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Diencephalic-mesencephalic Junction Dysplasia: A Case Report and Overview of What is Known so far
Get PDFBackground: Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia (DMJD) is a rare and recently newly described forebrain-midbrain malformation involving the upper aspect of the brainstem and resulting in an abnormal regionalization of the diencephalon and mesencephalon level. The fingerprint of DMJD is the pathognomonic butterfly-like appearance of the midbrain seen on the axial plane of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Initially, only two types of diencephalon-mesencephalon continuity were defined: type A describes the continuity of the hypothalamus with the mesencephalon, and type B a parenchymal band between the thalamus and the superior surface of the midbrain. However, DMJD classification continues to expand, and recently, type C was described as showing a complete continuity of the thalamus and midbrain. In this paper, we refer to mesencephalon and midbrain as the anatomical marker of the topmost part of the brainstem, and those terms are used interchangeably in the text.
Methodology: PubMed database search for the exact words “diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia” and “DMJD” yielded 12 relevant publications. A showcase of an original rare type C DMJD was performed.
Objective: The purpose of this article is to present a brief comprehensive illustration /elucidation of the physiopathology of neural tube regionalization to facilitate the understanding of DMJD malformation; to present an updated overview of recent publications involving imaging findings, genetics, and clinical concerns; and to show an original fetal case of type C DJMD. The aim is to increase awareness of DMJD and strengthen clinical suspicion, especially since early diagnosis is primarily based on imaging
Bilateral Long Head of the Triceps Brachii Muscle Innervation via Axillary Nerve: A Case Report
Get PDFThe radial nerve has traditionally been considered the innervation of the long head of the triceps brachii (LHT). However, cadaveric studies have discovered LHT innervation via the axillary nerve in roughly 6-15 % of shoulders. A cadaver with exclusive axillary nerve innervation to the LHT bilaterally was discovered during cadaveric dissection in a graduate course at Samford University. This anatomical variation may have clinical implications for surgeries, shoulder dislocations, and quadrilateral space syndrome. Axillary nerve injuries may additionally present with shoulder extension and elbow extension weakness if this variation is present. 
In vitro Anti-Cancer Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticles Encapsulating Caralluma tuberculata in Cancer Cells
Get PDFRapidly evolving drug delivery systems employ therapeutic agents (liposomes, polymers, and nanospheres) to achieve optimum therapeutic and targeted effects with declined side effects to cure chronic diseases like cancer. Nano-formulation of a natural product i.e., Caralluma tuberculata (Ct) extract, has been used as an effective combinational therapy with enhanced biocompatibility owing to its strong anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor potential. Ct extract was prepared using three solvents (EtOH, MeOH, and CHCl3) amongst which methanolic Ct extract exhibited the highest percentage yield (9.6%). Qualitative phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and antioxidant assays (DPPH assay and H2O2 assay) were performed. The percentage free radical scavenging values were found to be 86.25% (IC50=140.1μg/ml) and 88% (IC50=14.22μg/ml) at 1000 μg/ml concentration for both assays respectively. Methanolic Ct extract was then encapsulated in chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) nanoparticles using ionic gelation method with an encapsulation efficiency of 87%. Characterization showed uniform size distribution of 140nm particle size using DLS and encapsulation of Ct extract inside CS-TPP nanoparticles was confirmed by UV spectrophotometry and FTIR. Ct loaded CS-TPP nanoparticles showed less than or equal to 5% hemolytic activity at concentrations of 15.62μg/ml, 31.25μg/ml, 62.5μg/ml, and 125μg/ml, suggesting its safer usage at lower concentration. Rhodamine conjugated Ct loaded CS-TPP nanoparticles showed significant uptake efficiency in breast cancer cells compared to control. Ct extract and the nanoformulation were treated against triple negative breast cancer cell lines (Cal-51) for the evaluation of cytotoxicity exhibiting 30-40% (IC50=122.3μg/ml) and up to 75% (IC50=14.39μg/ml) cytotoxicity respectively. The study paves way for the encapsulation of medicinal plants in polymeric nanoparticles to achieve safer and highly efficient drug delivery systems
Recent Advances of Carbon dots for Treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
