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    Ressources numériques pour l'enseignement et l'apprentissage des mathématiques

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    For several decades, research in mathematics education has investigated the place and the role of digital technologies in the teaching and learning of mathematics. The development of the Internet which has significantly increased the availability and accessibility of resources has given a new direction to research with the emergence of a "resource" approach to mathematics education. In this lecture, we first draw up a panorama of research on digital technologies, both “old” (dynamic geometry software, computer algebra software, graphic and symbolic calculators, etc.) and more recent (mobile, tactile technology, augmented and virtual reality). We show how the development of this research is accompanied by the emergence of new theoretical frameworks and concepts to address the specific issues raised by the use of digital technology. The second part of the lecture is devoted to more recent research on digital resources, their different conceptualizations and issues concerning their design, dissemination, evaluation, and appropriation.Durante varias décadas, la investigación en didáctica de las matemáticas ha cuestionado el lugar y elpapel de las tecnologías digitales en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las matemáticas. El desarrollo deInternet, que ha aumentado significativamente la disponibilidad y accesibilidad de los recursos, ha dadouna nueva dirección a la investigación con el surgimiento de un enfoque de "recursos" para la educaciónmatemática. En este artículo ofrecemos en primer lugar una visión general de la investigación sobretecnologías digitales, tanto “antiguas” (software de geometría dinámica, CAS (álgebra informática),calculadoras gráficas y simbólicas, etc.) como más recientes (tecnología móvil, tecnología táctil,realidad aumentada o virtual). Mostramos cómo el desarrollo de esta investigación va acompañado delsurgimiento de nuevos marcos teóricos y conceptos para abordar las problemáticas específicas quesuscitan los usos de la tecnología digital. La segunda parte del artículo está dedicada a investigacionesmás recientes sobre los recursos digitales, sus diferentes conceptualizaciones y las problemáticasreferentes a su diseño, difusión, evaluación y apropiación.Depuis plusieurs décennies, les recherches en didactique de mathématiques interrogent la place et le rôle des technologies numériques dans l’enseignement et l’apprentissage des mathématiques. Le développement de l’Internet qui a accru de manière significative la disponibilité et l’accessibilité aux ressources a donné une nouvelle orientation aux recherches avec l’émergence d’une approche « ressources » de l’éducation mathématique. Dans ce cours nous dressons, dans un premier temps, un panorama de recherches sur les technologies numériques aussi bien « anciennes » (logiciels de géométrie dynamique, de calcul formel, calculatrices graphiques et symboliques…) que plus récentes (technologie mobile, tactile, réalité augmentée ou virtuelle). Nous montrons comment le développement de ces recherches s’accompagne de l’émergence de nouveaux cadres et concepts théoriques pour aborder les problématiques spécifiques que soulèvent les usages du numérique. La seconde partie du cours est consacrée aux recherches plus récentes portant sur les ressources numériques, leurs différentes conceptualisations et les problématiques concernant leur conception, diffusion, évaluation et appropriation

    Extraction des règles d’association basée sur la mesure classique d’intensité d’implication: application en didactique des mathématiques

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    soumission à EpisciencesThis article proposes a method for extracting knowledge in association rules using the classical measure of implication intensity. We then applied our method to data from mathematics didactics studies. The aim of the didactic study was to identify the relationships between students' difficulties and skills when demonstrating a mathematical proposition formulated in French. The results of our study show that our methodology is effective in extracting interesting rules. In addition, the results of our didactic analysis showed the dependency between understanding a mathematical statement in French, competence in translating it formally and proving it.Cet article propose une méthode pour extraire des connaissances en règles d’association en utilisant la mesure classique de l’intensité d’implication. Nous avons ensuite appliqué notre méthode dans des données issues de travaux en didactique des mathématiques. L’objectif de l’étude en didactique est de connaitre les relations entre les difficultés et les compétences des élèves lorsque ceux-ci démontrent une proposition mathématique formulée en langue française. Le résultat de notre étude nous a démontré que notre méthodologie est efficace pour extraire les règles intéressantes. De plus les résultats d’analyse didactique ont montré la dépendance entre compréhension d’un énoncé mathématique en français, compétence à le traduire formellement et à le prouver

    Dimension collective des projets d'innovation sociale : l’apport des chaines relationnelles

