factor for the garden shows to achieve the established urban developing goals.
According to the host city’s urban planning goals, we analyzed several typical cases and categorized the site selections’ function into four types: the garden show site selections for exhibition and sell, for inner city renewal, for new area construction and for scenic forest exploitation. Each type of site selections’ function has been clarified in three aspects: the distance from the city, the suitable scale and the specific function in both city life and city development. And as great city events, there is possibility for garden shows site selection to learn from Expo, so we took the site reselection of 2010 Shanghai World Expo as an example to explain the tendencypublishedVersio
Using environmental issues to stimulate placemaking: local initiatives in the first climate resilient neighborhood in Copenhagen
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThis paper explores the use of environmental issues to stimulate placemaking in urban areas challenged by socio-environmental matters.
Considering that placemaking is a collaborative process by which one can shape public spaces in order to maximize shared values, it can involve more than just promoting better urban design, but also facilitating innovative patterns of use, with particular attention to the physical, cultural, and social identities that define a place and support its continuous integration with the city (Jacobs 1961; Altman & Setha 1992; Gehl 2010).
In recent years, citizens collectives concerned with socio-environmental issues are starting bottom-up initiatives all over the world. Often, they start from creative individuals who share values and ideas with groups and practice placemaking, as well as other temporary projects that connect local citizens in a transdisciplinary and collaborative network. Mostly, they are people who are able to establish connections (Boonstra 2015). At the same time, local authorities in Europe are looking for effective urban renewals moving toward sustainable regeneration in urban areas (URBACT 2015). Environmental issues are increasingly being used as an integrative core for social and economic dimensions through local authorities’ top-down strategies combined with bottom-up citizen initiatives (Friedman & Weaver 1980), through a sort of bottom-linked citizen participation (Eizaguirre et al 2012).publishedVersio
A study on trip mobility deprivation of residents in migrant community in the urban fringe of Shanghai Metropolitan Area
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southAs the largest city in China, Shanghai has witnessed a rapidly increasing floating population. Compared with the central city and the outer suburban area, the periphery of Shanghai has been the area with the fastest growth of floating population. Due to its location, relatively low housing prices, and job opportunities, the periphery of Shanghai has accommodated many migrant workers. As a vulnerable group with relatively low income, these migrant workers’ daily travel patterns are quite different from other city dwellers. This paper focuses on trip mobility of residents in migrant community on the periphery of Shanghai metropolitan area. The research tries to figure out: (i) to what extent the trip mobility of immigrants is deprived; (ii) what cause the deprivation; (iii) how can things be improved.
Seven migrant communities on the periphery of Shanghai were selected as case studies. In each community, the overall population is more than 10,000, the land area is more than one square kilometer, and the percentage of floating population in total population is more than 80%. In order to evaluate the deprivation level of the migrant’s daily travel, seven other local communities with similar locations and population sizes were selected as control groups. As opposed to the migrant communities, percentages of local hukou residents in these communities are over 80%(Figure 1).publishedVersio
Coastal tourism a tool for socio-ecological resilience: investigation of challenges and opportunities of tourism destinations in New Zealand
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southTourism as an activity represents the dilemma of the missing balance between a community’s need for economic revenues, and concerns about sustainability of environmental resources. New Zealand is used as an example of that missing balance, as coastal tourism is gaining more importance in the national economy while creating more pressures on socio-ecological systems. This study addresses the missing balance through investigating the relationship between Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) practice and tourism activity.
This study established a mechanism for assessing tourism’s contribution in increasing coastal resilience and eventually achieving a form of sustainable coastal development. This study undertook an initial assessment using five case studies in New Zealand and used them for a preliminary test of the proposed mechanism.
This study’s aim carry great importance in a world of change, in an era where environmental threats increase rapidly. The coastal resources specifically are facing serious threats in a global scale ranging from rising sea levels due to global warming to natural hazards like tropical cyclones. In addition to these hazards, our human activities have proven to be equally destructive to these valuable resources through pollution and consistence degradation of these coastal areas.publishedVersio
“Phantom” of the living units: case of Istanbul
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southGiving priority to economical development in planning process ends up with losing ecological and natural values of cities and also exposes social problems related to implementation decisions. Day by day, cities have faced losing green capacity because of defective planning decisions and government policies. Likewise, contemporary urban planning practices focus mainly land cover based socio-economic decision making under the impact of strong settlement competitiveness of global trends ignoring socio-ecological dynamics in this process.
Meanwhile, rapidly growing metropolitan areas of Turkey have dilemmas between sustainable urban growth and urban ecology. Nowadays, Istanbul is experiencing disturbing and devastating urban planning and design practices including the loss of natural green areas. Due to mega projects in Istanbul, green areas are under threat of transforming to gray areas. At the same time, in urban development process, man-made environments become poor areas which design regardless of age, gender, socio economic level or race. At this point, critical question is that if there is no regulation related to “natural and artificial green planning”, how cities can conduct its sustainability and liveability while maintain its identity and social variety. Undoubtedly, it is essential to response the question of what role the regulation of green or/and open areas play in identifying quality of life in Istanbul as well as what role open spaces play in our social life.publishedVersio
Legislation as a pratical instrument in sustainability
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe aim of this paper is, after doing a reflection about the concept, to bring a brief overview of Brazilian law that after the 1980s, employ in their content terms like sustainability and sustainable development, in order to reassert the role of these laws in the construction of cities in consonance with sustainable principles.
In this sense, much is still discussed about overcrowded cities, which caused serious environmental problems as a result of the occupation of inappropriate areas, destruction of ecologically valuable resources and environmental pollution. The processes of massive immigration from the countryside to metropolises eventually externalize social and environmental costs in the form of saturation of air pollution levels, water, noise and visual. The urban environment, according to Mota (2011), consists of the "natural system" and the "anthropic system" and changes made by man in the environment are always made quickly and intensely and does not allow it to have a normal recovery of nature, whose processes occur more slowly. The search for the "relative balance" in the ecosystem, according to the author, is the biggest challenge; how to achieve sustainable development of cities in a way that achieves balance between human intervention and conservation of natural resources.
Although Engels (1845) had already pointed out the factors of environmental degradation that existed in the nineteenth century working class neighborhoods1, it was only in the twentieth century, when the "environmental crisis" hit the interests of the bourgeoisie that this speech has gained relevance in the media, in academia and public opinion (Coutinho, 2004).publishedVersio