Get PDFNeurodegenerative disease (ND) is an irreversible disease among the aged people in worldwide. ND is characterized by a progressive loss of neuron structure and function in the brain due to the formation of extracellular and intracellular misfolded or abnormal protein aggregates (β-amyloid, tau and (α-synuclein)). Numerous therapy strategies have been developed by many researchers to address this issue. However, the majority of the methods had only modest success in clinical studies. Transporting therapeutic molecules or drugs across the Blood- Brain Barrier (BBB) is a substantial problem for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, targeting, and treatment. As a result, preparation of multifunctional material for simultaneously detecting and treating neurodegenerative diseases are high demand in the biomedical field. Carbon dots (CDs) have recently attracted interest for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases due to easily crossing the blood[1]brain barrier, biocompatible, biodegradable, enhanced physico-chemical properties, provide tunable surface functionalization and optical properties, higher photostability, smaller size, non-invasiveness, facilitate targeted drug delivery and higher therapeutic efficacy. In this review work, we discussed the current progress of carbon dots in penetrating the blood brain barrier and their application in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Finally, the limitations and future prospects of carbon dots for neurodegenerative diseases are thoroughly examined
Molecular and Computational Analysis of Chlorophyll Pigment-binding Protein cp47 from Selected Species of Semi Arid Region of Western India
Get PDFPhotosynthesis means “synthesis with the help of light”, involves the composite functioning of various protein complexes. CP47 is a pigment-binding protein of PSII of a molecular mass of about 56 kDa. CP47, encoded by the chloroplastic psbB gene, is an integral part of the oxygen-evolving complex of PS -II centres. In the present study, analysis of a psbB gene was performed from various tree, shrub, vine and herb species of Saurashtra region. The genomic DNA was isolated from the 46 samples and psbB gene was amplified using specific primers (60R-61F) in PCR. The amplified gene was sequenced from all plant samples and submitted to NCBI database. The length of the amplified sequence was ~300 bp, was translated to the protein sequence. The obtained sequences were analyzed with the help of CPH and Pyre2 tools. The Pyre2 tools showed 40 reliable structure prediction out of 46. ProtParam was used for carrying out the protein physico-chemical analysis of all the proteins showing variations in the protein properties. The number of residues in favored region, as observed in the Ramachandran plot analysis, indicates reliability of the protein structure prediction. The obtained results for the sequence and structure analyses may help to understand the functional application of these proteins
Implementation of a Noise Filter for Grouping in Bibliographic Databases using Latent Semantic Indexing
Get PDFClustering algorithms can assist in scientific research by presenting themes related to some topics from which we can extract information more easily. However, it is common for many of these clusters to have documents that have no relevance to the topic of interest, thereby reducing the quality of the information. We can manage the reduced quality of information of clusters for a bibliographic database by dealing with noise in the semantic space that represents the relations between the grouped documents. In this work, we sustain the hypothesis of using the Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) technique as an efficient instrument to reduce noise and promote better group quality. Using a database of 90 scientific publications from different areas, we pre-processed the documents by LSI and grouped them using six clustering algorithms. The results were significantly improved compared to our initial results that did not use LSI-based pre-processing. From the perspective of individual performance of the algorithms demonstrating the best results, CMeans was the one that got the highest average gain, with approximately 25%, followed by K-Means and SKmeans, with 17% each; PAM, with 16.5%; and EM, with 15%. The conclusion is that Latent Semantic Indexing has proven to be a helpful tool for noise reduction. We recommend its use to improve the cluster quality of bibliographic databases significantly
Facial Skin Disease Detection using Image Processing
