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São Paulo’s new transit oriented development based master plan: TOD scenarios and development rights
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe need to promote a more sustainable urban development model has led many cities, metropolitan areas and regions to seek more rational forms of land use and city form, such as those based on Transit Oriented Development (or TOD). The root principle of this strategy (real estate development associated to public transportation deployment) has been largely adopted before the car era. Currently, it is being increasingly adopted again worldwide, as a response to the need to promote more sustainable land use practices and thus preventing climate change. From Curitiba and Amsterdam to The Bay Area of San Francisco - that has recently adopted such approach at a regional level - the number of well succeeded initiatives, with different levels of implementation and success, has been increasing. The goal of a TOD strategy is to create or improve the use of, public transportation networks, densifying areas with good transit access and at the same time interconnecting centralities in the urban fabric. By improving public transportation quality and accessibility in the city, conditions are given to a more dense and decentralized development. This development, concentrated along these “axis”, creates incentives to transportation mode change, thus contributing to the reduction of traffic congestion, toxic pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.publishedVersio
Educating planners for disaster risk reduction
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southUNISDR’s Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is a companion to the Sustainable Development Goals, that seeks to enable governments and civil society to take action to prepare their countries and cities for risks of disasters and climate change now and into the future. This roundtable intends to establish the state of the art from the regional planning networks in how disaster risk reduction (DRR) is addressed in planning education. In a roundtable at AESOP’s 2015 conference UNISDR’s Jerry Velasquez recently pointed clearly to the potential of spatial planning in increasing the impact of global DRR efforts. Realizing this potential can be achieved if DRR is firmly established as a key focus of planning education in planning schools globally. The DRR curricula should be focused on societal demand but also based upon sound scientific knowledge and understanding of how DRR methods, legislation and programmes can be effectively introduced into a specific local context. The roundtable will examine to what extent DRR is recognized as a key aspect in contemporary planning curricula. Short reviews will be provided on the state of DRR education in the different world regions to provide insight into the level of attention for DRR issues in undergraduate, graduate and professional planning education. Examples will be provided of how planning for DRR can be introduced and integrated into existing planning programmes and the bilateral connections between research and teaching.publishedVersio
Embedding food systems beyond planning: experiences in teaching, research and outreach
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southMany planners now commonly regard food as a system that requires analyses, policies, interventions, and management just as water, mobility, waste management and other complex systems do. The recent emergence of food systems as an organizing concept can be due to a range of causes. One can highlight particularly the principle that food systems can be planned like other systems – including in the context of cities and regions. Thus, while it is not yet as established an area of focus as transportation and land use planning, for example, one can make the claim today that food systems planning has found a place at the planning table. This emergence can be traced to the persistent work within planning pedagogy and research by a number of scholars, first in North America, then in Europe and beyond. Building on the efforts of these individuals, the role of professional and pedagogical associations like the American Planning Association and the Association of European Schools of Planning helped disseminate the food systems approach and ultimately provide legitimacy for it. By now, the food systems approach has been adopted by numerous scholars across the planning academe. Examples of food-systems teaching, writing, research and outreach by planning professors abound.publishedVersio
Spaces of commoning: urban occupations in Belo Horizonte
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southIt is not without some difficult that we try to perceive the Commons from the perspective of the urban space. As we witness the recent resurgence of the theme, there seems to be a stronger understanding of the practices of communing when it regards natural or immaterial assets, in opposition to the production of the urban realm.
Occupation movement of various sorts – artistic, political and yes, housing ones – reestablished the idea of space as commons through the force of collective actions. From all these different acts of occupy undertaking, urban (housing) occupations seem to have a specifically relevant aspect, because through its formation, maybe more than in any other sort of occupation, it is often possible to witness the construction of a new form of community.
Considering that “common interests cannot be postulated, they can only be constructed” (ANGELIS, 2010, p.5), the aim of the proposed article is to analyze which practices of commoning are being created in these new communities , and how are these practices influencing the socio-spatial relations amongst them and within the “outside city”. For that, empirical analysis will be carried in some experiences of urban occupations in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The intention is to unveil, through the perspective of its residents, how urban commons play a role in their living.publishedVersio
Urban planning as a pedagogical experience through an Action Research Project in intermediate cities in northern Peru: “Transversal (2011- 2016)”, La Libertad Region
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southTraditional urban planning teaching provides a normative and general knowledge that does not contribute effectively to its practical application (Uribe- Echevarría, 1977; Alexander, 2001; Carreño & Duran, 2015). This becomes evident in intermediate cities where the globalization phenomena demands that planning involves the present, the places and the local actors. Traditional intermediate cities are facing strong real state dynamics (pic.1), with a high building rate and increased land value resulting from grow up productivity in the rural areas due to new and important investments whose interest slip away from those of the local economy. The pressure for immediate response from the economic and social actors has led to underestimate long-term policies as inefficient or innocuous. Faced with this: Why teach planning in an environment that despises it? In addition, drawing up urban plans has become a bureaucratic matter that does not assure any usefulness, so Budget and Operation Plans are prioritized based on experience, political interests and other concerns. The challenge we are facing is how to make and teach planning socially and politically legitimate. Within this context, participative planning emerges as an alternative to build legitimacy between the local actors thus efficiently regulate their territorial development. This kind of planning has required a pedagogical experience that needs transversal strategies from interdisciplinary skills, and commitment from the local actors’ in the city development.publishedVersio
The dynamics of tenure, location and forced eviction: exploring the nexus in lagos informal settlements