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    Numerous projects, which today are described as social innovations, are being developed in response to the recent crises to meet various unsatisfied social needs (housing, climate, ageing, inequalities, etc.). Their highly collective nature implies a better understanding of the ways in which the partners involved in these projects are connected, which we propose to do using the relational chain method. The data collected using this method highlights the significant use of non-personal arrangements (circles and calls for projects) to obtain the support of institutions (local authorities) or organisations (foundations); interpersonal relationships—essentially professional—appear to be mobilised less frequently and mainly to access the world of research.De nombreux projets qualifiés aujourd'hui d'innovation sociale se développent face aux crises récentes pour répondre à différents besoins sociaux non satisfaits (logement, climat, vieillissement, inégalités, etc.). Leur nature éminemment collective implique de mieux comprendre les modalités de mise en relation des partenaires impliqués dans ces projets, ce que nous nous proposons de faire en mobilisant la méthode des chaines relationnelles. Les données collectées grâce à cette méthode mettent en évidence le recours important aux dispositifs non personnels (cercles de l'ESS et appels à projets) pour obtenir le support d'institutions (collectivités) ou d'organisations (fondations) ; les relations interpersonnelles-essentiellement professionnelles-apparaissent quant à elles mobilisées plus rarement et principalement pour accéder au monde de la recherche

    PPSZ is better than you think

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    PPSZ, for long time the fastest known algorithm for kk-SAT, works by goingthrough the variables of the input formula in random order; each variable isthen set randomly to 00 or 11, unless the correct value can be inferred by anefficiently implementable rule (like small-width resolution; or being impliedby a small set of clauses). We show that PPSZ performs exponentially betterthan previously known, for all k3k \geq 3. For Unique-33-SAT we bound itsrunning time by O(1.306973n)O(1.306973^{n}), which is somewhat better than the algorithmof Hansen, Kaplan, Zamir, and Zwick, which runs in time O(1.306995n)O(1.306995^n). Beforethat, the best known upper bound for Unique-33-SAT was O(1.3070319n)O(1.3070319^n). Allimprovements are achieved without changing the original PPSZ. The core idea isto pretend that PPSZ does not process the variables in uniformly random order,but according to a carefully designed distribution. We write "pretend" sincethis can be done without any actual change to the algorithm.Comment: Journal version of this work. The previous arxiv version is the "full version", which contains the proof for the k=3 cas

    A strong Gram classification of non-negative unit forms of Dynkin type A

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    An integral quadratic form q is usually identified with a bilinear form bsuch that its Gram matrix with respect to the canonical basis is uppertriangular. Two integral quadratic forms are called strongly (resp. weakly)Gram congruent if their corresponding upper triangular bilinear forms (resp.their symmetrizations) are equivalent. If q is unitary, such upper triangularbilinear form is unimodular, and one considers the associated Coxetertransformation and its characteristic polynomial, the so-called Coxeterpolynomial of q with this identification. Two strongly Gram congruent quadraticunit forms are weakly Gram congruent and have the same Coxeter polynomial. Herewe show that the converse of this statement holds for the connectednon-negative case of Dynkin type A_r and arbitrary corank, and use thischaracterization to complete a combinatorial classification of such quadraticforms started in [Fundamenta Informaticae 184(1):49-82, 2021] and [FundamentaInformaticae 185(3):221-246, 2022]

    Holonomic equations and efficient random generation of binary trees

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    Holonomic equations are recursive equations which allow computing efficiently numbers of combinatoric objects. Rémy showed that the holonomic equation associated with binary trees yields an efficient linear random generator of binary trees. I extend this paradigm to Motzkin trees and Schröder trees and show that despite slight differences my algorithm that generates random Schröder trees has linear expected complexity and my algorithm that generates Motzkin trees is in O(n) expected complexity, only if we can implement a specific oracle with a O(1) complexity. For Motzkin trees, I propose a solution which works well for realistic values (up to size ten millions) and yields an efficient algorithm

    Pratiques de l'analyse de réseau en géographie. Formations et emprunts disciplinaires

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    Three geographers who have defended their thesis in 2021 and who use network analysis methods from other disciplines (sociology, computer science, physics) explain the choice of methods, indicators and software used in their work. They insist on both the weakness of initial training and the crucial role of self-training. The strengths and weaknesses of network analysis and link-node visualizations are finally discussed.Trois géographes ayant soutenu en 2021 et mobilisant des méthodes d'analyse de réseau issues d'autres disciplines (sociologie, informatique, physique) expliquent le choix des méthodes, des indicateurs et des logiciels utilisés dans leurs travaux. Iels insistent à la fois sur la faiblesse de la formation initiale et le rôle crucial de l'auto-formation. Les forces et faiblesses de l'analyse de réseau et des visualisations de type liens-noeuds sont enfin évoquées

