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Urban Acupuncture: revitalization of urban voids by small-scale interventions. The BIP / ZIP program Lisbon
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe second half of the XX century saw the growth of several European metropolis. This expansion has both developed the surrounding areas of the cities and created new cities from small villages. There has been a fragmentation of the city’s functions, the center has lost its housing function and is now made up of offices, services, leisure functions or corporate headquarters, while industries moved to peripheral poles near the principal transportation lines.
One of the first definitions of this kind of spaces, the urban void, was presented by Manuel de Solà-Morales (1995). He proposed a vision on these spaces (which had not necessarily to find empty) covering both urban and rural areas, with well-defined or undefined limits. Urban voids are characterized by a lack of effective integration in the city, they are forgotten spaces that remain outside the urban dynamics, becoming uninhabited areas, unsafe, unproductive and, consequently, strange to the urban system. To Solà-Morales these spaces show their potential as spaces of freedom in a standardized city, regularized and capitalist, by offering a spontaneous and creative appropriation and informal uses that otherwise couldn’t find their place in the city. In this context, one of intervention strategies is part of the theory of urban acupuncture, defined by Manuel de Solà-Morales (2008), Jaime Lerner (2007, 2008) or Marco Casagrande (2006, 2009, 2014).publishedVersio
Economic crisis and public policy responses: the role of spatial planning
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThis paper discusses the recent economic crisis and its connections with public policies, focusing on the importance of (spatial) planning for economic development. The objective is to analyse critically the recent responses of policy makers to the current crisis and its spatial impacts, discussing, in this context, the limits and the potential of regional policies of contributing to the recovery of economic growth and to the mitigation of the effects of crisis.
The methodology is based on literature review, with both theoretical and empirical emphasis, and also in data collecting of several countries and regions, focusing on income and GDP’s performance in the last decades. The paper is divided in three sections, introduction and conclusion.
Section 2, “Economic crisis, the response of policy makers and spatial impacts: the geographies of austerity” discusses the arising of current crisis, the reaction of governments and policy-makers by implementing fiscal austerity policies, and the spatial diversity of the impacts.
The current crisis started after a remarkable period of global economic growth. From early 1990’s to 2007 several economies experienced a significant economic expansion. Since 2007, however, the world economy has been facing an intense economic crisis, with the decrease of economic growth, rise of unemployment, getting worse the public debts, and decline of welfare.publishedVersio
Density bonus policy in the city of Toronto: analysis and recommendations for change
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southA number of major cities in North America including New York and Chicago have implemented density bonus polices. This group includes Canadian cities such as Vancouver and Toronto. The application in Toronto, and the surrounding jurisdictions in Ontario are applied under Section 37 of the Ontario Planning Act. The longest running and greatest number of applications have been undertaken in the city of Toronto. More recently surrounding jurisdictions such as Vaughan, Burlington and Oakville have adopted Section 37 policy applications.
Basically in both Toronto and Vancouver increased density is granted in exchange for contributions to community amenities. The contribution by the developer is either made in cash or on an “in kind” basis. In both cities there is a list of community amenities for which the contribution may be requested. One of the key items on the list is affordable housing. In the Toronto context it is the local ward councillor who plays a key role in both identifying the community benefits for which the contribution is to be made as well as the quantum to be requested. Furthermore, the councillor plays a role in the negotiations. If the developer is unsatisfied with the contribution required, they have the right to appeal to a quasi-judicial body known as the Ontario Municipal Board.
The approach applied in Toronto has been controversial in terms of equity and transparency. This has also led to concerns about how the policy may be applied in the surrounding jurisdictions. This in part has led to a Provincial government review of the application of this tool along, with a review of other exactions including Parkland dedication and development charges (impact fees).publishedVersio
Communicating urban growth and ecosystem services in the age of Web 2.0
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe paper focuses on the urban growth of cities and urban regions, particularly with reference to the potential conflicts between changing land-use and ecosystem services (ES). In spite of the existing research carried out around the world, this problem still seems to pervade planning in cities and urban regions. The study adopted a novel approach, where planning is inherently connected to the professional and political contexts of planning epistemology. Although this issue has been theoretically discussed before, there are few empirical studies on the actual functioning of different epistemologies, novel technologies, and communicative cultures of cities.