Get PDFBusy lifestyle, modernization, increasing pollution and unhealthy diet have led to problems which people are neglecting. Not drinking enough water, stress and hormonal changes are causing problems to skin. Causes may be situational or genetic. Few skin conditions are minor while others can be life-threatening. The skin is the largest organ of the body and is composed of water, proteins, fats and minerals. Problems appear on outer layer of the skin that is epidermis. Skin diseases are considered to be the fourth most common cause of human illness. Skin diseases are observed to increase with age and were seen frequently in both men and women. Skin disorders can be temporary or permanent. Skin diseases have an impact on individual, family and social life caused by inadequate self-treatment which may also induce psychological problems. In recent years, use of computer technologies is becoming practically universal for both personal and professional issues. Facial skin problem identification and recognition has evolved to a great extent over the years. Detection of skin diseases is done using Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and image processing methods. CNN yields better performance in terms of accuracy, precision and results than the existing conventional methods. Image processing uses digital computer to process the images through an algorithm. We focus on features like skin tone, skin texture and color. We present a brief review about various facial skin problems providing more insight about the effective models and algorithms used
Neonatal Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes Pregnant Women, A Single-Center Retrospective Study
Get PDFBackground: Pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, and obstetric complications including increased rates of cesarean section birth, prematurity, and neonatal adverse outcomes including large for gestational age (LAG), and hypoglycemia. Our aim of this study is to investigate and evaluate the prevalence and the different neonatal outcomes of T1DM pregnant women compared to nondiabetic healthy pregnant women in a single-center experience to improve the effectiveness of interventions for the treatment of pregnant women with T1DM.
Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 113 pregnant women (43 pregnant patients with T1DM and 70 non-diabetic healthy pregnant women) who underwent regular follow-in the antenatal period and delivered at King Fahad Military Medical Complex (KMMC) - Dhahran between 2018 and 2023.
Results: A total of 117 pregnant women (47 with Type-1 diabetes mellitus-T1DM and 70 healthy controls) were included in the study. The proportion of elective C-sections was significantly high in women with T1DM 21 (44.7%) and the proportion of neonatal hypoglycemia who need treatment was also significantly high in diabetic women 20 (42.6%). NICU/SCBU admission was significantly high in diabetic women 23 (48.9%).
Conclusion: The high prevalence of neonatal adverse outcomes especially hypoglycemia and intensive care admission of T1DM pregnant women compared to non-diabetic pregnant women indicates that this model of antenatal diabetes care must be improved to enhance maternal and fetal outcomes, especially in such high-risk groups and challenging problems
Review on DNA Cryptography
Get PDFCryptography is the science that secures data and communication over the network by applying mathematics and logic to design strong encryption methods. In the modern era of e-business and e-commerce the protection of confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA triad) of stored information as well as of transmitted data is very crucial. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a genetic molecule consisting of two linked strands that wind around each other to form a double helical structure. The backbone of each strand is made of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups. To each sugar one of four bases are attached i.e., adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). DNA molecules, having the capacity to store, process and transmit information, inspires the idea of DNA cryptography. It is the rapid emerging unconventional techniques which combines the chemical characteristics of biological DNA sequences with classical cryptography to ensure non-vulnerable transmission of data. This innovative method is based on the notion of DNA computing. The methodologies of DNA cryptography are not coded mathematically; thus, it could be too secure to be cracked easily
Utilizing CRISPR as a Novel Tool for the Induction of Cell Reprogramming
Get PDFResearchers can now target specific DNA sequences and easily modify them thanks to recent developments in CRISPR technology, enabling genome manipulation with unmatched precision. Furthermore, cell reprogramming is one of the most fascinating fields in which CRISPR-based techniques are being used. Nowadays, without using embryonic stem cells, scientists can change one type of cell into another by inserting particular genetic alterations. This has significant implications for regenerative medicine since it enables the creation of transplantable cell lines that are patient-specific