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Green growth and transformation to sustainability: supplementation or contradiction?
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017It becomes evident that sustainable development cannot be a question of iterative changes and technical adaptation to a changing natural environment. Rather, it requires the transformation of major societal systems and processes such as production and consumption, mobility and land-use patterns as result of an approach shared and promoted by the majority of current society. In other words, a transformation to sustainability is required. In order to realize this demand for fundamental societal change, the transformation has to occur in the three pillars our society is based on: energy systems, urban areas as main emitters of greenhouse gasses and global land-use systems (WBGU, 2011: 48) which can also be identified as the main fields of intervention to pursue broad societal change (WBGU, 2011: 265). The spatial patterns of cities and city regions are urban systems which consume vast amounts of land and resources that exceed natural regeneration rates while degrading the environment. Furthermore, the vulnerability of cities and regions to climate change impacts and other biophysical and societal stressors such as the degradation of ecosystems and poverty (IPCC, 2014: 182) are consequences of long existing unsustainable societal structures and processes.Published versio
The role of public space in the recent transformations of Mexico City. From protagonist to forgotten actor
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017In recent years, the topic of public space has taken a lot of force, leading to discussion with different perspectives in forums of international importance and intertwining it with issues of urban planning, culture, economy, politics, disasters or morphology to name a few. Its recent relevance is not only because of its new consideration as a subject of study, but mainly because of its importance in practice, that is, due to its use, function and design with the main focus of caring for the human being in his daily life in the city. In the 21st century, the public space is known in different ways, it can vary according to culture and territory (different practices in each city), as well as in the form: parks, squares, gardens, streets or public institutional spaces. The complexity of its study does not depend on its approach, but on the integration of several approaches to address the reality of the city. In this sense, the urban processes that transform the society also impose new trends for the public space, that is, the economic, political, technological and cultural transformations are captured in the public space as a reflection of a changing society with demands that go at great speed. With the assumption that it is essential for urban studies to include different approaches, and to pay attention to the processes that transform the city, three views are taken into account for the understanding and analysis of the public space: 1. The social vision in the human sense of habitability, i.e. the human condition of public space, 2. The inclusive vision regarding physical and social aspects of the public space and 3. Finally a vision in the globalized sense of the trends reflected in the space.Published versio
Low income housing production in the neighborhood of Santa Ifigenia in Sao Paulo, Brazil
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017This paper deals with the analysis of the production of Social Housing provided by private investors and public agencies in the neighborhood of Santa Ifigenia, a neighborhood located downtown São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The time span corresponds to the administration of former mayor of the city, Gilberto Kassab, between March 2006 and December 2012. The studied area corresponds to 10 blocks defined as Special Zones of Social Housing Interest (ZEIS). The ZEIS were created with the aim of controlling land value in certain areas of the city in order to be accessible to low-income people. The area is a very deteriorated portion of downtown Sao Paulo and, despite being occupied by tenement housing, it is in a historic district surrounded by areas where the land value is high due to the full urban infrastructure and job offer. Plans to revitalize the area were strengthened during Kassab municipal administration. However, the private sector resists to participate in the process because it believes that the area designated for low income housing is too large (about 25% of the total) and that this discourages private investments. Developers have been pushing the municipal government to change the zoning of this area and to designate the ZEIS as a predominantly commercial area. The area adjacent to the ZEIS has already been transformed and has been receiving significant investments from the public sector, such as the restoration of the Luz Train Station and the creation of the Museum of the Portuguese Language (partially destroyed in a fire in December 2015 and now undergoing restoration), the construction of a concert hall at Julio Prestes Train Station, and the creation of Estação Pinacoteca Exhibition Hall.Published versio
Relationships between health status and socioeconomic and health services indicators during the financial crisis
