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Intussusception: Lab Report and Review of Literature
Get PDFObjective: Intussusception is the invagination of a proximal portion of the gastrointestinal tract into an adjacent distal portion. This unusual form of bowel obstruction occurs less frequently in adults. We report a case of small bowel intussusception in a 39-year-old African male cadaver in the cadaveric laboratory in the, Department of Human Anatomy at, Uzima University. We have also performed a literature review of this rare condition.
Method: Student cadaver groups at Uzima University were assigned with a ratio of 8:1 meaning that eight students received one cadaver to work on. There were a total of nine cadavers. One out of the nine assigned specimens had a lead point in the ileocecal valve resulting in ileocecal intussusception upon dissection.
Results: At the ileocecal junction, an intussuscepted distal small bowel was discovered. We concluded it to be an ileocecal intussusception.
Conclusion: The rarity of intussusception in adults makes it an exceptional finding in standard anatomy laboratory. Intussusception can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Surgeons should consider intussusception as a severe cause of intestinal obstruction and consequently, anticipate different clinical presentations. Diagnosis of intussusception is difficult to make without surgery, therefore, surgeons need to familiarize themselves with different imaging modalities
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Making Sense of Existing GWAS Findings in Indian Context
Get PDFTo date, more than 1456 associations have been identified for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) risk through Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). However, target genes for COPD susceptibility in the Indian population and the mechanism underlying remains largely unexplored and no GWAS studies on COPD are available on the Indian population till now. This study was conducted using the existing public data on GWAS of different parts of the world, and the genetic polymorphisms to understand the possible mechanisms of these polymorphisms using available data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. We jotted down 16 important genes and 28 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Indian population from 1456 variants. Pathway analysis showed that these relevant genes are mostly associated with immune responses and activation, which is a key factor in COPD development. Our investigation revealed possible target genes associated with COPD in the context of the Indian population
Area of Nasal Triangle in an Adult Human Dry Skull: An Anatomical Study
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Background: The nose is a piriform aperture on the face having roots and a tip or base. Root is continuous above with the forehead. It is one of the most prominent parts of the face which comprises of bony and cartilaginous portions. The bony part is formed by nasal bone, frontal bone and maxilla. The cartilaginous part is mainly formed by septal, major alar, lateral cartilage, and a few minor cartilages. Present study was carried out with objectives of determining important measurements like distance between right and left infraorbital foramina to nasion, distance between right and left infraorbital foramina and nasal height. Then findings are used to determine nasal index.
Methods: All twenty-five dry adult human skulls are collected from Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Science, and Chitwan Medical College for study. Gender and ethnicity of scapula were undefined. The ethical clearance was taken from IRC-CMC (Ref: CMC-IRC/079/080-050). All damaged skull and small skull of pediatric age group are excluded. Nasal index was calculated by using formula nasal index = nasal width / nasal height X 100. Photographs were taken. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20 version software and analyzed as frequency and distribution. Total twenty-five of skulls were measured.
Results: Among the twenty-four human dry skulls, with one damaged skull is excluded, study showed that right sided mean distance between nasion and right sided infraorbital foramen and left sided mean distance between nasion and left sided infraorbital foramen are 40.57±3.71 mm and 39.53±4.77 mm respectively. The mean distance between right and left infraorbital foramen, mean nasal height and mean nasal index are 46.80±8.52 mm,16.98±3.008 mm and 47.74±10.90 respectively mm i.e., Hyper Leptorrhine (≤54.9).
Conclusion: The data obtained from the present study will be useful when repairing the nose, for facial reconstructive surgeries and also in forensic investigation.
Keywords: nasal index, nasal height, nasal width, nasal type.
 
Ageing and Cognitive Health: A Preventive Approach
Get PDFAgeing often leads to a decline in cognitive abilities. Significant cognitive impairment leads to functional impairment, loss of independence and need for long term care. A cognitive reserve is a functional ability that helps to prevent cognitive decline. Identifying the modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline with advancing age is crucial. Research has shown that cognitive exercise and cognitive training in older adults can slow down or resist cognitive decline. Continuous cognitive engagement, adequate and rich cognitive stimulation and complex mental activity can foster neuroplasticity in the brain and, therefore, may be utilized to mitigate age-related changes in cognition. Therefore, adopting a preventive approach to healthy ageing will benefit the ageing population and the community
Chitosan: A Review of its’ Antimicrobial and Biological Properties and Use in Wound Care
Get PDFChitin is the second most abundant natural polymer on the planet and chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitin. Chitosan has a number of natural biological properties including broad spectrum antimicrobial activity mediated by the cationic /anionic interaction between the chitosan and bacterial cell wall respectively. Chitosan is used extensively in the food industry but is used only minimally in the wound care industry. This review will discuss its potential in wound care industry. 