The papers draws on planning theory and practice, in particular, participation of different stakeholders and the relevant communication between planners, other experts and the wider public. In addition, the development of information technology has provided new tools for participation in the planning projects. The development of what is now usually called Web 2.0 - a term that refers to a second-generation web based on the use of novel technologies - has added a new layer to this toolbox, through social media, through online publishing in blogs, and through a variety of interactive tools, such as maps where stakeholders can add relevant information and give feedback. Secondly, the paper focuses on the planning processes that urban regions and cities are increasingly facing in land use when adopting the ES concept. The ES can be categorized as supporting services (e.g. biodiversity and habitat), providing services (e.g. fish and wood), regulating services (e.g. controlling flood) and cultural services (e.g. recreation).publishedVersio
Territory, sociability, and conflict in a squatter settlement: the case of Poço da Draga, Fortaleza-Brazil
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe article discusses narratives that express territoriality and borders, mediated by relations of sociability and conflict in Poço da Draga, a squatter settlement located in Fortaleza, capital of Ceará, in Northeast Brazil. Data were collected through intensive field work in progress since 2014. In the settlement - called "favela" in technical studies and "community" by the locals - live about two thousand people, most descended from fishermen and workers in the old port area of Fortaleza. There, embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and goods were done through a dock, called Ponte Metálica, up to mid-1940s, when Mucuripe harbor was built in another part of the coast. The community has been affected by several interventions of the government, especially since the 1990s: construction of a waterfront, the Dragão do Mar Center of Art and Culture and, more recently, the Acquario Ceará - not counting projects of city and the State government that were not carried forward, such as the 24 Hours Street and a Convention Center (OLIVEIRA, 2006; GONDIM, 2008). In all these cases, Poço da Draga dwellers were threatened to be evicted, either by providing for their direct removal, or by expulsion as a result of real estate speculation. Thus, this dwelling place appears as a territory in the sense that it is the subject of disputes for political, social and economic control (Raffestin, 1993); but it is also a place full of symbolism and mediator of personal relations, involving the making and remaking of borders and territoriality. This last category refers not just to a fixed product as a territory, but to an ability to create internal spatial differences in the community. Different territorialities point for both feelings of belonging and acceptance, and feelings of fear and prohibition, referring to some sites of Poço da Draga as "hazardous". The sense of belonging and the memory of places are emphasized during guided tours promoted during celebrations of Poço da Draga anniversaries.publishedVersio
A research on the features of the rural planning practice in China in the past Decade
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southBased on the special institution and development process, the urban-rural relations in China are very particular. The rural areas play different roles in different stage of urbanization and the status of rural areas changed a lot. Since the launching of reform and opening-up program over 30 years ago, China has quickened the pace of urbanization, with urban population increasing from 170 million to some 700 million and numbers of cities increasing to 657 in 20111. In 2011, the urbanization rate in China exceeded 50% and China entered “the urban era”. However, while the cities developed rapidly, the rural areas fell into stagnation and recession. With the decline of the rural economy and the large-scale migration to cities, large numbers of villages disappeared or transformed. Since 2003 the central government focus on the rural problems, which gradually becomes a hot topic these year. It is an urgent need for urban planning discipline to expand its research field to rural development and planning. Following the central policies such as “Coordinated Urban-rural development”, “Construction of Socialist New Countryside”, the practice of rural planning flourished. Many urban planners are engaged in various rural planning practice. What are the features of the rural planning in the past decade in China? What are the types, the targets, and the content of rural plans? What does the rural planning contribute to the development of the urban-rural relations? These are the objects of this study.publishedVersio
Gender Differences in Individual Time Use patterns and the Interlinkages to Urban Form
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe objective of this paper is to learn about key factors which determine gender gaps in individual time-use preferences and its link to one’s neighbourhood. Results will highlight significant aspects that address the question how urban planning can influence time-use patterns and can contribute to changes on the reconciliation of work and family life and enabling gender balance therein.