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017The literature has highlighted the association between social and economic determinants and physical and mental health. Several studies have stated that the positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health is different between countries and welfare states in Europe. On the other, the current financial crisis might have modified this relationship. Due to all the above, the aims of this research are to analyse the relationships between self-perceived health status and socioeconomic variables in Europe at NUTS 2 level (European regional statistical unit) focusing on the influence of the spatial factor during the financial crisis. Taking into account the focus on spatial effects, the analysis includes the continental regions and the closest ones, removing from the analysis the remote and far regions in order to assess the geographic influence. Moreover, in order to consider spatial relationships between regions, this research combines simple linear, spatial lag, spatial error and geographically weighted regressions. The analysis has related to the health status with macroeconomic indicators (income of households by inhabitant, GDP per capita in PPS and unemployment rate), social indicators (tertiary education rate and at-risk-of-poverty rate), and health indicators (crude death rate, hospital beds rate, life expectancy and medical doctor rate) during 2008-2014. Four models for each year have been designed using classical and spatial regression methods. The models show that self-perceived health is explained significantly by unemployment, risk of poverty, tertiary education and medical doctor rates for 2008, 2010 and 2014. In addition, life expectancy, hospital beds and death rates show collinearity worsening the models. Finally, the results support the objective of the research: the regression models improve when the geographical location and distance between analysis units are considered. Missing data and the lack of other interesting socioeconomic variables at regional level together with the ecological fallacy are the main limitations of this study. The results support the existence of contextual effects among European regions that varies the association between socioeconomic measures and health status throughout the time. The findings also points out the relevance of social context in explaining the differences in individuals’ states of health. Thus, the spatial analysis have stated that the macroeconomic indicators do not explain significantly the self-perceived health status in contrast to the social indicators during the financial crisis.Published versio
The ´foster city´: the different strata of urban diversity in a newly-mixed town
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017In the past several decades, an expeditious internal migration process is evident in Israel. Israeli towns which were established during the 1950s and 1960s have attracted Ultra-Orthodox communities and Palestinians who are Israeli citizens. This process stands in contrast to the Nationalist-Zionist ethos, which has aimed to plan and populate new towns in the peripheral areas of the new state, mainly for secular Jews. As a consequence, population groups who are considered as ´others´, share the urban space with the local population. Against this background, tensions between the different population groups arise, turning the city into a contested arena, where struggles over public resources, public services, local identity and urban image proliferate. This paper highlights the different strata of urban diversity in the context of planning, asking how urban management and planning deal with a city that becomes mixed and is characterized by multiple conflicts. Karmiel, a newly-mixed town in Israel, was selected as a case study. This paper is based on a PhD research that focused on three planning events which differ in scale and represent the conflicts within the urban realm, resulting from and intensified by increasing urban diversity in terms of religious inclination (secular vs. ultra-orthodox Jews), ethno-national identity (Jews vs. Palestinians who are Israeli citizens), and socio-economic inequalities (high socioeconomic status vs. low socio-economic status). The methodology combines multiple sources of knowledge and information: historical knowledge (archival documentation); planning knowledge (statutory plans, municipal board-meetings’ protocols, court verdicts, interviews with municipal officials and planning practitioners); local knowledge (in-depth conversations: local residents, social activists, local NGOs, building contractors, business owners, national and local press, the civic discourse in Facebook groups); quantitative data and information (Israeli central bureau of statistics, The Ministry of Housing publications, Israeli Tax authorities, Israeli Knesset research center). This approach has produced integrative knowledge about contemporary urbanism, stressing the unique urban dynamics within cities that are becoming mixed. This paper offers a new conceptualization- ´the Foster City´. Ultra-Orthodox Jews and Palestinians, who are Israeli citizens, are compared to ´step-inhabitants´- they are not an ideological product of the Nation-Zionist city. The Israeli urban reality is characterized by growing heterogeneity, subverting the Israeli planning policy which strives for absolute social, cultural and spatial separation between Jews and Arabs and between secular and Ultra-Orthodox Jews. This abnormality challenges the existing order, eroding the utopian ideal of the homogeneous Nation-City. The ´Foster City´ highlights the intermediate situation of newly-mixed cities, not only in Israel, but is germane to the European context as well. It emphasizes the complicated conditions of population groups considered as ´others´, in two central aspects: alienation and temporariness. In the ´Foster City´ the struggles over symbolic and spatial demands echo everywhere: at home, in the streets and neighborhoods and in the entire city. Nonetheless, the ´Foster City´ is an enabling space, providing for marginalized groups an opportunity to fulfill their civil rights: it reduces the supremacy of ethnic, religious, and socio-economic status, while allowing civic belonging to sprout.Published versio