Supraclavicular Nerves: Is There a “Safe Zone” for Surgical Fixation of the Clavicle? A Cadaveric Study
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The supraclavicular nerve (SCN) supplies the skin over the clavicle and proximal chest. The unpredictable branching pattern of the SCN within the posterior triangle of the neck makes it susceptible to damage during open fixation of clavicle fractures. Resultant iatrogenic injuries can lead to paraesthesia and neuroma over the clavicle. The position of the SCN branches in relation to clinically appreciable landmarks has not hitherto been described. The aim of this study was to identify the precise location of the SCN branches in relation to the acromioclavicular (AC) and sternoclavicular (SC) joints.
Methods
Ten soft-embalmed cadavers, donated under the Human Tissue Act (2004), were carefully dissected along the superior border of both clavicles to identify the SCN branches. The distance from each branch of the SCN to the SC and AC joints was measured.
Results
The SCN was found to comprise either 2 branches (8/20), or 3 branches (12/20). No branches were found within 2.6 cm and 2.9 cm of the SC and AC joint, respectively. Between these two “safe zones”, the locations of the branches varied significantly.
Conclusions
No safe zone was identified in the mid-clavicular region. Hence, meticulous dissection is required here to preserve the SCN branches
Pyramidal Lobe of the Human Thyroid Gland: A Case Report
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The thyroid gland is amongst the most anatomically variable structures in the human body, with incidence of the pyramidal lobe ranging from 57-65%. While these anatomical variations remain overlooked or misinterpreted by students during routine laboratory dissection, they are of clinical relevance in terms of functional disorders and illnesses associated with thyroid gland. Multiple patterns of the pyramidal lobe have been identified during routine dissections and reported in the literature. The knowledge of these pattern differences is vital for surgical practice and patient management. This is a report on a 42-year-old African male cadaver with a pyramidal lobe noticed during routine dissection in Human Anatomy Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomy of Uzima University.
Method: Dissimilarity was encountered during routine cadaveric dissections, overlying neck muscles were exposed, and the tissue was examined.
Results: The macroscopic assessment revealed a capsulated glandular tissue with three lobes. Pyramidal lobe was located deep to the strap muscles of the neck at the midline below the Adam’s apple.
Conclusion: Pyramidal lobe is considered a normal component of the thyroid gland with variable morphology and position. Its removal during surgery of the thyroid to treat non-malignant disease cases has proven to significantly reduce chances of cancer recurrence
Talus Bone: Unique Anatomy
Get PDFThe talus, also called astragalus bone, is a small, irregular bone that sits on top of the other bones of the foot. It is the only link between the leg bones and the bones of the foot. Despite its small size, it is made up of dense and strong bones. It transfers the weight of the human body through the tibia to the foot. Reviewing and re-reading the anatomy of talus is absolutely essential for physicians and orthopedic surgeons for proper diagnosis and management of any disorder. This is because it enters into many joints that can affect human movements in walking, running and even correct standing
Deep Learning to Predicting Live Births and Aneuploid Miscarriages from Images of Blastocysts Combined with Maternal Age
Get PDFObjectives: Making an artificial intelligence (AI) classifier that uses the maternal age and an image of the implanted blastocyst to determine the probability of getting a live birth.
Methods: The dataset comprised maternal age data and 407 images of blastocysts which led to live births and 246 images of blastocysts which led to aneuploid miscarriages, matched for maternal age. An AI system using deep learning was developed for predicting the classification and probability of a live birth.
Results: The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the developed AI classifier were 0.75, 0.82, 0.64, 0.79, and 0.68, respectively. The area under the curve was 0.73 ± 0.04 (mean ± standard error).
Conclusions: A classifier using AI for a blastocyst image combined with the maternal age showed potential in determining the probability of a live birth
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Healthcare
Get PDFThere’s a famous quote “Machines will not replace physicians but physicians using AI will soon replace those not using it”. AI is revolutionizing healthcare. Many hospitals world-wide are accumulating Electronic Health Records (EHR) of their patients in order to facilitate AI scientists to dig valuable patterns such as predicting length of hospital stay, rate of survival, susceptibility to catch any secondary infection, etc. Not only in the domain of patient care, other important healthcare domains of clinical diagnostics or drug discovery are not uninfluenced by use of AI techniques