    Patient partenaire et transfert dans le soin

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    Carrier of a chronic disease and child psychiatrist, I get to know the movement of patient partners by seeking to testify to this double look at the heart of the system and care institutions. Starting from the initial desire to work on the caregiving potential of transfer in care relationships including body care, I worked on a master's thesis entitled "professionalization of partner patients". To do this after reading autobiographies of patients as preparatory work I met ten subjects who socialized their experiential knowledge of living with a chronic disease In their evolution towards professionalization, in addition to the experience of life with the disease, formation has an essential place for each subject encountered, as a possibility of meeting and taking a step back necessary for the installation of a reflection. At the institutional and administrative level, breaches are opening up in care structures, still marginally, or as an original experience. This in certain specialties, or as part of the practice and education of doctors and patients. The highlight of the partner patient's work is the symbolic posture he proposes to the patient, which the latter seizes or not. The transferential question arises in the relationship between patient and patient partner. It remains posed in the sick doctor relationship.Porteuse d’une maladie chronique et médecin pédopsychiatre, je fais la connaissance du mouvement des patients partenaires en cherchant à témoigner de ce double regard posé au cœur du système et des institutions soignantes. Partant du désir initial de travailler sur le potentiel soignant du transfert dans les relations de soin y compris des soins du corps, j’ai travaillé sur un mémoire de master intitulé la « professionnalisation des patients partenaires ». Pour ce faire après lecture d’autobiographies de patients comme travail préparatoire j’ai rencontré dix sujets qui socialisaient leur savoir acquis par l’expérience de la vie avec une maladie chronique. Dans leur évolution vers la professionnalisation, en sus de l’expérience de la vie avec la maladie la formation a une place essentielle pour chaque sujet rencontré, en tant que possibilité de rencontre et de prise de recul nécessaire à l’installation d’une réflexion. Sur le plan institutionnel, et administratif des brèches s’ouvrent dans les structures de soins, de manière encore marginale, ou en tant qu’expérience originale. Ceci dans certaines spécialités, ou dans le cadre de la formation des médecins et des malades. Le point saillant du travail du patient partenaire est la posture symbolique qu’il propose au patient dont ce dernier se saisit ou non. La question transférentielle se pose dans la relation entre patient et patient partenaire. Elle reste posée dans la relation médecin malade

    Completeness of the ZH-calculus

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    There are various gate sets used for describing quantum computation. Aparticularly popular one consists of Clifford gates and arbitrary single-qubitphase gates. Computations in this gate set can be elegantly described by theZX-calculus, a graphical language for a class of string diagrams describinglinear maps between qubits. The ZX-calculus has proven useful in a variety ofareas of quantum information, but is less suitable for reasoning aboutoperations outside its natural gate set such as multi-linear Boolean operationslike the Toffoli gate. In this paper we study the ZH-calculus, an alternativegraphical language of string diagrams that does allow straightforward encodingof Toffoli gates and other more complicated Boolean logic circuits. We find aset of simple rewrite rules for this calculus and show it is complete withrespect to matrices over Z[12]\mathbb{Z}[\frac12], which correspond to theapproximately universal Toffoli+Hadamard gateset. Furthermore, we construct anextended version of the ZH-calculus that is complete with respect to matricesover any ring RR where 1+11+1 is not a zero-divisor.Comment: 68 pages, many many diagram

    On Convergence of Binary Trust-Region Steepest Descent

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    Binary trust-region steepest descent (BTR) and combinatorial integralapproximation (CIA) are two recently investigated approaches for the solutionof optimization problems with distributed binary-/discrete-valued variables(control functions). We show improved convergence results for BTR by imposing acompactness assumption that is similar to the convergence theory of CIA. As acorollary we conclude that BTR also constitutes a descent algorithm on thecontinuous relaxation and its iterates converge weakly-^* to stationarypoints of the latter. We provide computational results that validate ourfindings. In addition, we observe a regularizing effect of BTR, which weexplore by means of a hybridization of CIA and BTR

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