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southGenerally, there is a common understanding that informal settlements are mostly characterised by lack of basic facilities, overcrowding, tenure insecurity and force eviction, and are largely occupied by the urban poor. One of the major issues which is on the increase, in recent times, in Lagos’ informal settlements is forced eviction or at best threat of forced eviction. This is clearly posing a serious challenge to the livelihoods of the residents. A large body of literature argues that lack of tenure (land title) is the factor responsible for tenure insecurity and forced eviction in informal settlements
Certainly, there is a general understanding that the residents of informal settlements lack tenure security and thereby vulnerable to forces eviction because their houses are mostly: constructed on public or private land which they do not own; built without legal and planning permits and rented without formal renting contracts (World Bank, 2011). Lack of formal land title, precarious conditions of informal settlements and the need to save guide the lives of the residents from impending dangers are often used to justify forced evictions by the Lagos state government. However, evidence suggests that there are other underlining factors, largely associated with location, behind forced eviction of the residents of informal settlements in Lagos. From a pragmatic point of view, this paper argues that the vulnerability of the residents of informal settlements in Lagos to tenure insecurity and forced eviction or threat of forced eviction is exacerbated by their geographical and ecological location.publishedVersio
Facing the consequences of residential segregation: the impact of neighbourhood effects on the economic mobility of the inhabitants of three favelas in Salvador
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThe paper analyses the neighbourhood effects on the economic mobility of the inhabitants of three segregated communities of Salvador (Brazil), in other words the socio-economic advantages and disadvantages affecting the lifes of poor people due to their embeddedness in specific socio-residential contexts. Wilson (1987) concentrated on the structural dimensions of negative externalities in order to explain neighbourhood-level variations in a field of different phenomena (delinquency, violence, access to the labour market and education) in spatial isolated and socially homogeneous ghettos. Kaztman & Filgueira (2006), however, argue that the contiguity between residents of poor neighbourhoods and higher-class condominio-dwellers provides structures of opportunities. Based on a set of interviews, investigating the variability of interpersonal networks and their activition in the struggle for economic inclusion, the study confirms that the proximity of Nordeste de Amaralina to middle-/upper-class communities affects positively the access to labour opportunities. Nevertheless, residential stigmatization as well as structures of social segmentation annihilate these potentials. The lack of exposition to individuals and groups extrapolating from the favela’s social, educational and cultural context restricts the structures of opportunities to local level. Therefore, residents´ interpersonal networks reveal a high degree of redundancy and localism, based on “bonding ties” (Briggs 2001) connecting family and neighbourhood members.publishedVersio
The planning process in the history of Brazil and its effects on the development of education
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southIt starts from the principle that education is the set of intentional and unintentional processes that form the social individual (SAVIANI, 2008). The Brazilian training reflects processes that have shaped the spatial formation of the territory and thus the problems associated with regional inequalities in Brazil, still persist and reflect an Iberian heritage of slavery root in their social, cultural and economic. The development of education was guided by social and spatial inequalities and involve as barriers to educational solutions proposed. Therefore, it is believed that part of the educational problems of today can be understood through its colonial heritage and slavery, through the evolution of social and economic configuration of Brazil. In the educational understanding of the perspective with the historical relationship in national training, believed to be important to release this past to overcome the traits that mark the Brazilian formation, with proposed solutions for education with a view to planning and management the territory. Reflection on the ownership and organization of the Brazilian space thus reflects the problems faced by education in terms of socio-spatial inequalities and disparities in education. In this context, in recent decades, international and economic organs bother to determine the rules, for example, for education. Great example is the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) and the consolidated research internationally perform evaluating student performance in core disciplines of knowledge (PISA - Programme for International Student Assessment).publishedVersio
The experience of the city as transformative knowledge: an evaluation of the use of a mobile approach for enhancing learning and teaching in urban design
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southThis paper reviews the learning and teaching transformative effects of the project ‘The Power of Experience’ which was first implemented in 2011 in urban design modules at Oxford Brookes University. The Power of Experience project (www.urbandesignexperience.com) was funded by the Innovation in Teaching Grant by the Higher Education Academy and focused on the use of mobile technologies to encourage students to learn outside the classroom. It developed from a realisation that although one of the aims in urban design is to improve the sensory experience of the urban environment, its teaching mostly takes place indoors, fully insulated from outside. It proposed that the move from a ‘recipient’ approach to a ‘critical thinking’ approach to learning can be facilitated if students are given the opportunity to appraise urban design principles through a flexible situated experience where they are active participants rather than inactive recipients in the knowledge building process. The mobile learning approach at Oxford Brookes University is now in its fourth year and has been evaluated through in-depth interviews with students and staff who participated in the experiment in the first and subsequent runs.publishedVersio
Invisible urban informality: compromised living environments in East and Southeast Asia
No full textProceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southSeveral major cities across the world are facing severe problems such as high rate of inward migration, overcrowding and consequent escalation in living costs. Especially in the developing countries which consist of more rural areas than cities, skilled as well as unskilled workers often perceive cities to be attractive locations for a better socio-economic standard of living. This heterogeneous pattern of migration often creates a social and economic polarization in rapidly urbanizing cities where some populations suffer from poor living conditions and slums. However, in the prominent cities of East and Southeast Asia, these deteriorating components are concealed in urban fabric and sociopolitical structures either deliberately or due to circumstances, although in fact; they coexist with the upbeat image of the urban streetscape, the latter being branded lavishly. This ‘out-of-sight’ inequality in urban development forces the vulnerable resident population to also face disparities in overall quality of life. In this paper, I use the term, invisible informality to refer to this phenomenon.
I identify the surfacing of this situation through an analysis of three existing bodies of literature: urbanization in East and Southeast Asia, sociospatial exclusion and inequality, and informality as a response to urban socio-political policies. Additionally, I also examine informality in employment with respect to gender, recent commodification of land and buildings in the development state model and the association of these phenomena with rapid economic growth in East Asia.publishedVersio