Introduction
Present contributions to the social-scientific literature on time provide a range of clues about potential connections between city development and the evolution of (Western) time cultures. Beginning in the 1970s first approaches appeared to integrate time aspects in regional and geographical studies. The demand for equal opportunities for men and women and for a better work-life balance marks the beginning of time policy in the 1980s, a young interdisciplinary field aiming to integrate time aspects in urban development planning (f. e. Bonfiglioli 2005; Boccia 2013).
When we talk about gender, we refer to prevailing gender roles of men and women and their impact in the unequal sharing of family responsibilities, the gendered division of the labour market, or socially and culturally formed behavioural patterns. Whereas categories of sex are defined along essential biological differences, gender is about roles that can change over the time. Gender differences are dynamic, constantly in flux (Fainstein and Servon 2005, 3) and are intersecting with age, race, class, etc..publishedVersio
Technology and subjectivity in education: news urbanities to town
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe text of the proposal arises from concerns on the possibilities offered by new information and communication technologies (NTIC`s), which allow to increase the capacity of citizens to understand and participate in society. Creating alternatives for a better dynamic in the work in the classroom. Understanding the profile of these new students, born in the digital age, called digital natives (Palfrey & Gasser, 2011) that dominate the NTIC's with ease at the same time, they have increasing difficulty interpreting everyday situations.
The NTIC`s (computers, smartphones added to web) enables the creation of a structured public space on low power relations up, which allows us to think in derivative processes of emergence of inter-subjectivity, in turn, has as a point of starting a form of collective thinking that points to social transformation. It is, to replace enforcement action by another that originates in the intelligence of all actors involved in the process and can contribute to the formation of a collective intelligence.
You can see some tensions regarding the use of technologies that arise and changes that occur in the teaching / learning process. There is a change in the forms of interaction and appropriation that implies a process of adaptation by all who work in the educational environment, not only coordinators, teachers and students, but also the agencies that subsidize the educational system.publishedVersio
Social housing in urban rehabilitation projects in São Paulo, Brazil: a comparative study of the Nova Luz Project and the “Casa Paulista” public-private partnership
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southIn cities all over the world, it is well known that the rehabilitation of degraded urban areas can – and often does - trigger the displacement of socially vulnerable groups from the area under intervention, either actively, through forced evictions that follow both public and private works, either passively, as a consequence of the rise in property prices due to the implementation of the urban renewal process.
Gentrification, or the replacement of the poorer original residents by wealthier social groups, is often perceived by the real estate market, and most of the times also by the city’s Administration, as an index of the urban rehabilitation’s "success”.
Nevertheless, as SMITH (1996) points out, “gentrification, displacement and segregation point toward a significantly restructured urban geography”. Gentrification aggravates spatial segregation and social inequalities in the city as a whole, putting economic interests above social and environmental demands. Therefore, gentrification represents a violation of the “right to the city”, here understood as a third generation collective human right, dedicated to render cities environmentally balanced, economically prosperous and socially inclusive for all its residents and users.
As a concept originally developed by LEFEBVRE (1967), the right to the city is, as HARVEY (2012: 253) points out, a collective right to “reinvent the city” that “depends upon the exercise of a collective power over the processes of urbanization”.publishedVersio
Mapping access to water resources in Brazil and Nigeria: local dynamics and structures of power
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southEfforts to sustain the livelihoods of households living in poverty in rural and urban areas have gained popularity in recent decades, from integrated approaches to resource management to devolving control over resources to local actors and supporting the asset strategies of households. However, some approaches to managing water resources, such as IWRM and WDM, have met resistance due to their prioritization of water efficiency over justice (Syme and Nancarrow 2006). Moreover, studies have found that the various projects and reforms are often plagued by elite capture, corruption, mismanagement on one hand (Dasgupta and Beard 2007), unclear or impossible objectives (Biswas 2004), and the rational actions of actors fighting inevitable losses arising from the new winners and losers that emerge from institutional change (Knight 1992).
In seeking to explain the factors shaping access to natural resources, scholars have argued for a better understanding of dynamic processes of social relations and the variations in local structures that shape those relations (Ribot and Peluso 2003, Boone 2013). This paper seeks to explore this question with respect to water resources. What structures and relationships regulate access to water among households living in poverty? What conflicts arise from competing claims on water resources?publishedVersio