Examining the potential impacts of 2017 European youth Olympic winter festival (EYOWF) in Erzurum, Turkey
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017This paper examines the perception of international visitors and athletes of 2017 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival (EYOWF), which will be held in Erzurum-Turkey. EYOF is one of the top multisport events for young European athletes where they have their first Olympic experience. As a relatively new concept, the EYOFs are organized in two-year cycles as summer and winter editions. Even though EYOF bears in general ambience of Olympic, it is far smaller in size than Olympic Games from many perspectives and its effects are more limited for the host city. However, for the host cities, EYOF can still serve as a serious organizational experience and as a reference point for hosting similar events. EYOWF is a new concept for Olympic tradition and this paper discusses the potential impacts of EYOWF 2017 in Erzurum, Turkey case. Turkey is awarded both the winter and summer EYOFs. First, Trabzon hosted the 2011 Summer EYOF and then with the positive legacy of the 2011 Winter Universiade, Erzurum is selected as the host city for the 2017 EYOWF. The 13th edition of Winter EYOF will be held in Erzurum from 11 February to 18 February 2017. Approximately 1,500 young athletes from 45 European countries will compete in different sporting events. EYOWF 2017 will also attract thousands of spectators, journalists, and volunteers along with the athletes, couches and staff members. EYOWF is not just a sporting event, but also an important event with a potential to leave significant legacies to the host city. EYOWF is a unique opportunity for Erzurum to increase the recognition of the city as a winter sport center and to leave significant legacies to the city. A successful staging of EYOWF will serve as a catalyst to activate the potential of Erzurum, especially reinforcing city image, promoting and branding Erzurum as a winter sport destination, attracting more tourists and encouraging them to stay for a longer time, and increasing local economic activities. EYOWF will also bring out the winter potential of the city with a positive impact on other alternative types of tourism, and will open other doors for Erzurum. In this sense, this paper seeks to discover; the perceptions of international visitors and athletes towards EYOWF 2017 Organization and towards the city of Erzurum; to discuss the impacts of EYOWF on Erzurum; to examine the success of EYOWF planning process; and to identify potential issue areas from the visitors’ and athletes’ point of view. In this paper, the data will be gathered from personal observations, primary and secondary resources, and surveys, which will be conducted on EYOWF sites in order to identify the perceptions of international visitors and athletes as well as to examine the tangible and intangible benefits of EYOWF for Erzurum. The survey form includes several items including the questions dealing with EYOWF planning, transport to the EYOWF site, accommodations, security, variety of activities, Erzurum city image and infrastructure. Although EYOWF is a new concept for Olympic tradition, it is still one of the sporting events with a potential to impact the host city in several aspects in both short and long term. The impacts of EYOWF on host cities have largely remained understudied. This study represents an initial attempt to explore the potential benefits and possible impacts of relatively less studied EYOWF on Erzurum city case and this study hopefully will lead to new studies and projects in this area.Published versio
Evaluating neighbourhood sustainability assessment methodology as a localization tool for global targets
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017In the last two decades, global sustainable development concerns have become more decisive on urban development strategies. This new order also created two major sub-processes. While the first one mainly covers the interpretation of major scale sustainable development goals into subnational strategies, the second one includes providing a successful sustainability monitoring mechanism in coherence with national obligations for global sustainability targets. Sustainability assessment methodology (SAM) have gained importance by standing at the intersection of these two sub-processes. SAM tools have been developed in different geographies for monitoring and supporting sustainable development principles throughout the design and implementation processes. In this context, this paper presents a framework for the utilization of these methodologies in the localization of global sustainability targets through the case of Turkey. For this purpose, criteria of eight existing Neighbourhood Sustainability Assessment Tools (NSAT) were compared for obtaining a combined matrix. In the first stage, provided matrix evaluated in terms of global sustainability targets and Turkey’s national obligations. For providing a local framework and discussing the coherence between national sustainable development strategies and sectoral priorities. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used as a simple prioritization technique and applied to decision makers, academicians, activists and project executors from different sectors. The applied framework brings a new perspective and provides an initial guideline for localization of global sustainability goals over discussions on Turkey.Published versio
What if large infrastructure project processes adopted a coevolutionary character? Discussing the merits and consequences for the OOSTERWEEL link project, ANTWERP
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017In the quest for a more sustainable mobility, present mobility planning approaches do not prove effective. In particular in the case of large infrastructure projects (LIPs) this becomes manifest; realising LIPs has become tremendously difficult these days, resulting in many stranded projects. Previous LIP-research has shown that complexity is behind these struggles, in all its facets. Although decision makers often still focus merely on financial, technical and legal issues of complexity (Flyvbjerg, 2007; Priemus, 2007), it becomes increasingly clear that the influence of social and organizational complexity is heavily underestimated with respect to planning processes and procedures, see Figure 1 (Hertogh & Westerveld, 2010).Published versio
Where is the commuters? Research of shanghai commuting traffic based on transportation cards data
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017With the rapid urbanization, revolution of housing policy and the development of public transportation technology, the high price of city center drives people to move to the suburbs, the distance between home and workplace shows a sharp rising. Daily commuting becomes an important part of daily life and a crucial issue that cities need to face. On this occasion, commute is becoming a universal phenomenon and a prevalent research issue. Without exception, commute is becoming a widely common phenomenon in Shanghai which is located in the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan area. In Shanghai, most of commuters select metro as the tool of commuting because of the relevant reliability and punctuality. As shown in the figure 1, hundreds and thousands of commuters crowd onto the metro during the morning and evening rush hours every day in Shanghai. Such curiosity gives rise to this commuting behaviors, emphasizing on spatial distribution of the places that commuters live and work, the commuting transportation tool (diversification or simplification) they choose, some potential suggestions and advice for the decision-making and policy-setting produced based on the commuters’ behaviors, with appropriate quantitative evidence and visualization illustrations. The commuters’ behaviors play an important role in studying the structure of jobs-housing spaces. Robert Cervero (1996) proposed that the imbalance between home and workplace contributed to the commuting behaviors [1]. Levinson proposed the accessibility to substitute the balance between employment and residence to analyze the impact of urban commenting. He found that higher accessibility contributed to the less time consumption for commuters. Therefore, Levinson concluded accessibility was more convincing to analyze the commuting behaviors. [2] The commuting behaviors were impacted by the urban spatial structure, major researches focus on the scale of city, the density of residence and employment, as well as mixed land use. Cuertis’ research indicated that high-density and inclusive development was beneficial to public transportation. [3] Besides, social elements were also regarded as the important aspects to analyze the commuting traffic. Based on Hanson’ research, some social and economic indicators such as age, gender and income can be applied to analyze the commuting behaviors. [4] For many western countries, the official data like the data of population census are open, specific, easy and free to obtain, even some data in individual level are also public, which provide the data base to analyze the groups of commuters and even the individual commuter. Therefore, western researches of commuting traffic are more quantitative and precise.Published versio
Building urban planning for a sustainable future through urban metabolism
No full textBook of proceedings: Annual AESOP Congress, Spaces of Dialog for Places of Dignity, Lisbon, 11-14th July, 2017In the last years, we have been tackling such challenges as rapid population growth, increased materials and energy consumption, growing resource scarcity, climate change, loss of biodiversity, increasing social inequality and poverty (Bina et al., 2016). Cities are the centre of all these challenges, as world population is more and more urban: some 70% of the world's population in 2050 will live in cities (UNDESA, 2015). As a consequence, the combination of urbanization and sustainability results one of the crucial challenges of the coming years (Girardet, 2003; Agudelo-Vera et al., 2011; Musco, 2011). Understanding the relationship between the city planning, urban life style, and the availability of necessary environmental, social and economic resources, is only the first step to build a sustainable and resilient future. City and urban planning become respectively a place and a privileged tool for achieving these two goals (Bulkeley & Betsill, 2003; Pickett et al., 2013). In recent decades, Urban Sustainability (US) and Urban Resilience (UR) have been two concepts widely studied, both theoretically (WCED, 1987; Jabareen, 2008) and practically (Jabareen, 2006; Jabareen, 2013; James, 2015). However, despite the world scientific community shares a number of issues regarding the achievement and development of sustainable and resilient cities (for example: integrated approach and management, green cities, dense and compact cities, use of renewable energy sources, equity and participation, etc.), it has not yet defined a unique methodological framework. In this regard, in recent years, a series of studies have been developed on the Urban Metabolism (UM), which could represent the nexus able to develop an integrated approach to planning, capable of contributing to the achievement of both US and UR (Kennedy et al., 2011; Thomson & Newman, 2017), also in ecological terms. Nevertheless, these studies remain very generic in connecting UM with spatial planning, and in most cases dealing only with very specific themes like energy and transport (Pincetl et al., 2012).Published versio